Medical Terminology Test 4 – Flashcards
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Vesic/o-
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Bladder; Fluid Filled sac
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Cyst/o-
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Bladder; Fluid Filled sac
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Filtr/o-
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Filter
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Filtrat/o-
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Filtering; Straining
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Glomerular/o-
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Glomerulus
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Hil/o-
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Hilun
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Ren/o-
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Kidney
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Nephr/o-
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Kidney; Nephron
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Micturi/o-
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Making Urine
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Pyle/o-
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Pelvis(hip bone; renal pelvis)
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Peritone/o-
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Peritoneum
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Excret/o-
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Removing from the body
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Ureter/o-
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Ureter
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Ur/o-
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Urine; Uniary System
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Urin/o-
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Urine; Uniary System
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Glomerulonephritis
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Complication that develops following an acute infection with streptococcal bacteria or with viruses. Original infection (strep throat) causes the immune system to produce antibodies
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Hydronephrosis
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Enlargement of the kidney. Due to pressure from urine that is backed up in the deter because of an obstructing stone or stricture. (Caliectasis the calices of the kidney are enlarged) (hydroureter only the ureter is enlarged)
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Nephrolithiasis (Kidney Stone)
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(Calculus) formation in the urinary system. Referred to as sand or gravel. Composed of magnesium, calcium, or Uris acid crystals.
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Nephrotic Syndrome
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Damage to the pores of the calories of the glomerular. Allow large amounts of protein leak into the urine, decreasing the amount of protein in the blood.
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Polycystic Kidney Disease
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Hereditary disease characterized by cysts in the kidney that eventually destroy the nephrons, causing kidney failure
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Renal Cell Cancer
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Cancerous tumor that Arises from tubules in the nephron
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Wilms Tumor
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Cancer of the kidney that occurs in children from residual embryonic or fetal tissue
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Nephroblastoma
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Cancer of the kidney that occurs in children from residual embryonic or fetal tissue (Wilms Tumor)
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Renal Failure (ARF, CRF, ESRD)
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Disease in which the kidneys decrease urine production, and then stop producing urine. ARF(Acute Renal Failure)- occurs suddenly and is usually due to trauma, severe blood loss, or overwhelming infection. CRF(Chronic renal failure)- begins with renal insufficiency, followed by gradual worsening with progressive damage to the kidneys from chronic, uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, hypertension, or glomerulonephritis. ERSD(End Stage Renal disease)- final, irreversible stage of chronic renal failure in which there is little or no remaining kidney function
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Uremia
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Excessive amount of the waste product urea in the blood because of renal failure. The kidneys are unable to remove urea, and it reaches toxic level in the blood.
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Urinary Retention
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Inability to empty the bladder because of an obstruction (enlargement of the prostate gland, kidney stone), nerve damage, or as a side effect of certain drugs.
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Albuminuria
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Presence of albumin(protein made by the liver). This condition is also called proteinuria. Normally there isn't any protein in the urine b/c albumin molecules are too large to pass through pores in the capillaries of the glomerulus;but can during a kidney disease.disease. Albuminuria is an important first sign of kidney disease. It also is present i pregnant women who are developing preclampsia
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Dysuria
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Difficult or painful urination.
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Enuresis
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Involuntary release of urine in an otherwise normal person who should have bladder control. Nocturnal enuresis is involuntary urination during sleep. Laypersons call this childhood bedwetting.
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Glycosuria
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Glucose in the urine. An indication of an elevated blood sugar level, as seen in diabetes mellitus.
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Hematuria
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Blood in the urine. Can be gross or frank blood (easily seen with the naked eye). or microscopic that can only be detected with laboratory testing.
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Incontience
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Inability to voluntarily keep urine in the bladder. Due to a spinal cord injury, surgery on the prostate gland, unconsciousness, or a mental condition such as dementia
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Ketonuria
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Ketone bodies in the urine(waste products produced when fat is metabolized). Seen in patients with diabetes mellitus who metabolize fat for energy b/c they cannot metabolize glucose. Also seen in malnourished patients who do not have enough glucose in the blood.
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Pyuria
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White blood cells in the urine, indicating a urinary tract infection. Severe can cause the urine to be cloudy or milky, or the # of white blood cells may be so few that they can be detected only by microscopic examination during a urinalysis.
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Urinary Tract Infection UTI
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Bacterial infection somewhere in the urinary tract, most often caused by E coli. which is normally found in intestines and rectum. Women are more prone than men to develop this infection since the anus is close to the urethra.
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Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)
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Test that measures the amount of urea. Used to monitor kidney function and the progression of kidney disease or to watch for signs of nephrotoxicity in patients taking aminoglycoside antibiotic drugs.
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Creatinine
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Test that measures the amount of creatinine. Used to monitor kidney function and the progression of kidney disease
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Urinalysis (UA)
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Test that describes the urine and detects substances in it. Can be done with a dipstick test.
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Kidneys, Urters, and Bladder X-RAY (KUB)
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Procedure that uses an x-ray of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder done without contrast dye. Used to find kidney stoes.
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Renal Scan
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Uses a radioactive isotope injected intravenously. It is taken up by the kidney and emits radioactive particles that are captured by a scanner and made into an image. Performed after a kidney transplantation to look for signs of organ rejection.
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Catheterization (Foley Catheter)
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Procedure when a catheter is inserted through the urethra and into the bladder to drain the urine. FC-an indwelling tube that drains urine continuously. Has an expandable balloon tip that keeps it positioned
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Dialysis
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Procedure to remove waste products from the blood of a patient in renal failure. Hemodialysis- uses a shunt to allow easy and reliable access to the blood. Peritoneal dialysis- uses a permanent catheter inserted through the abdominal wall
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Intake and Output (I;O)
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Nursing procedure that documents the total amount of fluid intake and the total amount of fluid output . Monitor the body's fluid balance in patients with renal failure, burns, congestive heart failure, large draining wounds, dehydration, overdose, of diuretic drugs
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Cystoscopy
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Procedure that uses a rigid of flexible cystoscope inserted through the urethra in order to examine the bladder.
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Lithotripsy
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Uses sound waves to break up a kidney stone
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Nephrectomy
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Surgically remove a diseased or cancerous kidney. Alternately a healthy kidney may be removed from a donor so that it can be transplanted into a patient with renal failure.
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Scrot/o-
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A bag; scrotum
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Genit/o-
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Genitalia
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Balan/o-
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Glans penis
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Pen/o-
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Penis
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Prostat/o-
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Prostate gland
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Gon/o-
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Seed (ovum or spermatozoom)
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Semin/I-
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Speematozoom; sperm
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Didym/o-
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Testes
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Orch/o-
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Testis
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Orchi/o-
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Testis
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Orchid/o-
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Testis
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Test/o-
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Testis; testicle
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Fer/o-
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To bear
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Erect/o-
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To stand up
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Urethr/o-
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Urethra
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Cryptorchidism
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Failure of one or both of the testicles to descend through the inguinal canal into the scrotum. This causes a low sperm count and male infertility. (cryptochism)
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Epididymitis
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Inflammation and infection of the epididymis. Caused by a bacterial urinary tract infection or STD such as gonorrhea or chlamydia.
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Infertility
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Failure of the woman to conceive after at least 1 year of regular sexual intercourse. If a man is infertile it can be b/c of a hormone imbalance of FSH or LH, undescended testicles, a varicole, damage to the testes from mumps, infection in testes, too few spermatozoa, or abnormal spermatoxzoa
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Testicular Cancer
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Cancerous tumor of one of the testes. Arise from abnormal spermatocytes (seminoma)
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Varicocele
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Varicose vein in the spermatic cord to the testis. The valves in the vein do not close completely. Can cause a low sperm count and infertility
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Sexually Transmitted disease STD
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Infectious disease that is contracted during sexual intercourse with an infected individual.
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Chlamydia
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Most common sexually transmitted disease Symptoms:Men: Painful urination with burning and itching. Some men have no symptoms. Women: Frequently have no symptoms or a slight vaginal discharge.
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Genital Herpes
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Men: Vesicular lesions (blisters) on the penis, srotum, perineum, or anus. Women: Same, on the vuvla, perineum, anus, or vagina
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Genital Warts
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Symptoms:Men-Itching flesh-colored irregular lesions that are raised and cauliflower-like Women:Same, with vaginal discharge.
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Gonorrhea
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Symptoms: Men-Painful urination. Thick yellow discharge from the the urethra Women-Painful urination. Thick yellow vaginal discharge
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Syphilis
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Symptoms:Men-Single, painless chancre on the penis. Women-Same, with chancre on female genitalia
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Trichomoniasis
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Symptoms:Men-Almost no symptoms Women-Greenish-yellow frothy or bubbly vaginal discharge with a foul odor. Itching of the vulva and vagina.
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Gynecomastia
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Enlargement of the male breast. Caused by an imbalance of testosterone and estradiol b/c of puberty, aging, surgical removal of testes, or female hormone drug treatment for prostate cancer.
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Acid Phosphatase
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Test for an enzyme found in the prostate gland. Prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) only measures acid phosphatase level. Increased level in blood indicates cancer of the prostate that has metastasized to the body.
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Hormone Testing
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Determines the levels of FSH and LH from anterior pituitay gland and testosterone from the testes. Diagnosed infertility problems.
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Prostate-Specific Antigen PSA
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Detects a glycoprotein in cells of the prostate gland. PSA is increased in men with prostate cancer. The higher the level, the more advanced the cancer.
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Semen Analysis
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Microscopic examination of the spermatozoa
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Digital Rectal Exam
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Procedure to palpate the prostate gland. A gloved finger inserted into the rectum is used to feel the prostate gland for signs of tenderness, nodules, hardness, or enlargement. Should be done yearly in men over age 40
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Circumcision
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Procedure to remove the foreskin This can be done to correct a tight prepuce and allow better hygiene of the glans penis.
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Orchiectomy
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Procedure to remove a testis b/c of testicular cancer
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Orchiopexy
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Procedure to reposition an undescended testis and fix it within the scrotum.
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Prostatectomy
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Procedure to remove the entire prostate gland, along with the lymph nodes, seminal vesicles, and vas deferens b/c of prostate cancer.
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Transurethral Resection of the Prostate (TURP)
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Reduce the size of the prostate gland in patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy. A special cystoscope is inserted through the urethra It has built-in cutting instruments and cautery to resect pieces of the prostate gland, and cauterize bleeding blood vessels. The most common surgical treatment for a moderately to severely enlarged prostate gland.
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Vasectomy
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Procedure in the male to prevent pregnancy in the female.
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mamm/o-
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Breast
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Mast/o-
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Breast; Mastoid process
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Gynec/o-
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Female; Woman
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Labi/o-
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Lip; Liabium
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Lact/i
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Milk
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Oophor/o-
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Ovary
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Ovari/o-
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Ovary
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O/o-
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Ovum(egg)
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Ov/i-
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Ovum(egg)
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Ov/o-
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Ovum(egg)
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Ovul/o-
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Ovum(egg)
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Product/o-
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Produce
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Fallopi/o-
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Uterine (Fallopian) tube
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Salping/o-
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Uterine (Fallopian) tube
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Hyster/o-
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Uterus (womb)
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Metri/o-
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Uterus (womb)
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Uter/o-
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Uterus (womb)
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Vagin/o-
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Vagina
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Episi/o-
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Vulva
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Vulv/o-
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Vulva
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Anovulation
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Failure of the ovaries to release a mature ovum at the time of ovulation, although the menstrual cycle is normal. This results in infertility. Its a normal condition.
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Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
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The ovaries contain multiple cysts . A follicle matures and enlarges,but fails to rupture to release ovum; it then becomes a cyst.
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Endometriosis
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Endometrial tissue in abnormal places.
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Leiomyoma
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Benign, fibrous tumor in the smooth muscle of the myometrium. It can be small or as large as a soccer ball. Pelvic pain, excessive uterine bleeding, and painful sexual intercourse.
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Uterine Prolapse
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Descent of the uterus from its normal position. Caused by stretching ligament. Occurs after childbirth.
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Menopause
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Normal cessation of menstrual periods, occurring around middle age. (climacteric)
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Premenstrual Syndrome PMS
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Breast tenderness, fluid retention, bloating, and mild mood changes a few days before the onset of menstruation.
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Cervical Cancer
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Cancerous tumor of the cervix. If the cancer is still localized it is carcinoma in situ (CIS). There is severe dysplasia of the cells as seen on a pap smear.
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Dysplasia
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Abnormal growth of squamous cells in the surface layer of the cervix.
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Breast Cancer
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Cancerous tumor of the lobes of the breast. A lump is detected during mammography or breast self-examination
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Abnormal Presentation
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Birth position in which the presenting part of the fetus is not the head. In a breech position, the presenting part is the buttocks, buttocks and feet or just the feet.
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Abruptio Placentae
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Complete or partial separation of the placenta from the uterine wall before the third stage of labor. Results in uterine hemorrhage that threatens the life of the mother as well as disruption of blood flow and oxygen through the umbilical cord
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Ectopic Pregnancy
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Implantation of a fertilized ovum somewhere other than in the uterus. It can occur in the cervix, ovary, or abdominal cavity, but most commonly occurs in the uterine tube (tubal pregnancy).
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Gestational Diabetes
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Temporary disorder of glucose metabolism that occurs only during pregnancy.
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Placenta Previa
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Incorrect position of the placenta with its edge partially or completely covering the cervical canal.
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Preeclampsia
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Hypertensive disorder of pregnancy with increased blood pressure. edema, weight gain, and protein in the urine. The kidneys allow protein from the blood to be lost in the urine.
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Prolapsed Cord
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A loop of umbilical cord becomes caught b/w the presenting part of the fetus and the birth canal. This occurs if the membranes rupture before the fetal head is fully engaged the the mother's pelvis
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Nuchal Cord
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Umbilical cord is wrapped around the neck of the fetus. A loose nuchal cord can be present without causing problem. Can cause brain damage
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Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS)
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Difficulty inflating the lungs to breathe b/c of a lack of surfactant Occurs mainly in premature newborns. Previously known as hyaline membrane disease.
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Pap Smear
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Screening cytology test to detect abnormal cells or carcinoma in the cervix.
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Amniocentesis
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Test of the amniotic fluid. Done between 15-18 weeks 1. Chromosome studies determine the sex of the fetus and identity 2.Alpha fetoprotein increase level indicates a neutral tube defect 3. L/S ration fetal lung maturity
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Mammography
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Uses x-rays to create an image of the breast.
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Ultrasongraphy
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Uses ultra high-frequency sound waves emitted by a transducer or probe to produce an image on a computer screen. Image is a sonogram
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Apgar Score
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Procedure that assigns a score to a newborn at 1 and 5 minutes after birth Points 0-2 are given for the heart rate respiratory rate muscle tone, response to stimulation, and skin color, for a total possible score of 10. one point is taken off because of acrocyanosis
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Hysterectomy
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Remove the uterus. TAH-BSO
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Dilation and Curettage (D ;C)
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Procedure to remove abnormal tissue from inside the uterus.
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Oophorectomy
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Remove an ovary because of large ovarian cysts or ovarian cancer.
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Salpingectomy
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Remove the uterine tube b/c of ovarian cancer or an ectopic pregnancy in the tube.
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Bilateral Salpingo-oopherectomy
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Removes both uterine tubes and both ovaries
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Tubal Ligation
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Procedure to prevent pregnancy.
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Lumpectomy
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Excise a small maligant tumor of the breast. Adjacent normal breast tissue and the axillary lymph nodes are nodes are also removed in case any cancerous cells have already spread to them.
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Simple/Total Mastectomy
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entire breatss, overlying skin, and nipple are removed, but not the chest muscle
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Radical Mastectomy
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pectoralis major and minor muscles of the chest wall are also removed; this procedure is performed infrequently.
