Medical Terminology, Chapter 2 Terms, The Human Body in Health and Disease – Flashcards
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airborne transmission
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occurs through contact with contaminated respiratory droplets spread by a cough or sneeze
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abdominal cavity
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contains primarily the major organs of digestion
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abdominopelvic cavity
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refers to the abdominal and pelvic cavities as a single unit
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adenectomy
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the surgical removal of a gland
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adenitis
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the inflammation of a gland
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adenocarcinoma
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a malignant tumor that originates in glandular tissue
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adenoma
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a benign tumor that arises in, or resembles, glandular tissue
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adenomalacia
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the abnormal softening of a gland
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adenosclerosis
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the abnormal hardening of a gland
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adenosis
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any disease condition of a gland
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adipose tissue
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provides protective padding, insulation, and support
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adult stem cells
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undifferentiated cells found among differentiated cells in a tissue or organ
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anaplasia
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a change in the structure of cells and in their orientation to each other
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anatomic position
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describes the body assuming that the individual is standing in the standard position that includes: standing up straight so that the body is erect and facing forward; holding the arms at the sides with the hands turned with the palms turned toward the front
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anatomic reference systems
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used to describe the locations of the structural units of the body
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anatomy
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the study of the structures of the body
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anomaly
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a deviation from what is regarded as normal
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anterior
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situated in the front; front or forward part of an organ
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aplasia
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the defective development, or the congenital absence, of an organ or tissue
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atresia
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describes the congenital absence of a normal opening or the failure of a structure to be tubular
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autopsy
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a postmortem examination
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bloodborne transmission
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the spread of a disease through contact with blood or other body fluids that are contaminated with blood
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body cavities
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spaces within the body that contain and protect internal organs
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body planes
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imaginary vertical and horizontal lines used the divide the body into sections for descriptive purposes
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caudal
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toward the lower part of the body
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cell membrane
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the tissue that surrounds and protects the contents of the cell by separating them from its external environment
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cells
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the basic structural and functional units of the body
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cephalic
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toward the head
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chromosomes
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the genetic structures located within the nucleus of each cell
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communicable disease
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any condition that is transmitted from one person to another either by direct or by indirect contact with contaminated objects
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congenital disorder
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an abnormal condition that exists at the time of birth
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connective tissues
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support and connect organs and other body tissues
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cranial cavity
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located within the skull and surrounds and protects the brain
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cystic fibrosis
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a genetic disorder that is present at birth and affects both the respiratory and digestive systems
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cytology
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the study of the anatomy, physiology, pathology, and chemistry of the cell
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cytoplasm
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the material within the cell membrane that is not part of the nucleus
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dense connective tissues
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form the joints and framework of the body
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development disorder
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can result in an anomaly or malformation such as the absence of a limb or the presence of an extra toe
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distal
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situated farthest from the midline or beginning of a body structure
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DNA
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deoxyribonucleic acid
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dominant gene
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when inherited from either parent, the offspring will inherit that genetic condition or characteristic
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dorsal
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refers to the back of the organ or body
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dorsal cavity
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located along the back of the body and head and contains organs of the nervous system that coordinate body functions (divided into two portions: cranial, spinal)
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Down syndrome
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a genetic variation that is associated with characteristic facial appearance, learning disabilities, and physical abnormalities such as heart valve disease
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dysplasia
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abnormal development or growth of cells, tissues, or organs
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embryonic stem cells
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undifferentiated cells that are unlike any specific adult cell
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endemic
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refers to the ongoing presence of a disease within a population, group, or area
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endocrine glands
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produce hormones
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endothelium
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the specialized epithelial tissue that lines the blood and lymph vessels, body cavities, glands, and organs
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epidemic
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a sudden and widespread outbreak of a disease within a specific population group or area
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epidemiologist
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a specialist in the study of outbreaks of disease within a population group
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epigastric region
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located above the stomach
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epithelial tissues
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form a protective covering for all of the internal and external surfaces of the body
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epithelium
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the specialized epithelial tissue that forms the epidermis of the skin and the surface layer of mucous membranes
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etiology
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the study of the causes of diseases
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exocrine glands
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secrete chemical substances into ducts that lead either to other organs or out of the body
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fetal alcohol syndrome
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caused by the mother's consumption of alcohol during the pregnancy
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food-borne and waterborne transmission
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caused by eating or drinking contaminated food or water that has not been properly treated to remove contamination or kill pathogens that are present
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frontal plane
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a vertical plane that divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions
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functional disorder
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produces symptoms for which no physiological or anatomical cause can be identified
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gene
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a fundamental physical and functional unit of heredity
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genetic disorder
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a pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene
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genetic mutation
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a change of the sequence of a DNA molecule
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geneticist
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a specialist in the field of genetics
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genetics
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the study of how genes are transferred from parents to their children and the roles of genes in health and disease
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genome
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the complete set of genetic information of an individual
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geriatrician
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a physician who specializes in the care of older people
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geriatrics
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the study of the medical problems and care of the aged
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gland
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a group of specialized epithelial cells that are capable of producing secretions
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hemophilia
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a group of hereditary bleeding disorders in which a blood-clotting factor is missing
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histologist
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a specialist in the study of the organization of tissues at all levels
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histology
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the study of the structure, composition, and function of tissues
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homeostasis
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the processes through which the body maintains a constant internal environment
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horizontal plane
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a flat crosswise plane, such as the horizon
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Huntington's disease
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a genetic disorder that is passed from parent to child that causes nerve degeneration with symptoms that most often appear in midlife
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hyperplasia
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the enlargement of an organ or tissue because of an abnormal increase in the number of cells in the tissues
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hypertrophy
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a general increase in the bulk of a body part or organ that is due to an increase in the size, but not in the number, of cells in the tissues
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hypochondric regions
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located on the left and right sides of the body and are covered by the lower ribs
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hypogastric region
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located below the stomach
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hypoplasia
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the incomplete development of an organ or tissue usually due to a deficiency in the number of cells
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iatrogenic illness
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an unfavorable response due to prescribed medical treatment
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idiopathic disorder
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an illness without known cause
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iliac regions
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located on the left and right sides over the hip bones
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indirect contact transmission
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refers to situations in which a susceptible person is infected by contact with a contaminated surface
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infectious disease
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an illness caused by living pathogenic organisms such as bacteria and viruses
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inferior
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lowermost, below, or toward the feet
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inguinal
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relating to the groin, refers to the entire lower area of the abdomen
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lateral
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the direction toward or nearer the side and away from the midline
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liquid connective tissues
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transports nutrients and waste products throughout the body
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loose connective tissue
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surrounds various organs and supports both nerve cells and blood vessels
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lumbar regions
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located on the left and right sides near the inward curve of the spine
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medial
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the direction toward, or nearer, the midline
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mesentery
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a fused double layer of the parietal peritoneum that attaches parts of the intestine to the interior abdominal wall
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midsagittal plane
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the sagittal plane that divides the body into equal left and right halves
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muscle tissue
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contains cells with the specialized ability to contract and relax
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muscular dystrophy
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the term used to describe a group of genetic diseases that are characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of the skeletal muscles that control movement
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nerve tissue
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contains cells with the specialized ability to react to stimuli and to conduct electrical impulses
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nosocomial infection
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a disease acquired in a hospital or clinical setting
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nucleus
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a structure within the cell that has two important functions: (1) it controls the activities of the cell, and (2) it helps the cell divide
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organ
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a somewhat independent part of the body that performs a special function
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organic disorder
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produces symptoms caused by detectable physical changes in the body
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pandemic
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an outbreak of a disease occurring over a large geographic area, possibly worldwide
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parietal peritoneum
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the outer layer of the peritoneum that lines the interior of the abdominal wall
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pathologist
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specialized in the laboratory analysis of tissue samples to confirm or establish a diagnosis
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pathology
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the study of the nature and cause of disease that involves changes in structure and function
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pelvic cavity
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the space formed by the hip bones; contains primarily the organs of the reproductive and excretory systems
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peritoneum
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a multilayered membrane that protects and holds the organs in place within the abdominal cavity
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peritonitis
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an inflammation of the peritoneum
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phenylketonuria
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a genetic disorder in which the essential digestive enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase is missing
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physiology
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the study of the functions of the structures of the body
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posterior
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situated in the back; on the back part of an organ
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prenatal influences
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the mother's health, behavior, and the prenatal medical care she does, or does not, receive before delivery
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proximal
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situated nearest the midline or beginning of a body structure
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quadrant
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divided into four
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recessive gene
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when inherited from both parents, the offspring will have that condition; when inherited from only one parent, the offspring will not have the condition
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regions of the thorax and abdomen
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a descriptive system that divides the abdomen and lower portion of the thorax into nine parts
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retroperitoneal
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located behind the peritoneum
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sagittal plane
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a vertical plane that divides the body into unequal left and right portions
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spinal cavity
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located within the spinal column, surrounds and protects the spinal cord
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stem cells
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unspecialized cells that are able to renew themselves for long periods of time by cell division
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superior
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uppermost, above, or toward the head
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Tay-Sachs disease
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a fatal genetic disorder in which harmful quantities of a fatty substance build up in tissues and nerve cells in the brain
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thoracic cavity
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surrounds and protects the heart and lungs
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tissue
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a group or layer of similarly specialized cells that join together to perform certain specific functions
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transverse plane
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a horizontal plane that divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions
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umbilical region
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surrounds the umbilicus
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umbilicus
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commonly known as the belly button or navel
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vector-borne transmission
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the spread of certain disease due to the bite of a vector
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ventral
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refers to the front, or belly side, or the organ or body
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ventral cavity
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located along the front of the body, contains the body organs that maintain homeostasis
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vertical plane
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an up-and-down plane that is a right angle to the horizon
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visceral peritoneum
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the inner layer of the peritoneum that surrounds the organs of the abdominal cavity
