Medical Terminology – Ch. 2 – Flashcards
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aden/o
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gland
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adip/o
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fat
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anter/o
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before, front
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caud/o
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lower part of body, tail
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cephal/o
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head
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cyt/o, -cyte
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cell
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end-, endo-
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in, within, inside
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exo-
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out of, outside, away from
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hist/o, histi/o
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tissue
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-ologist
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specialist
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-ology
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the science or study of
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path/o, -pathy
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disease, suffering, feeling, emotion
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plas/i, plas/o, -plasia
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development, growth, formation
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poster/o
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behind, toward the back
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-stasis, -static
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control, maintenance of a constant level
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abdominal cavity
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contains primarily the major organs of digestion; also referred to as the "abdomen".
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adentitis
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the inflammation of a gland.
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adenectomy
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the surgical removal of a gland.
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adenocarcinoma
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a malignant tumor that originates in glandular tissue.
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adenoma
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a benign tumor that arises in or resembles glandular tissue.
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adenomalacia
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the abnormal softening of a gland.
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adenosclerosis
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the abnormal hardening of a gland.
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adipose tissue
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aka fat, provides protective padding, insulation, and support.
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airborne transmission
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occurs through contact with contaminated respiratory droplets spread by a cough or sneeze.
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anaplasia
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a change in the structure of cells and in their orientation to each other.
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anatomy
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the study of the structures of the body.
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anomaly
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a deviation from what is regarded as normal.
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anterior
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situated in the front; the front or forward part of an organ.
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aplasia
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the defective development, or the congenital absence, of an organ or tissue.
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atresia
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describes the congenital absence of a normal body opening or the failure of a structure to be tubular.
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benign
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not life threatening.
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body cavities
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includes the dorsal and ventral cavities, are spaces within the body that contain and protect internal organs.
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bloodborne transmission
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the spread of a disease through contact with blood or other body fluids that are contaminated with blood.
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body planes
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imaginary vertical and horizontal lines used to divide the body into sections for descriptive purposes.
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caudal
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toward the lower part of the body.
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cephalic
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toward the head.
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chromosomes
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the genetic structures located within the nucleus of each cell.
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communicable disease
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any condition that is transmitted from one person to another either by direct or by indirect contact with contaminated objects.
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congenital
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existing at birth.
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congenital disorder
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an abnormal condition that exists at the tie of birth.
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cytology
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the study of the anatomy, physiology, pathology, and chemistry of the cell.
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cytoplasm
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the material within the cell membrane that is not part of the nucleus.
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diaphragm
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a muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities.
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distal
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situated farthest from the mid-line or beginning of a body structure.
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dominant gene
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inherited from either parent, the offspring will inherit that genetic condition or characteristic.
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dorsal
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refers to the back of the organ or body.
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dorsal cavity
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located along the back of the body and head, contains organs of the nervous system that coordinate body functions and is divided into two portions-- cranial cavity and spinal cavity.
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dysplasia
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the abnormal development or growth of cells, tissues, or organs.
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endemic
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refers to the ongoing presence of a disease within a population, group, or area.
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endocrine glands
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produce hormones, do not have ducts; hormones are secreted directly into the bloodstream, and are then transported to organs and structures throughout the body.
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epidemic
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a sudden and widespread outbreak of a disease within a specific population group or area.
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epigastric region
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located above the stomach.
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etiology
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the study of the causes of diseases.
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exocrine glands
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secrete chemical substances into ducts that lead either to other organs or out of the body, such as sweat glands.
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food-borne and waterborne transmission
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(aka fecal-oral transmission) caused by eating or drinking contaminated food or water that has not been properly treated to remove contamination or kill any pathogens present.
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functional disorder
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produces symptoms for which no physiological or anatomical cause can be identified.
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genetic disorder
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(aka hereditary disorder) a pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene.
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genome
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the complete set of genetic information of an organism.
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geriatrician
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(aka gerontologist) a physician who specializes in the care of older people.
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groin
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the crease at the junction of the trunk with the upper end of the thigh.
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hemophilia
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a group of hereditary bleeding disorders in which a blood-clotting factor is missing; spontaneous hemorrhages or severe bleeding following an injury.
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histology
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the study of the structure, composition, and function of tissues.
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homeostasis
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the processes through which the body maintains a constant internal environment.
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hospitalist
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focuses on the general medical care of hospitalized patients.
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hypertrophy
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a general increase in the bulk of a body part or organ that is due to an increase in the size, but not in the number, of cells in the tissues; not due to tumor formation.
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hyperplasia
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the enlargement of an organ or tissue because of an abnormal increase in the number of cells in the tissues.
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hypochondriac regions
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covered by by the lower ribs; below the ribs.
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hypogastric region
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located below the stomach.
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hypoplasia
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the incomplete development of an organ or tissue usually due to a deficiency in the number of cells.
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iatrogenic illness
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an unfavorable response due to prescribed medical treatment.
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iliac
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located over the hip bones.
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idiopathic disorder
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an illness without known cause.
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infectious disease
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an illness caused by living pathogenic organisms such as bacteria and viruses.
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inguinal
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relating to the groin, refers to the entire lower area of the abdomen.
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inferior
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lowermost, below, or toward the feet.
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lateral
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the direction toward, or nearer, the side of the body, away from the mid-line.
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lumbar
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describes the part of the back between the ribs and the pelvis.
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malignant
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harmful, capable of spreading, and potentially life threatening.
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medial
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the direction toward, or nearer, the mid-line.
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mesentery
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a fused double layer of parietal peritoneum that attaches parts of the intestine to the interior abdominal wall.
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midsagittal plane
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(aka midline) the sagittal plane that divides the body into equal left and right halves.
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muscle tissue
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contains cells with the specialized ability to contract and relax.
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nerve tissue
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contains cells with the specialized ability to react to stimuli and to conduct electrical impulses.
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nucleus
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surrounded by the nuclear membrane, is a structure within the cell. It has two important functions: 1)control the activities of the cell and 2)helps the cell divide.
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nosocomial infection
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a disease acquired in a hospital or clinical setting.
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organic disorder
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produces symptoms caused by detectable physical changes in the body.
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pandemic
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refers to an outbreak of a disease occurring over a large geographic area, possibly worldwide.
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parietal peritoneum
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the outer layer of the peritoneum that lines the interior of the abdominal wall.
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pathology
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the study of a disease.
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pathogen
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a disease-producing microorganism such as a virus.
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pelvic cavity
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the space formed by the hip bones and contains primarily the organs of the reproductive and excretory systems.
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peritoneum
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a multi-layered membrane that protects and holds the organs in place within the abdominal cavity.
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peritonitis
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inflammation of the peritoneum.
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phenylketonuria
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a genetic disorder in which the essential digestive enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase is missing.
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physiology
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the study of the functions of the structures of the body.
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posterior
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situated in the back; the back part of an organ.
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proximal
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situated nearest the mid-line or beginning of a body structure.
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quadrant
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divided into four.
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recessive gene
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if inherited from both parents, the offspring will have that condition; if inherited from only one parent, and a normal gene is inherited from the other parent the offspring will not have the condition.
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retroperitoneal
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located behind the peritoneum
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stem cells
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unspecialized cells that are able to renew themselves for long periods of time by cell division.
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superior
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uppermost, above, or toward the head.
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thoracic cavity
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aka the chest cavity or thorax, surrounds and protects the heart and the lungs.
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transverse plane
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a horizontal plane that divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions; can be at the waist or at any other level across the body.
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umbilicus
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commonly known as the belly button or navel.
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vector-borne transmission
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the spread of certain disease due to the bite of a vector (insect)
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ventral
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refers to the front, or belly side, of the organ or body.
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ventral cavity
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located along the front of the body, contains the body organs that sustain homeostasis; it is divided into-- thoracic cavity, abdominal cavity, and pelvic cavity.
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visceral
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relating to the internal organs.
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visceral peritoneum
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the inner layer of the peritoneum that surrounds the organs of the abdominal cavity.
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A/An _______ is acquired in a hospital setting.
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nosocomial infection
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When a _______ is inherited from only one parent, the offspring will have that genetic condition or characteristic.
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dominant
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The _______ contains the major organs of digestion.
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abdominal cavity
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The term _______ means the direction toward or nearer the midline.
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medial
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The primary role of the undifferentiated _______ cells is to maintain and repair the tissue in which they are found.
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adult stem cells (aka somatic stem cells)
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The genetic disorder in which an essential digestive enzyme is missing is known as ________.
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phenylketonuria (PKU)
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The inflammation of a gland is known as _________.
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andenitis
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The _________ is the outer layer of the peritoneum that lines the interior of the abdominal wall.
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parietal peritoneum
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A ________ is a fundamental physical and functional unit of heredity.
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DNA
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The study of the structure, composition, and function of tissues is known as __________.
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histology
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above the stomach
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epigastric region
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belly button area
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umbilical region
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below the ribs
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hypochondriac
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below the stomach
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hypergastric region
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hip bone area
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right and left iliac regions
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The term _________ refers to the entire lower area of the abdomen.
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hypogastric
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The study of how genes are transferred from parents to their children and the role of genes in health and disease is known as ____________.
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genetics
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A specialist in the study of the outbreaks of disease is a/an ___________.
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epidemiologist
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The __________ secrete chemical substances into ducts.
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exocrine glands
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What is the correct term for abbreviation "HD"?
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Huntington's disease
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What is the correct term for abbreviation "CD"?
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communicable disease
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What is the correct term for abbreviation "GP"?
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general practitioner
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What is the correct term for abbreviation "LUQ"?
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Left Upper Quadrant
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What is the correct term for abbreviation "CH"?
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chromosome
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The term meaning situated nearest the midline or beginning of a body structure is ___________.
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proximal
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The term meaning situated in the back is __________.
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posterior
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The body is divided into anterior and posterior portions by the ________ plane.
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frontal
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The body is divided into equal vertical left and right halves by the ________ plane.
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midsagittal
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________ is a genetic variation that is associated with characteristic facial appearance, learning disabilities, and physical abnormalities such as heart valve disease.
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Down Syndrome
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The study of the functions of the structures of the body is known as __________.
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physiology
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The heart and the lungs are surrounded and protected by the _________ cavity.
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thoracic cavity
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An unfavorable response to prescribed medical treatment, such as severe burns resulting from radiation therapy, is known as a/an __________ illness.
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iatrogenic
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The genetic structures located within the nucleus of each cell are known as _____________. These structures are made up of the DNA molecules containing the body's genes.
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chromosomes
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Mr. Tseng died of cholera during a sudden and widespread outbreak of this disease in his village. Such an outbreak is described as being a/an _______________.
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endemic
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Brenda Farmer's doctor could not find any physical changes to explain her symptoms. The doctor refers to this as a/an ___________ disorder.
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functional
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Gerald Carlson was infected with hepatitis B through ___________ transmission.
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bloodborne
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To become a specialist in the study and analysis of cells, Lee Wong signed up for courses in ____________.
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anatomy, physiology, pathology, and chemistry.
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A mother's consumption of alcohol during pregnancy can cause _______________.
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Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
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The term meaning the surgical repair of a muscle is
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myoplasty
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The term meaning muscle pain is
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myalgia
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The term meaning an abnormal condition of the stomach is
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gastrosis
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The term meaning inflammation of the larynx
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laryngitis
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The term meaning the surgical removal of part of a muscle is a/an
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myectomy
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The term meaning pain in the stomach is
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gatralgia
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The term meaning surgical removal of the larynx is
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laryngectomy
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The term meaning an abnormal condition of the kidney is
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nephrosis
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The medical term meaning surgical repair of a nerve is
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neuroplasty
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The term meaning inflammation of the kidney is
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nephritis
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Skeletal System
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bones, joints, and cartilage
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Muscular System
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muscles, fascia, and tendons
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Cardiovascular System
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heart, arteries, veins, capillaries, and blood
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Lymphatic System
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lymph, lymphatic vessels, and lymph nodes
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Immune System
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tonsils, spleen, thymus, skin, and specialized blood cells
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Respiratory System
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nose, pharynx, trachea, larynx, and lungs
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Digestive System
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mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, and pancreas
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Urinary System
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kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra
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Nervous System
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nerves, brain, and spinal cord
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Special Senses
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eyes and ears
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Integumentary System
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skin, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands
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Endocrine System
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adrenal glands, gonads, pancreas, parathyroids, pineal, pituitary, thymus, and thyroid
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Reproductive System
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Male: penis and testicles; Female: ovaries, uterus, and vagina
