Medical Terminology Ch 19 Cancer Medicine (Oncology) – Flashcards
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What is the term for synthetic chemicals containing groups that interfere with DNA synthesis?
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*al*kylating *a*gents
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What is the term for hair loss, often a side effect of chemotherapy or radiotherapy?
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alo*pe*cia
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What is the combining form for "small sac"?
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alveol/o
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What is the term for "pertaining to tumor growth in small microscopic sacs" (descriptive of connective tissue tumors—sarcomas)?
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al*ve*olar
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What is the prefix for backward?
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ana-
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What is the term for loss of differentiation of cells?
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ana*pla*sia
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What is the term for formation of blood vessels?
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angio*gen*esis
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What is the term for chemical substances produced by bacteria or primitive plants; inhibit the growth of cells in cancer chemotherapy?
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antibi*ot*ics
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What is the term for chemicals that prevent cell division by inhibiting formation of substances necessary to make DNA?
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antime*tab*olites
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What is the term for drugs that block mitosis (cell division)?
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antimi*tot*ics
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What is the prefix for off, way?
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apo-
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What is the term for programmed cell death?
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apop*to*sis
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What is the term for to remove substances from a cavity using suction?
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aspi*ra*tion
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What is the term for harmless; not cancerous?
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be*nign*
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What is the term for test for the presence of a form of human chorionic gonadotropin (a hormone marker for testicular cancer?
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B-hCG test
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What is the term for substances produced by normal cells that either directly block tumor growth or stimulate the immune system to fight cancer?
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bio*log*ic re*sponse* *mod*ifiers
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What is the term for use of the body's own defenses to destroy tumor cells?
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bio*log*ic *ther*apy
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What is the suffix for immature tumor?
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-blastoma
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What is the term for removal and microscopic examination of bone marrow tissue?
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bone *mar*row *bi*opsy
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What is the prefix for short?
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brachy-
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What is the term for implantation of small sealed containers or seeds of radioactive material directly or near tumors?
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*brach*y*ther*apy
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What is the term for microscopic examination of living tissue for diagnosis of disease?
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*bi*opsy (bx)
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What is the term for a protein marker test to detect ovarian cancer cells in blood?
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CA-125
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What is the combining form for "bad"?
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cac/o
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What is the term for general ill health and malnutrition associated with chronic disease such as cancer?
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ca*chex*ia
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What is the combining form for "cancer"?
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carcin/o
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What is the term for a substance (chemicals, drugs, radiation, viruses) that produces cancer?
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car*cin*ogen
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What is the term for a cancerous tumor?
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car*cin*oma
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What is the term for localized tumor growth?
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car*cin*oma in situ
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What is the combining form for "burn"?
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cauter/o
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What is the term for blood test for carcinoembryonic antigen (marker for gastrointestinal cancer)?
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CEA test
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What is the term for the genetic material that causes cancer?
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*cel*lular *on*cogenes
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What is the term for a chemical agent that causes cancer; hydrocarbons, insecticides, and hormones are examples?
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*chem*ical car*cin*ogen
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What is the combining form for "chemical, drug"?
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chem/o
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What is the term for treatment using drugs?
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chemo*ther*apy
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What is the term for "use of several chemotherapeutic agents together for the treatment of tumors"?
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combination chemotherapy
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What is the term for separation of tissue for microscopic examination?
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core *need*le *bi*opsy
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What is the combining form for "cold"?
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cry/o-
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What is the term for destruction of tissue using cold temperatures?
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cryo*sur*gery
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What is the term for the protein factor that promotes growth of white blood cells?
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colony-stimulating factor (CSF)
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What is the term for a tumor that forms with large open spaces filled with fluid?
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*cys*tic *tu*mor
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What is the combining form for "sac of fluid"?
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cyst/o
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What is the term for loss of differentiation of cells; reversion to a more primitive type; anaplasia?
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dedifferenti*at*ion
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What is the term for genetic material within the nucleus that controls replication and protein synthesis?
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deoxyribonuc*le*ic acid (DNA)
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What is the term for having a different character or function from the surrounding structures or from the original type; said of tissues, cells, or portions of the cytoplasm?
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diffe*ren*tiated
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What is the term for drugs that promote tumor cells to differentiate, stop growing, and die?
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diffe*ren*tiating *a*gents
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What is the term for specialization of cells?
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diffe*ren*tiation
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What is the term for "pertaining to abnormal growth of cells but not clearly cancerous"?
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dys*pla*stic
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What is the term for burning tissue to destroy it (using electricity)?
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electro*cau*terization
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What is the term for low-energy beams of irradiation for treatment of skin or surface tumors?
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e*lec*tron beams
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What is the term for removal of a tumor along with large area of surrounding tissue and lymph nodes?
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en bloc re*sec*tion
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What differentiates a benign tumor from a malignant one?
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Be*nign* *tu*mors are en*cap*sulated
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What is the prefix for upon?
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epi-
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What is the term for "resembling epidermal tissue" (tumors that arise from aberrant epidermal cells)?
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epi*derm*oid
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What is the term for a hormone that promotes the growth of red blood cells?
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erythro*poi*etin (EPO)
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What is the term for redness of skin, often a side effect of radiation therapy?
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ery*the*ma
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What is the term for a test for concentration of hormone receptor sites in cells of patients with breast cancer?
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*es*trogen re*cep*tor *as*say
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What is the term for removal of tumor and a margin of normal tissue for diagnosis of and possible cure for small tumors?
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ex*cis*ional *bi*opsy
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What is the term for wide resection of tumor and removal of surrounding tissue and organs?
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e*xen*teration
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What is the term for cells that are scraped from an area of suspected disease and examine microscopically?
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ex*fo*liative cytology
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What is the term for radiation applied to a tumor from a distant source?
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ex*ter*nal beam radi*a*tion
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What is the combining form for "fibers"?
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fibr/o
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What is the term for malignant tumor of fiber-producing cells (flesh or connective tissue origin)?
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fibrosar*co*ma
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What is the term for an abnormal growth of connective tissue, often a side effect of radiation therapy to the lungs?
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fi*bro*sis
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What is the term for "dimensions of the area of the body undergoing irradiation"?
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fields
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What is the term for placement of a very thin needle inside the tumor mass and extracting cells for microscopic evaluation?
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fine *need*le aspi*ra*tion
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What is the combining form for small glandular sacs?
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follicul/o
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What is the term for "pertaining to microscopic description of tumor growth in small gland-type sacs."?
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foll*ic*ular
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What is the term for giving radiation therapy in small, repeated doses?
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fractio*na*tion
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What is the term for destruction of tissues by electric sparks?
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*ful*guration
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What is the term for mushrooming pattern of growth in which tumor cells pile one on top of another and project from the tissue surface?
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fungating *tu*mor
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What is the combining form for fungus?
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fung/i
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What is the suffix for formation?
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-genesis
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What is the term where family members are tested to determine whether they have inherited a cancer-causing gene?
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ge*net*ic screening
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What is the term for an evaluation of the degree of maturity of tumor cells?
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grading of *tu*mors
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What is the term for "visual appearance of tumors to the naked eye"?
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gross description of tumors
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What is the term for the unit of radiation equal to 1/100 of a rad?
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gray (Gy)
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What is the term for a condition of increased growth of cells (in numbers)?
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hyper*pla*sia
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What is the term for when a piece of tumor is removed for examination to establish a diagnosis?
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in*cis*ional *bi*opsy
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What is the term for extending beyond normal tissue boundaries into adjacent tissues?
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*in*filtrative
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What is the term characterized by redness, swelling, and heat?
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in*flam*matory *tu*mor
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What is the term for biologic response modifier?
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inter*fer*on
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What is the term for having the ability to enter and destroy surrounding tissue? It is the ability to be infiltrative
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in*va*sive
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What is the term for exposure to any form of radiant energy such as ultraviolet light, heat, or x-rays?
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irradi*a*tion
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What is the term for visual examination of the abdominal cavity using small incisions and an endoscope?
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lapa*ros*copy
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What is the term for an agent or device used in radiation therapy for tumors?
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*lin*ear ac*cel*erator
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What is the term for a growth that has the capability of invasion and spread to surrounding or more distant sites?
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ma*lig*nant *tu*mor
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What is the combining form for soft, inner part?
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medull/o
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What is the term for large, soft, fleshy tumor?
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*med*ullary *tu*mor
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What is the term for embryonic connective tissue (mes=middle, enchymo/o=to pour). This is the tissue from which connective tissues (bone, muscle, fat, cartilage) arise?
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*mes*enchymal
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What is the prefix for change?
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meta-
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What is the term for abnormal transformation of adult differentiated cells to differentiated tissue of another kind?
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meta*pla*sia
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What is the term for the spread of malignant tumors to a distant location?
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me*tas*tasis
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What is the term for "appearance of tumors when viewed under a microscope"?
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microscopic description of tumors
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What is the term for replication of cells; two identical cells are produced from a parent cell?
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mi*to*sis
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What is the term for tumors composed of different types of tissue (epithelial as well as connective tissue)?
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mixed-tissue *tu*mors
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What is the term for a biologic response modifier used in cancer treatment?
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monoclonal antibody (MoAb)
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What is the term for a method of treatment such as chemotherapy, surgery, or radiation?
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mo*dal*ity
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What is the term for "anticancer drugs designed to block the function of growth factors"?
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molecularly targeted drugs
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What is the term for the condition of being diseased?
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mor*bid*ity
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What is the term for "containing mucus"?
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mucinous
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What is the combining form for mucous membrane?
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mucos/o
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What is the term for inflammation of mucous membranes?
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mu*co*sitis
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What is the combining form for genetic change?
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mut/a
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What is the combining form for causing genetic change?
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mutagen/o
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What is the term for "pertaining to producing mutation; producing a change in the DNA of a cell"?
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muta*gen*ic
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What is the term for an inheritable change in the genetic material of a cell?
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mu*ta*tion
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What is the term for stopping or inhibiting the growth of bone marrow tissue? This means that blood cells (leukocytes, erythrocytes, and platelets), normally formed in bone marrow, are not produced?
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myelosup*press*ion
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What is the combining form for death?
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necr/o
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What is the term for a tumor containing dead cells?
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ne*cro*tic
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What is the term for a new growth; tumor?
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*ne*oplasm
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What is the combining form for nerve?
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neur/o
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What is the term for a cancerous tumor of embryonic nervous tissue; a sarcoma composed of neuroblasts and affecting infants and children up to 10 years of age? The tumor usually arises in the autonomic nervous system.
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neurobla*sto*ma
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What is the term for tumors of fibrous connective tissue surrounding nerve cells (neurofibromas). This is a genetic disorder?
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neurofibroma*to*sis
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What is the term for a unit of DNA composed of a sugar, phosphate, and a base?
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*nu*cleotide
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What is the suffix for tumor?
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-oma
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What is the combining form for tumor?
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onc/o
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What is the term for a region of genetic material that causes cancer; found in tumor cells or viruses?
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*on*cogene
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What is the term for the study of tumors?
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on*col*ogy
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What is the term for a cancerous tumor derived from bone?
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osteo*gen*ic sar*co*ma
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What is the term for malignant tumor (flesh tissue) of bone?
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osteosar*co*ma
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What is the term for relieving, but not curing symptoms?
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*pal*liative
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What is the combining form for nipple-like?
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papill/o
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What is the term for "pertaining to tumors that grow in small nipple-like or finger-like pattern."?
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*pap*illary
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What is the term for possessing a stem or stalk; characteristics of some polypoid tumors?
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pe*dun*culated
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What is the term for a wide resection involving tumor, organ of origin, and surrounding tissue in the area of the hip?
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*pel*vic e*xen*teration
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What is the term for the study of distribution and removal of drugs in the body?
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pharmacoki*net*ics
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What is the term for "radiation therapy using energy in the form of x-rays or gamma rays"?
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photon therapy
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What is the suffix for growth?
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-plasia, -plasm
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What is the combining form for formation?
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plas/o
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What is the combining form for many, more?
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ple/o
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What is the term for "pertaining to tumors that contain a variety of cell types."?
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pleo*mor*phic
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What is the combining form for polyp?
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polyp/o
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What is the term for tumors that grow as projections extending outward from a base. Growths with sessile and pedunculated types?
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*pol*ypoid *tu*mor
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What is the combining form for first?
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prot/o
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What is the term for the detailed plan for treatment of illness?
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*pro*tocol
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What is the term for subatomic particles produced by a cyclotron deposit an absorbed dose of radiation at a focused point in the body?
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*pro*ton *ther*apy
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What is the term for a blood test for the presence of an antigen related to prostate cancer?
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PSA test (prostate-specific antigen)
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What is the term for infusion of undifferentiated blood cells into a patient to repopulate the bone marrow?
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peripheral stem cell transplantation (PSCT)
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What is the term for use of radioactive substances in the diagnosis and treatment of disease? Energy carried by a stream of particles,
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radi*a*tion
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What is the combining form for rays?
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radi/o
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What is the term for tumor cells that are destroyed by radiation therapy?
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radiocurable *tu*mor
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What is the term for a tumor, in which large doses of radiation are required to produce death of cells?
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radioresistant *tu*mor
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What is the term for a tumor, in which radiation can cause the death of cells without serious damage to surrounding tissue
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radio*sen*sitive *tu*mor
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What is the term for a drug that increases the sensitivity of tumors to radiation therapy?
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radio*sen*sitizer
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What is the term for ionizing radiation used to treat malignancies?
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radio*ther*apy
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What is the term for the return of symptoms of disease?
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re*lap*se
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What is the term for the partial or complete disappearance of symptoms of disease?
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re*mis*sion
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What is the term for tumor of the retina of the eye (embryonic cells); congenital and inhereditary tumor?
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retinobla*sto*ma
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What is the term for a cellular substance, ribonucleic acid, that is important in protein synthesis?
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ribonuc*le*ic acid (RNA)
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What is the combining form for flesh?
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sarc/o
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What is the term for a cancerous tumor derived from connective or flesh tissue?
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sar*co*ma
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What is the combining form for hard?
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scirrh/o
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What is the term for "pertaining to hard, densely packed tumors, overgrown with fibrous tissue."?
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*scir*rhous
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What is the term for "having the appearance of a thin watery fluid"?
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serous
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What is the term for "having no stem; characteristic of some polypoid tumors"?
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sessile
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What is the term for a study using computed tomography (CT) scan or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to map treatment before radiation treatment?
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simu*la*tion
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What is the term for a tumor composed of a mass of cells?
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*sol*id *tu*mor
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What is the term for assessing the extent of tumor spread?
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staging a *tu*mor
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What is the term for a dose of radiation delivered under highly precise guidance (Gamma knife surgery)?
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*ster*eotactic radiosurgery
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What is the term for complex, naturally occurring chemicals (such as hormones) that are used in cancer chemotherapy?
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*ster*oids
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What is the suffix for to stop?
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-suppression
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What is the term for "methods of removing cancerous tissue: cryosurgery, cauterization, en bloc resection, excisional biopsy, exenteration, fulguration, and incisional biopsy"?
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surgical procedures to treat cancer
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What is the prefix for far?
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tele-
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What is the term for radiation therapy using high-energy beams from a distant (tele-) source, such as a linear accelerator or cyclotron (proton therapy)?
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tele*ther*apy
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What is the suffix for treatment?
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-therapy
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What is the term for the staging system for evaluating malignancies?
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*tu*mor-node-metastasis (TNM)
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What is the term for swelling or morbid enlargement; this is one of the cardinal signs of inflammation?
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*tu*mors
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What is the term for a tumor characterized by erosion of the dermis?
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*ul*cerating *tu*mor
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What is the term for rays given off by the sun?
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ultra*vi*olet radi*a*tion
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What is the term for the substance secreted by tumors to stimulate formation of new blood vessels?
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vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)
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What is the term for tumors that resemble wart-like growths?
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*ver*rucous *tu*mor
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What is the term for pieces of DNA from viruses that infect a normal cell and cause it to become malignant?
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*vi*ral *on*cogenes
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What is the term for an infectious agent that reproduces by entering a host cell and using the host's genetic material to make copies of itself?
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*vi*rus
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What is the combining form for dry?
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xer/o
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What is the term for conditions of dry mouth?
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xero*sto*mia
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What is the term for Brachytherapy and teletherapy are examples of what term?
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XRT
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