question

Medical Sociology (def.)

answer

the study of health care as it is institutionalized in a society, and of health, or illness and it's relationship to social factors

question

Structural Functionalism (def.)

answer

The sociological theory that views society as a system of interdependent parts that work together to produce relative stability. Each of these parts (like the medical institution) is assumed to have positive consequences for society as a whole

question

Social Conflict Theory (def.)

answer

The sociological theory that views society as a system largely dominated by social inequality; whatever societal order exists is thought to be dictated by powerful groups of people

question

Medical sociology, as a sub-discipline of sociology, formally came into being in what time period?

answer

In the 1950s and 1960s as the field was institutionalized within the discipline of sociology

question

Rodney Coe has suggested that the development of medical sociology was facilitated by several factors, including which of the following?

answer

All of these factors were identified by Coe

question

Which of the following statements best captures the sociological perspective on human behavior?

answer

Human behavior is largely shaped by the groups to which people belong and the social interaction that occurs within those groups

question

Many medical sociologists conduct their research by systematically observing people in their natural environment. What type of research is this?

answer

Observational research

question

What was the impact of preventive medicine and public health on medical sociology?

answer

As the 20th century progressed, it became apparent that protection of public health required consideration of social factors such as poverty, malnutrition, and congested living areas all of obvious interest to sociologists

question

Rudolf Virchow's major contribution to medical sociology

answer

-identified social and economic conditions as being primary causes of an epidemic of typhus fever in 1847 and lobbied for improved living conditions for the poor as a primary preventive technique -contended that medicine is largely a social science that needs to consider the influence of social structure on creating both health and illness

question

4 key changes in health, healing, and illness as described by Rodney Coe and which facilitated the founding of medical sociology

answer

-changing patterns of morbidity and mortality (primary causes of sickness and death shifted from acute, infectious diseases to chronic, degenerative diseases) -the impact of preventive medicine and public health (increased focus on behavioral factors related to health and illness) -the impact of modern psychiatry (increased recognition of the importance of the patient-doctor relationship) -the impact of administrative medicine (the increasingly complex structure of the health care system)

question

American Medical Association (def.)

answer

-national medical society -established visible standards for the practice of medicine so as to gain a greater confidence from the general public

question

Flexner report (def.)

answer

medical education should be subjected to formal regulation

question

Germ theory of diseases (def.)

answer

All disease is caused by specific etiological agents such as bacteria, viruses, parasites, genetic malformations, and chemical imbalances

question

Humoral theory of disease (def.)

answer

postulates that there are four natural elements in the world and four natural properties. A person is healthy when these four humors are in balance. Sickness is created by imbalance of the humors.

question

?Monastic medicine (def.)

answer

-medicine based in the monastery -medical practice was controlled by the church (hostile to doctors) -beneficial disease were a test of faith -presence of disease were god's punishment, satanic possession, or witchcraft

question

?Scholastic medicine (def.)

answer

-medical practice became the province of secular clergy

question

Shaman (def.)

answer

A highly respected individual who served as the "medicine man" or "witch doctor" in early societies. Due to systematic observations of animals and trial and error techniques, this person often delivered helpful medical treatment

question

Supernatural explanations of disease (def.)

answer

diseases were caused either by direct intervention of a god or spirit or through a sorcerer or through the intrusion of some foreign object into the body

question

The Great Trade of 1910

answer

In exchange for providing the best and most efficient health care system, the federal government gave the AMA control over the production and licensing of physicians

question

Hippocrates

answer

A Greek physician of the 4th and 5th centuries B.C. who sought natural rather than supernatural explanations of disease and who wrote extensively on ethical issues in medicine; the "father of medicine."

question

Summarize key changes in the development of medicine as a practice

answer

...

question

Identify the forces that pushed medical practitioners in the late 1800s into the 1900s to professionalize

answer

germ theory, licensure, Great Trade of 1910

question

Outline Paul Starr's contributions to medical sociology

answer

...

question

Assess Vicente Navarro's argument on the rise of the medical profession

answer

...

question

People in early human civilizations commonly believed that the cause of disease and illness was traceable to

answer

The direct or indirect intervention of supernatural beings

question

Curative procedures in early civilizations often were designed to force some foreign object out of the body. Which of the following specific procedures were used?

answer

All of the above

question

Which of the following statements accurately describes physicians in early America?

answer

There were few physicians and many of these were not formally trained in medicine

question

Through the 1700s and into the 1800s, physicians were poorly paid (and sometimes not paid at all). Which of the following factors helps to explain this pattern?

answer

All of these factors help explain the pattern

question

Pakistan, the world's seventh largest country, continues to experience a high level of infant mortality. According to research by Agha (as summarized in the text), which of the following factors most contribute to the high IMR?

answer

Both A and C are true

question

What is the dominant epidemiological trend in the United Sates in this century?

answer

A dramatic reduction in rates of acute, infectious disease

question

What is the name of the nationwide system of surveillance for disease in the United States?

answer

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

question

Which of the following is not true about the epidemiological transition?

answer

During the period of delayed degenerative diseases, all segments of the elderly population are expected to decrease dramatically

question

Which of the following groups have traditionally been underrepresented in medical research?

answer

B and C

question

What were the major contributions of ancient Rome to medicine?

answer

Sanitation and public health

question

What was the most significant occurrence in medicine during the Medieval Era?

answer

A rejection of scientific medicine and a return to religious explanations for disease and illness

question

The usefulness and necessity of hospitals was an outgrowth of the forces of industrialization and urbanization (which created unhealthy, unsanitary, overcrowded cities). In what century did hospitals emerge as major care centers for the sick?

answer

The 19th

question

Which of the following statements accurately describes the origin and early years of the American Medical Association?

answer

There was considerable sentiment in the country against legitimating any particular medical orientation thus it was many years after its founding before the AMA acquired any real strength

question

With which of the following groups is higher life expectancy associated?

answer

Whites, the middle and upper classes, and women

question

Which of the following factors helps to explain the higher infant mortality rate among blacks than among whites?

answer

All the above

question

Which of the following is correct regarding gender and health?

answer

Women are more willing than men to acknowledge symptoms of ill health and more readily seek care

question

Which of the following statements about disability is accurate?

answer

Older persons are much more likely than the young to have a disability

question

According to self-assessments and physician evaluations, the level of health among the elderly has improved in recent years

answer

True

question

The Type A Behavior Pattern increases the likelihood of having a heart attack. Which of the following is/are potential routes to this behavioral pattern?

answer

All the above

question

Which of the following statements about the genetic influence on transmission of disease and illness is true?

answer

Some disease and illnesses can be directly traced to the genes, while others result from interplay of genes and the environment

question

What was the difference between the 'homeopaths' and the 'regulars?'

answer

Homeopaths were "doctors" who did not get a formal education in medicine. They used "like with like" and performed non-invasive procedures. Regulars were "real doctors." Regulars were doctors who did get a formal education in medicine.

question

looking glass self (def.)

answer

The concept coined by Charles Horton Cooley to convey the idea that we come to see ourselves as we believe other people see us

question

homeostasis (def.)

answer

A state in which the body's physiologic processes are in balance and are properly coordinated

question

Which of the following statements about the history of the stress concept is true?

answer

Consideration about harmony in body and spirit dates back to early civilizations

question

Emile Durkheim found that the extent to which an individual is integrated into a group affects the likelihood of suicide. Insufficient integration into a group with little feeling of social bonds may lead to which type of suicide?

answer

Egoistic

question

Most people use coping strategies to deal with stress in their lives. Which of the following is a coping "psychological resource"?

answer

Having a sense of hardiness

question

What is the most important reason that people in the lower social classes have higher reported rates of mental illness?

answer

Both a and b have been found in research to be important factors

question

What is the Thomas Theorem? Can you give an example of the Thomas Theorem in action?

answer

"If situations are defined as real, they are real in their consequences." It is the perceived world, rather than the actual world, to which people respond.

question

What is the buffering effects model?

answer

it asserts that the beneficial effects of social support occur only in the presence of stress

question

Health Belief Model (def.)

answer

A paradigm for understanding participation in health behaviors; it includes attention to the individual's perceived susceptibility to disease and the perceived seriousness of the disease

question

health locus of control (def.)

answer

A concept based on the belief that persons who feel control over their own health are more likely to carry out health related behavior than those who feel powerless to control their own health

question

biomedical definition of health (def.)

answer

A state of well-being of an organism or part of one, characterized by normal function and unattended by disease

question

sociological definition of health (def.)

answer

Emphasizes the social and cultural aspects of health and illness such as determining the capacity to perform roles and tasks. Health is considered to be a social norm, varying by culture and subculture

question

Which of the following approaches defines health as "complete physical, social, and mental well-being."?

answer

The World Health Organization

question

One of the four key dimensions of health behavior; it involves activities to detect disease, injury or disability before symptoms appear.

answer

Detection

question

Which of the following are classified as health protective behaviors?

answer

Only a and b

question

Which of the following is/are assumptions of the biomedical model for defining health?

answer

All the above are correct

question

What is the prevention index?

answer

A measurement tool for determining the rate by which a group of people engages in health protective behavior.

question

What is one reason Barsky states explains the 'paradox of health' in America?

answer

We are more ready to adopt the 'sick role' or to seek medical attention for our problems.

question

What is the difference between discrete life events and chronic strains?

answer

Life events: specific events Chronic strains: more enduring life problems

question

Give an example of how perception could lead to two completely different stress outcomes.

answer

****

question

Give an example of role overload, role captivity, role restructuring, inter-role conflict, and describe in your own words what it means to have an interpersonal conflict within role sets.

answer

Role overload: starting a job Role captivity: being a doctor when you want to be a teacher Role restructuring: take on responsibility for aging parents Inter-role conflict: being called in to work when you are about to go out to dinner -The problems that arise within complementary role sets

question

What is the difference between psychological resources and cognitive techniques?***

answer

Psychological resources: the personality characteristics that people draw upon to help them withstand threats posed by events and objects in their environment Cognitive techniques: the assignment of specific interpretations to a stressful event in order to control its meaning

question

What are the three factors that lead to greater vulnerability of a population?

answer

-inadequate financial resources -greater use of ineffective coping strategies -less access to social support networks

question

There are five different explanations offered for the gender disparity in stress. Choose one explanation and critique the argument. What does it do a good job at addressing and what does it fail to account for?

answer

Explanation: Women are exposed to more discrete, stressful life events than are men Good job: idea of childbirth and caregiving Fails: What stresses men have the women don't

question

In the case of black lung, why did it take so long for miners to gain recognition and receive the treatment and support they needed?

answer

Miners are lower class. The lower class tend to cope by avoiding their stress

question

List the six primary orientations used by researchers to evaluate health.

answer

-physical functioning -mental health -social well-being -role functioning -general health perceptions -symptoms

question

Critique the biomedical approach. What does it fail to take into account about health?

answer

-impact of culture -patient also defines health and illness -we are more than just biological creatures -little is known about health

question

What is the difference between prevention and promotion of health? Give an example of each from your own lifestyle.

answer

Prevention: to minimize risk of disease (Emergen-C) Promotion: engaging in health promotion behavior (exercise)

question

Give an example of how an upper-class and financially well-off teenager's health lifestyle might be different from that of a teenager who grows up in poverty. What opportunities are different?

answer

Healthier food options tend to cost more, while unhealthy food options are cheaper.

question

What does it mean that health protective behaviors have little intercorrelation?

answer

individual behaviors are often not related (engaging in one particular HPB does not automatically mean engaging in another HPB)

question

How is participating in HPBs related to a person's education, occupation, and income?

answer

People with higher levels of education, occupation, and income are more likely to have a healthy lifestyle

question

What are the four types of health related macro level factors that directly impact on individual health behaviors?

answer

-the availability of protective or harmful consumer products -physical structures/physical characteristics of products -social structures and policies -media and cultural messages

question

Give an example of a situation in which the health belief model does not accurately predict the likelihood of taking a preventative approach?

answer

in predicting the likelihood of engaging in general health-promoting behavior unrelated to fear of a particular disease

question

List your own HPBs and at least two more that you would like to work into your lifestyle.

answer

-wear a seatbelt -don't smoke -eat a nutritious diet -exercise more

question

What is social epidemiology?

answer

the focus on the influence of social and cultural factors on risk of death and disease.

Medical Sociology: Units 1-4 – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards