Medical Interventions 3.3 Quiz – Flashcards

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Biofeedback
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The technique of making unconscious or involuntary bodily processes (as heartbeat or brain waves) perceptible to the senses in order to manipulate them by conscious mental control
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Chemotherapy
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The use of chemical agents in the treatment or control of disease or mental disorder
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Metastasis
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The spread of a disease-producing agency (such as cancer cells or bacteria) from the initial or primary site of disease to another part of the body
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Myoelectric
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Utilizing electricity generated by muscle
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Occupational Therapy
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Therapy based on engagement in meaningful activities of daily life (as self-care skills, education, work, or social interaction) especially to enable or encourage participation in such activities despite impairments or limitations in physical or mental functioning
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Physical Therapy
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The treatment of disease by physical and mechanical means (as massage, regulated exercise, water, light, heat, and electricity)
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Prosthesis
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An artificial device to replace or augment a missing or impaired part of the body
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Radiation Therapy
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The treatment of disease by means of radiation (as X-rays)
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What is chemotherapy?
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Chemotherapy is a type of cancer treatment that uses drugs made of powerful chemicals to destroy fast growing cancer cells in your body.
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Chemotherapy works by _____
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stopping or slowing the growth of cancer cells
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Chemotherapy can also harm healthy cells that divide quickly such as those that ____
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line your mouth and intestines or cause your hair to grow
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Chemo targets ___ cells
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epithelial
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Can chemo cure cancer?
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yes
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Chemo has cured cancer when it destroys cancer cells to the point that your doctor can no longer___ and they ___
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detect them in your body, will not grow back
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chemotherapy eases cancer symptoms when shrinks tumors that are causing ___
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pain or pressure
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What is neo-adjuvant chemo?
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makes a tumor smaller before surgery or radiation therapy
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What is adjuvant chemotherapy?
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destroy cancer cells that may remain after surgery or radiation therapy
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What is metastatic cancer?
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cancer that has spread to other parts of your body
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What is recurrent cancer?
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cancer cells that have come back
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Is there a risk of developing a second cancer with chemotherapy?
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yes
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What is radiation therapy?
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Radiation therapy is a type of cancer treatment that uses beams of intense energy to kill cancer cells. Radiation therapy most often gets its power from X-rays, but the power can also come from protons or other types of energy.
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What is external beam radiation therapy?
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high-energy beams come from a machine outside of your body that aims the beams at a precise point on your body
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What is brachytherapy?
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radiation is placed inside your body
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radiation therapy damages cells by destroying ____
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the genetic material that controls how cells grow and divide
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external beam radiation therapy is conducted using a ___
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linear accelerator
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What does a linear accelerator do?
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directs high-energy beams of radiation into your body
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Explain what factors determine whether an oncologist treats cancer with chemotherapy, radiation or a combination of the two.
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- depending on the age of the patient, the type of cancer, how much the cancer has spread, how the tumor has emerged, and the general health of the patient - may suggest a combination of chemotherapy and radiation treatment. This approach may be particularly useful for patients with advanced stage cancer, where cancerous cells have spread to one or more organs beyond the organ where the cancer originated
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Why do patients undergoing chemotherapy often lose their hair?
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the chemicals in chemotherapy drugs are powerful medications that target rapidly growing cancer cells; these drugs cannot distinguish between other rapidly growing cells like hair cells, so they also attack your hair root
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Why do you think many patients undergoing chemotherapy are also given medications simulating erythropoietin, a hormone in the body that stimulates the production of red blood cells?
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Patients receive these medications in order to stimulate and maintain a necessary amount of red blood cells, which carry oxygen throughout the body.
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Why does chemotherapy often lead to anemia, and how does this anemia relate to the side effects of chemotherapy?
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If the red blood cell count is low, the cells are anemic and the body has to work harder to supply oxygen to the tissues of the body. This low count of red blood cells can make your body feel fatigued or short of breath, which are also side effects of chemotherapy
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Megan just had surgery to remove a cancerous mass in her left breast. The doctor assures her that the entire tumor was successfully removed, but still suggests a round of chemotherapy. Why do you think the doctor recommends this course of treatment?
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Megan would probably be recommended to go through a course of chemotherapy even though her tumor was successfully removed to prevent any cancerous tissue left from spreading again
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Explain why radiation therapy is often targeted towards the tumor or to a specific body region and not applied to the entire body
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Radiation therapy kills all cancerous tissue just as it would kill healthy cells so it has to be specifically target at a specific point on the body so that many healthy cells are not depleted.
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During biofeedback therapy patients learn how their bodies ___ and monitor the way in which ___ change physiological output as measured on the screen
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respond to this stress, relaxation techniques
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The eventual goal of this therapy is that patients will be able to positively affect their ____, even when not looking at their feedback data
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physical response to stress
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feedback helps you focus on making ___ changes in your body, such as relaxing certain muscles, to achieve the results you want, such as reducing pain
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subtle
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What is brainwave biofeedback?
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uses scalp sensors to monitor your brain waves using an electroencephalograph
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What is breathing biofeedback?
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bands are placed around your abdomen and chest to monitor your breathing pattern and respiration rate
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What is heart rate biofeedback?
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uses finger or earlobe sensors with a device called a photoplethysmograph or sensors placed on your chest, lower torso or wrists using an electrocardiograph (ECG) to measure your heart rate and heart rate variability
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What is muscle biofeedback?
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placing sensors over your skeletal muscles with an electromyography (EMG) to monitor the electrical activity that causes muscle contraction
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What is sweat glands biofeedback?
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sensors attached around your fingers or on your palm or wrist with an electrodermograph (EDG) measure the activity of your sweat glands and the amount of perspiration on your skin, alerting you to anxiety
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What is temperature biofeedback?
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sensors attached to your fingers or feet measure your blood flow to your skin
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in the past, patients diagnosed with osteosarcoma had only one treatment option: _____
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amputation
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____ have allowed osteosarcoma patients to have surgery where limb amputation is no longer necessary
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Chemotherapy treatments
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as many as 80-90% of osteosarcoma patients are candidates for___, where the cancerous bone is removed and the limb is saved from amputation
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limb-salvage surgery
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during limb-salvage surgery, the surgeon removes the ___ while preserving the nearby tendons, nerves, and blood vessels; the bone that is removed is replaced with a___ or with an ___
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entire tumor, bone graft, endoprosthesis
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What is a bone graft?
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healthy bone taken from another part of your body
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What is as endoprosthesis?
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an artificial bone replacement made of metal or other materials
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earliest example of prosthesis is a ___ in Egypt dated to between 950-710 B.C.E.
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big toe
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most famous Ancient Roman in the history of prosthetics is ___, who is considered the first documented wearer of a prosthetic limb
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General Marcus Sergius
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the history of prosthetics has always been intertwined with the ___
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history of warfare and the soldiers that fight
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doctor ___ made significant advances in both amputation surgery, and the development of prosthetic limbs; first to introduce a ___, and a ___
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Ambrose Paré, hinged prosthetic hand, leg with a locking knee joint
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___ was the most advanced limb in the history of prosthetics, and the company he founded continues to be a leader in the industry today
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Hanger Limb
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At UNYQ, ____ is being used to create beautiful protective prosthetic covers that help restore symmetry to amputees' silhouettes, and inspire confidence
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3D printing technology
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What is 3d printing or additive manufacturing?
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process of making three dimensional solid objects from a digital file
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The creation of a 3D printed object is achieved using ___. In an additive process an object is created by ____ until the object is created. Each of these layers can be seen as a ___ of the eventual object.
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additive processes, laying down successive layers of material, thinly sliced horizontal cross-section
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Slicing is dividing a 3D model into ___ and needs to be done with software
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hundreds or thousands of horizontal layers
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What is Direct 3d printing?
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- uses inkjet technology - nozzles in a 3-D printer move back and forth dispensing a fluid - nozzles or the printing surface move up and down so multiple layers of material can cover the same surface - dispense thick waxes and plastic polymers, which solidify to form each new cross-section of the sturdy 3-D object
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What is binder 3d printing?
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- uses inkjet nozzles to apply a liquid and form each new layer - uses two separate materials that come together to form each printed layer: a fine dry powder plus a liquid glue, or binder
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What is photopolymerization?
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a 3-D printing technology whereby drops of a liquid plastic are exposed to a laser beam of ultraviolet light; during this exposure, the light converts the liquid into a solid
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___ provide care to people of all ages who have __ problems resulting from back and neck injuries; sprains, strains, and fractures; arthritis; amputations; ___ disorders, such as stroke or cerebral palsy; injuries related to work and sports; and other conditions
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Physical therapists, functional, neurological
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___ help people with disabilities, injuries, and illnesses improve or recover their ability to perform ___. They may develop interventions that help a disabled child participate in school and social situations, help the elderly lead more active and independent lives, and make recommendations on how a person's home can be improved to better suit their health needs.
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Occupational therapists, everyday activities
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