question

anti-

answer

against

question

carcin/o

answer

cancerous

question

immun/o

answer

immune, protection, safe

question

lymph/o

answer

lymph, lymphatic tissue

question

lymphaden/o

answer

lymph node or gland

question

lymphangi/o

answer

lymph vessel

question

neo-, ne/o

answer

new, strange

question

-oma

answer

tumor, neoplasm

question

onc/o

answer

tumor

question

phag/o

answer

eat, swallow

question

-plasm

answer

formative material of cells

question

sarc/o

answer

flesh, connective tissue

question

splen/o

answer

spleen

question

-tic

answer

pertaining to

question

tox/o

answer

poison, poisonous

question

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)

answer

The most advanced, and fatal, stage of an HIV infection.

question

allergen

answer

A substance that produces an allergic reaction in an individual.

question

anaphylaxis

answer

A severe response to an allergen in which the symptoms develop quickly and, without help, the patient can die within a few minutes.

question

antibiotics

answer

medications capable of inhibiting growth, or killing pathogenic bacterial microorganisms. not effective against viral infections.

question

antibody

answer

A disease-fighting protein created in response to a specific antigen. often used interchangeably with immunoglobulin.

question

antifungal

answer

An agent that destroys or inhibits the growth of fungi.

question

antigen

answer

Any substance that the body regards as being foreign.

question

antigen-antibody reaction

answer

also known as the immune reaction, involves binding antigens to antibodies.

question

autoimmune disorder

answer

Any of a large group of diseases characterized by a condition in which the immune system produces antibodies to work against its own tissues, mistaking healthy cells, tissues, or organs for antigens

question

bacilli

answer

Rod-shaped spore-forming bacteria that cause diseases such as tetanus and tuberculosis.

question

bacteria

answer

A group of one-cell microscopic organisms.

question

candidiasis

answer

also known as a yeast infection or thrush., infections occurring on the skin or mucous membranes in the warm, moist areas such as the vagina or the mouth.

question

carcinoma

answer

A malignant tumor that occurs in the epithelial tissues covering the internal and external surfaces of the body.

question

carcinoma in situ

answer

describes a malignant tumor that occurs in epithelial tissue.

question

complement system

answer

a group of proteins that normally circulate in the blood in an inactive form and are activated by contact with nonspecific antigens such as foreign blood cells or bacteria. complement the ability of antibodies to ward of pathogens by combining with them to dissolve and remove pathogenic bacteria and other foreign cells

question

cytokines

answer

a group of proteins such as interferons and interleukins released primarily by the T cells. These cells act as intracellular signals to begin the immune response.

question

cytomegalovirus

answer

An infection caused by a group of large herpes-type viruses with a wide variety of disease effects. if found in most body fluids. most often present as a silent infection

question

cytotoxic drug

answer

Medication that kills or damages cells. used as immunosuppressants or as antineoplastics

question

ductal carcinoma

answer

Breast cancer at its earliest stage.

question

hemolytic

answer

To destroy worn-out red blood cells and to liberate their hemoglobin for reuse

question

herpes zoster

answer

An acute viral infection characterized by painful skin eruptions that follow the underlying route of an inflmaed nerve. caused by the chickenpox virus that has been reactivated after remaining dormant in a nerve. also known as shingles

question

hodgkin's lymphoma

answer

is distinguished from other types of lymphoma by the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells.

question

human immunodeficiency virus

answer

A bloodborne infection in which the virus damages or kills the T cells of the immune system, causing it to progressively fail, thus leaving the body at risk of developing many life-threatening opportunistic infections

question

immunodeficiency disorder

answer

A condition that occurs when one or more parts of the immune system are deficient or missing. occurs when the immune response is compromised

question

immunoglobulins

answer

Bind with specific antigens in the antigen-antibody response. also known as antibodies

question

immunosuppressant

answer

Medication administered to prevent or reduce the body's normal immune response. administered to prevent the rejection of a donor tissue and to depress autoimmune disorders

question

immunotherapy

answer

also called biological therapy, Treatment of disease by either enhancing or repressing the immune response.

question

infectious mononucleosis

answer

Disease caused by the Epstein Barr virus that is characterized by fever, a sore throat, and enlarged lymph nodes.swelling of the spleen or liver involvement can also develop.

question

infiltrating ductal carcinoma

answer

Breast cancer that starts in the milk duct and invades the surrounding fatty breast tissue.

question

interferons

answer

produced in response to the presence of antigens, particularly viruses or tumor cells. activate the immune system, fight viruses by slowing or stopping their multiplication, and signal other cells to increase their defenses.

question

lymphadenitis

answer

Inflammation of the lymph nodes. commonly known as swollen glands, frequently an indication of an indication of infection

question

lymphadenopathy

answer

any disease process affecting a lymph node or nodes.

question

lymphangioma

answer

A benign tumor formed by an abnormal collection of lymphatic vessels due to a congenital malformation of the lymphatic system.

question

lymphedema

answer

Swelling of the tissues due to an abnormal accumulation of lymph within the tissues. caused by damage to to the lymphatic system that prevents lymph from draining properly. often associated with infections since pathogens thrive in protein which lymph is rich in

question

lymphocytes

answer

are leukocytes that are formed in bone marrow as stem cells, that specialize to act as antibodies so they can attack specific antigens. also known as lymphoid cells. 3 types: natural killer cells, B cells, T cells

question

lymphoma

answer

a general term applied to malignancies affecting lymphoid tissues.

question

lymphoscintigraphy

answer

A diagnostic test to detect damage or malformations of the lymphatic vessels. a radioactive substance is injected into lymph ducts, and a scanner or probe is used to follow the movement of the substance on a computer screen. used to find a sentinel node

question

macrophage

answer

a type of leukocyte that surrounds and kills invading cells. also remove dead cells and stimulate the action of other immune cells

question

malaria

answer

A disease caused by a parasite that lives in certain mosquitoes that is transferred to humans by the bite of an infected mosquito.

question

mammography

answer

A radiographic examination of the breasts to detect the presence of tumors or precancerous cells.

question

metastasis

answer

A new cancer site that results from the spreading process.

question

metastasize

answer

Process by which cancer spreads from one place to another.

question

myoma

answer

Benign neoplasm made up of muscle tissue.

question

myosarcoma

answer

A malignant tumor derived from muscle tissue.

question

non-Hodgkin's lymphoma

answer

All lymphomas other than Hodgkin's lymphoma.

question

opportunistic infection

answer

A pathogen that normally does not cause disease but is able to cause illness in a weakened host whose resistance has been decreased by a different disorder.

question

osteosarcoma

answer

a hard tissue sarcoma of the shaft of long bones, the pelvis, or the knee.

question

parasite

answer

Plant or animal that lives on or within another living organism at the expense of that organism.

question

rabies

answer

An acute viral infection that may be transmitted to humans by the blood, tissue, or saliva of an infected animal.

question

rickettsia

answer

Small bacterium that lives in lice, fleas, ticks, and mites and can transmit infection, such as Rocky Mountain spotted fever, to humans.

question

rubella

answer

A viral infection characterized by fever and a diffuse, fine, red rash; also known as German measles or 3-day measles.

question

sarcoma

answer

A malignant tumor that arises from connective tissues, including bones, the bladder, kidneys, liver, lungs, muscles, and spleen.

question

spirochetes

answer

Spiral-shaped bacteria that have flexible walls and are capable of movement.

question

splenomegaly

answer

abnormal enlargement of the spleen.can be due to to bleeding caused by an injury, an infectious disease, or abnormal functioning of the immune system

question

staphylococci

answer

Bacteria that form irregular groups or clusters. most are harmless and reside on the skin and mucous membranes of humans and other organisms, but other are capable of producing very serious infections

question

systemic reaction

answer

is a severe response to an allergen. symptoms develop rapidly. also described as anaphylaxis

question

teletherapy

answer

Radiation therapy administered at a distance from the body.

question

toxoplasmosis

answer

A parasite that is most commonly transmitted from pets to humans by contact with contaminated feces.

question

varicella

answer

A disease caused by a herpes virus, varicella zoster, that is highly contagious. fever, rash consisting of hundreds of itchy, fluid-filled blisters that burst and form crusts

question

streptococci

answer

Bacteria that form a chain

question

lacteals

answer

specialized lymph vessels in the small intestine that absorb fats that cannot be transported by the bloodstream. the cells in the ______ transform these dietary fats and the lymphatic vessels return them to the venous circulation so they can be used throughout the body as nutrients.

question

Interstitial fluid

answer

plasma from arterial blood that flows out of the capillaries and into the spaces between the cells. also known as intercellular or tissue fluid. delivers nutrients, oxygen, and hormones to the cells.

question

Lypmh

answer

the remaining 10% of the returning interstitial fluid. clear, watery fluid containing electrolytes and proteins.

question

Lymphatic circulatory system

answer

also known as the secondary circulatory system. a circulatory system that contains vessels that collect excess body fluid (lymph) from the body's tissue and returns it to the bloodstream. the lymph merges with the blood vessels at the thoracic duct which empties into the heart. is compose

question

Lymphatic capillaries

answer

microscopic, blind-ended tubes located near the surface of the body with capillary walls that are only one cell in thickness. separate to allow the lymph to enter the capillary then the action of these cells as they close force the lymph to flow upward and forward

question

Lymphatic vessels

answer

lymph flows from the lymphatic capillaries into these progressively larger vessels, which are located deeper within the tissues. have valves like veins to prevent the backward flow of lymph

question

Right Lymphatic duct

answer

collects lymph from the right side of the head and neck, the upper right quadrant of the body, and the right arm; empties into the right subclavian vein

question

subclavian

answer

proximal part of the main vein of the arm

question

Thoracic duct

answer

largest lymphatic vessel in the body, collects lymph from the left side of the head and neck, the upper left quadrant of the trunk, the left arm, and the entire lower portion of the trunk and both legs; empties into the left subclavian vein

question

lymph node

answer

contains specialized lymphocytes that are capable of destroying pathogens.

question

Cervical lymph nodes

answer

Located along the sides of the neck

question

Axillary lymph nodes

answer

located under the arms in the armpits

question

axill

answer

armpit

question

Inguinal lymph nodes

answer

Located in the inguinal (groin) area of the lower abdomen

question

inguin

answer

groin

question

natural killer cells

answer

play an important role in the killing of cancer cells and cells infected by virus

question

B cells

answer

also known as B lymphocytes, lymphocytes that produce antibodies. each makes a specific antibody that is capable of destroying a specific antigen.

question

Plasma cells

answer

Cells that develop from B cells and secrete a large volume of antibodies coded to destroy specific antigens

question

T cells

answer

also known as T lymphocytes, Cells created in the thymus play a central role in cell-mediated immunity

question

Interleukins

answer

play multiple roles in the immune system including directing B and T cells to divide and proliferate

question

tonsils

answer

three masses of lymphoid tissue that form a protective ring around the back of the nose and the upper throat

question

adenoids

answer

also known as the nasopharyngeal tonsils, located in the nasopharynx

question

palatine tonsils

answer

located on the left and right sides of the throat in the area that is visible through the mouth

question

palatine

answer

Referring to the hard and soft palates that form the roof of the mouth

question

lingual tonsils

answer

located at the base of the tongue, not readily visible

question

lingual

answer

pertaining to the tongue

question

Thymus

answer

mass of lymphoid tissue located above the heart and reaches its greatest size at puberty and becomes smaller with age. as a part of the endocrine system it secretes a hormone that stimulates the maturation of lymphocytes into T cells

question

vermiform appendix

answer

Hangs from the lower portion of the cecum

question

spleen

answer

an organ located in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen just inferior to the diaphragm and posterior to the stomach. that acts as a blood filtration system and a reservoir for reserves of blood. forms lymphocytes and monocytes. maintains the appropriate balance b/w these cells and the plasma of the blood

question

pathogens

answer

disease producing microorganisms

question

toxins

answer

Poisonous or harmful substances

question

malignant cells

answer

Potentially life-threatening cancer cells

question

intact skin

answer

wraps the body in a physical barrier that prevents invading organisms from entering the body

question

intact

answer

no cuts, scrapes, open sores, or breaks in the skin

question

acid mantle

answer

skin covering which makes it an inhospitable environment for most bacteria

question

respiratory system

answer

traps breathed in foreign matter with nose hairs and the moist mucous membrane lining of the ________ _______.

question

Digestive system

answer

uses acids and enzymes produced by the stomach to destroy invaders that are swallowed or consumed with food

question

tolerance

answer

an acquired unresponsiveness to a specific antigen. also describes a decline in the effective response to a drug usually due to repeated use

question

immunoglobulin G (lgG)

answer

the most abundant class of antibodies; found in blood serum and lymph; active against bacteria, fungi, viruses, and foreign particles

question

immunoglobulin A (lgA)

answer

the class of antibodies produced predominantly against ingested antigens; found in body secretions such as saliva, sweat, or tears, and function to prevent the attachment of viruses and bacteria to the epithelial surfaces that line most organs

question

immunoglobulin M (lgM)

answer

the class of antibodies that are found in circulating body fluids; the first antibodies to appear in response to an initial exposure to an antigen

question

immunoglobulin D (lgD)

answer

the class of antibodies found only on the surface of B cells; important in B cell activation

question

immunoglobulin E (lgE)

answer

is the class of antibodies produced in the lungs, skin, and mucous membranes. These antibodies are responsible for allergic reactions

question

phagocytes

answer

specialized leukocytes that act as part of the antigen-antibody reaction by destroying substances such as cell debris, dust, pollen, and pathogens by the process of phagocytosis to engulf foreign organisms. include monocytes, dendritic cells, macrophages and mast cells

question

phagocytosis

answer

process of destroying pathogens in which phagocytes surround and swallow microorganisms and cellular debris

question

monocytes

answer

leukocytes that provide immunological defenses against many infectious organisms replenish macropahges and dendritic cells

question

dendritic cells

answer

specialized white blood cells that patrol the body searching for antigens that produce infections. when a cell is found, the dendritic cells grabs it, swallows, and alerts B and T cells to act against this specific antigen

question

immunity

answer

state of being resistance to a specific disease can be natural or acquired

question

natural immunity

answer

or passive immunity, resistance to a disease present without the administration of an antigen or exposure to a disease. either present at birth or it passed on from mother to child through breast milk

question

acquired immunity

answer

immunity that the body develops after it overcomes a disease, or through inoculation (such as vaccination)

question

vaccine

answer

a preparation containing an antigen of weakened or killed pathogens

question

vaccination

answer

taking a vaccine as a precaution against contracting a disease

question

allergist

answer

specializes in diagnosing and treating conditions of altered immunologic reactivity, such as allergic reactions

question

immunologist

answer

specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the immune system

question

lymphologist

answer

physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the lymphatic system

question

immun

answer

protected

question

oncologist

answer

physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating malignant disorders such as tumors and cancer

question

primary lymphedema

answer

a heredity disorder due to malformation of the lymphatic system. This condition which can appear at any time in life, most commonly produces swelling in the feet and legs.

question

secondary lymphedema

answer

caused by damage to the lymphatic system that most commonly produces swelling in the limb nearest to the damaged lymphatic vessels; cancer and trauma are the most frequent causes

question

bioimpedance spectroscopy

answer

noninvasive method of diagnosing lymphedema by measuring the resistance to an electrical current passed through the affected limb, with abnormally low results showing a buildup of lymph.

question

allergic reaction

answer

occurs when the body's immune system reacts to a harmless allergen such as pollen, food, or animal dander as if it were a dangerous invader

question

allergy

answer

hypersensitivity, overreaction by the body to a particular antigen.

question

localized allergic response

answer

includes redness, itching, and burning where the skin has come into contact with an allergen

question

scratch test

answer

a diagnostic test to identify commonly troublesome allergens such as tree pollen and ragweed. swelling and itching indicate an allergic reaction

question

antihistamines

answer

medications administered to relieve or prevent the symptoms of hay fever and other types of allergies

question

histamine

answer

a regulating body substance released in excess during allergic reactions causing swelling and inflammation of tissues

question

compromised

answer

weakened or not functioning properly

question

dibilitated

answer

weakening by another conditon

question

pernicious anemia

answer

autoimmune disorder affects the red blood cells

question

crohn's disease

answer

autoimmune disorder affects the intestines, ileum, or the colon

question

multiple scelrois

answer

autoimmune disorder affects the brain and the spinal cord

question

scleroderma

answer

autoimmune disorder affects the skin and connective tissues

question

graves' disease

answer

autoimmune disorder affects the thyroid gland

question

Kaposi's sarcoma

answer

a cancer that causes patches of abnormal tissue to grow under the skin, in the lining of the mouth, nose, and throat, or in other organs; frequently associated with HIV. opportunistic infection

question

ELISA

answer

enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, test to screen for the presence of HIV antibodies

question

western blot test

answer

is a blood test that produces a more accurate results than the ELISA test. This test is used to confirm the diagnosis when the results of the ELISA test are positive

question

stimulate

answer

means to cause greater activity

question

-therapy

answer

treatment

question

repress

answer

to decrease or stop a normal response

question

synthetic immunoglobulins

answer

aka immune serum, used as a postexposure preventive measure against certain viruses including rabies and some types of hepatitis

question

postexposure

answer

means that the patient has been exposed to the virus

question

synthetic interferon

answer

used in treatment of multiple sclerosis, hepatitis C, and some cancers

question

monoclonal antibodies

answer

any of a class of antibodies produced in the laboratory by identical offspring of a clone of specific cells. used to enhance a patient's immune response to certain malignancies

question

monoclonal

answer

pertains to a single clone of cells

question

clone

answer

exact replica of a group of bacteria

question

immunosuppression

answer

treatment to repress or interfere with the ability of the immune system to respond to stimulations by antigens

question

anthrax

answer

a contagious disease that can be transmitted through livestock infected with bacillus anthracis

question

lyme disease

answer

caused by the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi and is transmitted to humans by the bite of an infected deer tick. can affect the joints, heart and central nervous system. symptoms: fever, headache, fatigue, and characteristic skin rash known as erythema migrans. spirochetes also cause syphilis

question

Staphylococcus aureus

answer

a form of staphylococci that commonly infects wounds and causes serious problems such as toxic shock syndrome or produces food poisoning

question

septic shock

answer

a serious condition that occurs when an overwhelming bacterial infection affects the body

question

antibiotic-resistant bacteria

answer

develop when an antibiotic fails to kill all of the bacteria it targets, surviving bacteria become resistant to this particular drug

question

methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)

answer

is resistant to most antibiotics; the first symptom looks like small, red bumps with a black top, which soon become red-hot abscesses that require immediate care; are serious, difficult to treat, and can be fatal, originally - nosocomial but are now increasingly present in the general population

question

fungus

answer

a simple parasitic organism

question

tinea pedis

answer

a fungal infection that commonly develops between the toes and on the feet, athlete's foot

question

west nile virus

answer

spread to humans by the bite of an infected mosquito. mild form has flu like symptoms. sever type spreads to the spinal cord and brain

question

viruses

answer

very small infectious agents that live only by invading other cells

question

measles

answer

an acute, highly contagious infection caused by the rubeola virus and transmitted by respiratory droplets. symptoms: a red itchy rash over the entire body, a high fever, runny nose, and coughing

question

mumps

answer

an acute viral disease characterized by the swelling of the parotid glands, which are the salivary glands located just in front of the ears. in adults it can cause swelling of the ovaries or the testicles

question

measles, mumps, and rubella vaccination (MMR)

answer

prevents these three viral conditions and should be administered in childhoood

question

rabies

answer

an acute viral infection that is most commonly transmitted to humans by the bite or saliva of an infected animal

question

photophobia

answer

a serious complication of measles which is serious sensitivity to light

question

bactericide

answer

a substance that causes the death of bacteria

question

bacteriostatic

answer

agent that slows or stops the growth of bacteria

question

antiviral drug

answer

drug used to treat viral infections or to provide temporary immunity

question

oncology

answer

the study of the prevention, causes, and treatment of tumors and cancer

question

tumor or neoplasm

answer

an abnormal mass of tissue that can live and reproduce itself, but performs no service to the body

question

angiogenesis

answer

the process through which the tumor supports its growth by creating its own blood supply

question

antiangiogenesis

answer

form of treatment that disrupts this blood supply to the tumor

question

-genesis

answer

reproduction

question

adenocarcinoma

answer

any one of a large group of carcinomas derived from glandular tissue

question

hard-tissue sarcomas

answer

arise from bone or cartilage; example is OSTEOSARCOMA (malignant tumor involving the upper shaft of long bones, the pelvis, or knee)

question

soft-tissue sarcomas

answer

arise from tissues such as muscle, connective tissues such as tendons, blood and lymphatic vessels, nerves, and fat.

question

liquid-tissue sarcomas

answer

arise from blood & lymph example leukemia- affects the blood

question

staging

answer

the process of classifying tumors by how far the disease has progressed, potential for its responding to therapy, and the patients' prognosis

question

breast cancer

answer

a carcinoma that develops from the cells of the breast and can spread to adjacent lymph nodes and other body sites

question

infiltrating lobular carcinoma

answer

a.k.a.- invasive lobular carcinoma, -cancer that starts in the mild glads (lobules), breaks through the wall of the gland, and invades the fatty tissue of the breast.

question

inflammatory breast cancer

answer

(IBC) the most aggressive and least common form of breast cancer; grows rapidly, symptoms include: pain, rapid increase in breast size, redness or a rash on the breast, and the swelling of nearby lymph nodes; detectable by MRI but not mammography or ultrasound

question

male breast cancer

answer

can occur in the small amount of breast tissue that is normally present in men.

question

synovial sarcoma

answer

is a malignant tumor of the tissue surrounding a synovial joint.

question

breast self-examination

answer

an essential self-care procedure for the early detection of breast cancer

question

professional palpation of the breast

answer

performed to feel the texture, size, and consistency of the breast

question

needle breast biopsy

answer

a technique in which an x-ray-guided needle is used to remove small samples of tissue from the breast

question

surgical biospy

answer

the removal of a piece of tissue for examination to confirm a diagnosis

question

sentinel node biospy

answer

biopsy of the 1st lymph node to come into contact with cancer cells as they leave the organ of origination and start spreading to the rest of the body. after the sentinel lymph node has been identified, only this and the other affected nodes are removed for biopsy

question

lymph node dissection

answer

a surgical procedure in which all of the lymph nodes in a major group are removed to determine or slow the spread of cancer

question

lumpectomy

answer

the surgical removal of only the cancerous tissue and a surrounding margin of normal tissue

question

mastectomy

answer

the surgical removal of the entire breast and nipple

question

radical mastectomy

answer

the surgical removal of an entire breast and many of the surrounding tissues

question

modified radical mastectomy

answer

the surgical removal of the entire breast and all of the axillary lymph nodes under the adjacent arm

question

chemotherapy

answer

the use of chemical agents and drugs in combinations selected to destroy malignant cells and tissues

question

chemoprevention

answer

the use of natural or synthetic substances such as drugs or vitamins to reduce the risk of developing cancer, or to reduce the chance that cancer will recur; may also be used to reduce the size or slow the development of an existing tumor

question

antineoplastic

answer

medication that blocks the development, growth, or proliferation of malignant cells

question

brachytherapy

answer

the use of radioactive materials in contact with, or implanted into, the tissues to be treated

question

targeted therapy

answer

developing form of anti-cancer drug therapy that uses drugs or other substances to identify and attack specific cancer cells without harming normal cells

question

adjuvant therapy

answer

used after the primary treatments have been completed to decrease the chance that a cancer will recur

question

adjuvant

answer

refers to an agent intended to increase the effectiveness of a drug

question

clinical trials

answer

testing of a new drug in selected patients

question

radiation therapy

answer

used in the treatment of some cancers

question

A, Ab

answer

Antibody

question

AG, Ag

answer

antigen

question

CA, Ca

answer

carcinoma

question

CIS

answer

carcinoma in situ

question

DCIS

answer

ductal carcinoma in situ

question

HZ

answer

herpes zoster

question

HL

answer

hodgkin's lymphoma

question

IG

answer

immunoglobulin

question

LE

answer

lymphedema

question

MMR

answer

measles, mumps, and rubella vaccination

question

MET

answer

metastasis

question

met

answer

metastasize

question

NHL

answer

non-hodgkin's lymphoma

question

VSZ

answer

varicella

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