Med Term Ch 6: Blood and Lymph – Flashcards
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blood is responsible for 1. transporting ____, _____, and _____ to body cells 2. carrying ____ away from cells
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oxygen, nutrients, hormones wastes
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the lymphatic system is responsible for 1. protecting the body by filtering ____ and _____ _____ from the lymph, a clear fluid collect from body tissues 2. support the activities of the ______ in the immune response 3. maintain the body's internal fluid environment as an intermediary between the blood in the capillaries and tissue cells 4. carry ____ away from the digestive organs
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microorganisms, foreign particles lymphocytes fats
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blast/o
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germ or bud
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-blast
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germ or bud
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chrom/o, chromat/o
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color
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chyl/o
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juice
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cyt/o
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cell
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hem/o, hemat/o
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blood
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immun/o
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safe
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lymph/o
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clear fluid
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morph/o
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form
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myel/o
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bone marrow or spinal cord
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phag/o
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eat or swallow
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plas/o
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formation
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reticul/o
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a net
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splen/o
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spleen
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thromb/o
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clot
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thym/o
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thymus gland
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the primitive stem cells in the bone marrow that develop into blood cells
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hemocytoblasts
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a condition of abnormal pigmentation
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chromatism
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a pale yellow fluid from the intestine that is carried by the lymphatic system
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chyle
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a blood condition with the presence of chyle in the blood
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chylemia
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the medical study of blood
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hematology
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an agent or device that stops the flow of blood from a vessel
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hemostat
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the process of formation and development of various types of blood cells
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hemopoiesis
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someone whose immune system has been compromised by disease is said to be ______
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immunocompromised
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____ is a clear fluid, collected from body tissues, that flows through lymphatic vessels and, eventually into the venous blood circulation
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lymph
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a neoplasm of the lymphatic system is called a
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lymphoma
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a _____ cell is one that eats bacteria, foreign particles, and other cells
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phagocyte
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the process or condition of phagocytes ingesting other solid substances
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phagocytosis
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the condition in which a formation is absent or defection
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aplasia
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____ are immature red blood cells, or erythrocytes; form a NETwork of substances that influence the development of red blood cells from a primitive erythroblast to a reticulocyte
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reticulo
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the ____ filters the blood. the enlargement of this organ is called ____; the excision of this organ is called ______
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spleen splenomegaly splenectomy
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_____ are blood cells that function to clot the blood
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thrombocytes
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the liquid portion of the blood and lymph; contains water, proteins, and cellular components (leukocytes, erythrocytes, platelets)
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plasma
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liquid portion of the blood that remains after clotting
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serum
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red blood cell; transports oxygen and carbon dioxide
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erythrocyte
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the protein-iron compound in erythrocytes that transports oxygen and carbon dioxide
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hemoglobin
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white blood cell; protects the body from harmful invading substances
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leukocyte
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a group of leukocytes containing granules in the cytoplasm
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granulocytes
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a granular leukocyte, named for the neutral stain of its granules, that fights infection by swallowing bacteria (phagocytosis)
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neutrophil
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another term for neutrophil, referring to the many segments in its nucleus abbreviation?
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polymorphonuclear leukocyte PMN
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a granular leukocyte, named for the rose-colored stain of its granules, that increases in allergic and some infectious reactions
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eosinophil
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a granular leukocyte, named for the dark stain of its granules, that brings anticoagulant substances to inflamed tissues
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basophil
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a group of leukocytes without granules in their nuclei
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agranulocytes
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an agranulocytic leukocyte that is active in the process of immunity; the three categories of lymphocytes are __-cells (thymus dependent), __-cells (bone marrow derived), and __ (natural killer cells
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lymphocyte T B NK
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an agranulocytic leukocyte that performs phagocytosis to fight infection
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monocyte
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thrombocytes; cell fragments in the blood that are essential for blood clotting (coagulation)
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platelets
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primary gland of the lymphatic system, located within the mediastinum, that helps to maintain the body's immune response by producing T lymphocytes
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thymus
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organ between the stomach and diaphragm that filters out aging blood cells, removes cellular debris by performing phagocytosis, and provides an environment for lymphocytes to initiate immune responses
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spleen
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fluid that is circulated through the lymph vessels
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lymph
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microscopic vessels that draw lymph from tissues to the lymph vessels
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lymph capillaries
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vessels that receive lymph from the lymph capillaries and circulate it to the lymph nodes
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lymph vessels
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specialized lymph vessels in the small intestine that absorb fat into the bloodstream
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lacteals
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white or pale yellow substance in lymph that contains fatty substances absorbed by the leacteals
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chyle
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many small, oval structures that filter lymph from the lymph vessels; major locations include the ___, ____, and ____ regions
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lymph nodes cervical, axillary, inguinal
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collecting channels that carry lymph front he lymph nodes to the veins
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lymph ducts
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receives lymph from the right upper part of the body
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right lymphatic duct
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receives lymph from the left side of the head, neck, chest, abdomen, left arm, and lower extremities
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thoracic duct
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process of disease protection induced by exposure to an antigen
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immunity
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a substance that, when introduced into the body, causes the formation of antibodies against it
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antigen
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a substance produced by the body that destroys or inactivates an antigen that has entered the body
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antibody
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a long-lasting immunity that results from stimulating the body to produce its own antibodies; developed either _____, in response to an infection, or _____, in response to the administration of a vaccine
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active immunity naturally artificially
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a short-lasting immunity that results from foreign antibodies that are conveyed either ____, through the placenta to a fetus, or ______, by injection of a serum containing antibodies
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passive immunity naturally artificially
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presence of small red blood cells
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microcytosis
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presence of large blood cells
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macrocytosis
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presence of red blood cells of unequal size
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anisocytosis
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presence of large, irregularly shaped red blood cells
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poikilocytosis
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an increased number of immature erythrocytes in the blood
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reticulocytosis
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an abnormally reduced number of red blood cells
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erythropenia
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an abnormally reduced number of lymphocytes
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lymphocytopenia
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a decreased number of neutrophils
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neutropenia
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an abnormally reduced number of all cellular components in the blood
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pancytopenia
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an abnormally decreased number of platelets in the blood, impairing the clotting process
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thrombocytopenia
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breakdown of the red blood cell membrane
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hemolysis
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impaired immunologic defenses caused by an immunodeficiency disorder or by therapy with immunosuppressive agents
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immunocompromised
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impaired ability to provide an immune response
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immunosuppression
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enlarged (diseased) lymph nodes
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lymphadenopathy
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enlargement of the spleen
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splenomegaly
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a syndrome caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that renders immune cells ineffective, permitting opportunistic infections, malignancies, and neurologic diseases to develop; transmitted ____ or through contaminated ____
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acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
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a condition of reduced numbers of red blood cells, hemoglobin, or packed red cells int he blood, resulting in a diminished ability of red blood cells to transport oxygen to the tissues
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anemia
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a normocytic-normochromic type of anemia characterized by the failure of bone marrow to produce red blood cells
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aplastic anemia
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a microcytic-hypochromic type of anemia characterized by a lack of iron that affects the production of hemoglobin and is characterized by small red blood cells containing low amounts of hemoglobin
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iron deficiency anemia
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a macrocytic-normochromic type of anemia characterized by an inadequate supply of vitamin B(12) causing red blood cells to become large, varied in shape, and reduced in number
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pernicious anemia
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any disorder characterized by abnormal function of the immune system that causes the body to produce antibodies against itself, resulting n tissue destruction or loss of function; ______ arthritis and _____ are examples of autoimmune diseases
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autoimmune disease rheumatiod lupus
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a disorder that results front the incompatibility of a fetus with Rh-positive blood and a mother with Rh-negative blood, causing red blood cell destruction in the fetus; a blood transfusion is necessary to save the fetus
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erythroblastosis fetalis
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presence or lack of antigens on the surface of red blood cells, which causes a reaction between Rh-positive blood and Rh-negative blood
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Rh factor
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presence of antigens on the surface of red blood cells
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Rh positive
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absence of antigens on the surface of red blood cells
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Rh negative
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hereditary disorder with an excessive buildup of iron deposits in the body
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hemochromatosis
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a group of hereditary bleeding disorders caused by a defect in the clotting cascade, necessary for the coagulation of blood
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hemophilia
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chronic or acute malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by abnormal leukocytes in the blood and bone marrow
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leukemia
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disorder within the bone marrow characterized by a proliferation of abnormal stem cells (that give a rise to different types of blood cells) usually develops into a specific type of leukemia
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myelodysplasia
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any neoplastic disorder of lymph tissue, usually malignant, as in Hodgkin disease
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lymphoma
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process by which cancer cells are spread by blood or lymph circulation to a distant organ; plural? - this indicates spreading to many, distant sites
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metastasis metastases
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condition caused by the Epstein-Barr virus and characterized by an increase in mononuclear cells (monocytes and lymphocytes) in the blood along with enlarged lymph nodes (lymphadenopathy), fatigue, and sore throat (pharyngitis)
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mononucleosis
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increased number of erythrocytes and hemoglobin in the blood
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polycythemia
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systemic disease caused by infection with microorganisms and their toxins in circulating blood
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septicemia
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monocytes and lymphocytes are _____ cells
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mononuclear
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an incision into or puncture of a vein to withdraw blood for testing AKA?
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phlebotomy venipuncture
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test of the fluid portion of blood to measure the amounts of its chemical constituents
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blood chemistry
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specialized batteries of automated blood chemistry tests performed on a single sample of blood; used as a general screen for disease or to target specific organs or conditions (metabolic panel, lipid panel, and arthritis panel)
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blood chemistry panel
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battery of sets used as a general screen for disease; includes tests for calcium, carbon dioxide (CO2), chloride, creatinine, glucose, potassium, sodium, and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) abbreviation?
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basic metabolic panel BMP
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tests performed in addition to the basic panel for expanded screening; albumin, bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, protein, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) abbreviation?
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comprehensive metabolic panel CMP
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test to determine if infection is present in the bloodstream by isolating a specimen of blood in an environment that encourages the growth of microorganisms; the specimen is observed, and the organisms that grow in the culture are identified
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blood culture
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a measure of the number of CD4 cells (a subset of T lymphocytes) in the blood; used in monitoring the course of HIV and in timing the treatment of AIDS; the normal adult range is ____-____ cells in a given volume of blood
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CD4 cell count 600-1500
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timed test that measures the rate at which red blood cells settle through a volume of plasma abbreviation?
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erythrocyte sedimentation rate ESR
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test to determine coagulation defects, such as platelet disorders abbreviation?
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partial thromboplastin time PTT
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substance present in tissues, platelets, and leukocytes that is necessary for coagulation
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thromboplastin
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test to measure activity of prothrombin in the blood abbreviation?
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prothrombin time PT
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protein substance in the blood that is essential to the clotting process
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prothrombin
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a common lab blood test performed as a screen of general health or for diagnostic purposes and typically includes the component tests that follow abbreviation? test results are usually reported along with normal values so that the clinician can interpret the results base d on the instrumentation used by the lab; normal ranges also may vary depending on the ___ and ____
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complete blood count CBC region and climate
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a found of the number of white blood cells in a given volume of blood obtained via manual or automated lab methods abbreviation?
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white blood count WBC
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a count of the number of red blood cells in a given volume of blood obtained via manual or automated lab methods abbreviation?
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red blood count RBC
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a test to determine the blood level of hemoglobin; expressed in ____ abbreviation*s?
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hemoglobin grams HGB Hgb
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a measurement of the percentage of packed red blood cells in a given volume of blood abbreviation*s?
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hematocrit HCT Hct
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calculations of RBC, HGB, and HCT results to determine the average size, hemoglobin concentration, and content of red blood cells to classify an anemia
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blood indices
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calculation of the volume (size) of individual red blood cells using HTC and RBC results: abbreviation? formula?
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mean corpuscular (cell) volume MCV MCV = HCT / RBC
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calculation of the content (weight) of hemoglobin in the average red blood cell using HGB and RB results abbreviation? formula?
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mean corpuscular hemoglobin MCH MCH = HGB / RBC
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calculation of the average hemoglobin concentration in each red blood cell using HGB and HCT results abbreviation? formula?
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mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration MCHC MCHC = HGB / HCT
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determination of the number of each type of white blood cell in a stained blood smear; each type is counted and reported as a percentage of the total examined
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differential count
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type of leukocyte: _________ 25 to 33% _________ 3 to 7% _________ 54 to 75% _________ 1 to 3% _________ 0 to 1%
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lymphocytes monocytes neutrophils eosinophils basophils
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as part of identifying and counting the white blood cells, the condition, size, and shape of red blood cells in the background of the smeared slide are noted
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red cell morphology
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calculation of the number of thrombocytes in the blood; abbreviation? the normal adult range is _____ to _____ platelets in a given volume of blood
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platelet count PLT 150,000 to 450,000
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needle aspiration of bone marrow tissue for pathologic examination
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bone marrow aspiration
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pathologic examination of bone marrow tissue
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bone marrow biopsy
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an x-ray image of a lymph node or vessel obtained after injection of a contrast medium
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lymphangiogram
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full body x-ray ____ images are used to detect tumor and cancers such as lymphoma abbreviation?
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computed tomography CT
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scanning technique combining nuclear medicine and computed tomography technology to produce images of anatomy and metabolic function within the body; abbreviation? useful in determining the recurrence of _____ or to measure response to therapy; commonly used in evaluating _____
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positron-emission tomography PET cancers lymphoma
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someone who often conducts blood samples; they obtain the sample through a needle puncture of a vein, called a _____ or a ______
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phlebotomist venipuncture phlebotomy
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transplantation of healthy bone marrow from a compatible donor to a diseased recipient to stimulate blood cell production
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bone marrow transplant
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removal of a lymph node
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lymphadenectomy
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removal of possible cancer-carrying lymph nodes for pathologic examination
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lymph node dissection
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removal of the spleen
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splenectomy
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removal of the thymus gland
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thymectomy
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introduction of blood products into the circulation of a recipient whose blood volume is reduced or deficient in some manner
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blood transfusion
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blood donated by and stored for a patient for future personal use (upcoming surgery)
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autologous blood
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blood voluntarily donated by a person for transfusion into a compatible recipient
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homologous blood
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transfusion of a specific blood component, such as packed red blood cells, platelets, or plasma
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blood component therapy
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method of matching a donor's blood to the recipient by mixing a sample in a test type to determine compatibility
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cross-matching
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use of biologic agents to prevent or treat disease by stimulating the body's own defense mechanisms, as seen in the treatment of AIDS, cancer, or allergy
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immunotherapy
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removal of plasma front eh body with separation and extraction of specific elements (i.e.; platelets) followed by reinfusion
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plasmapheresis
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a drug that prevents clotting of the blood
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anticoagulant
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a drug that stops the flow of blood within the vessels
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hemostatic
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a drug that causes a narrowing of blood vessels, thereby decreasing blood flow
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vasoconstrictor
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a drug that causes dilation of blood vessels, thereby increasing blood flow
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vasodilatior
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AIDS
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acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
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ALT
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alanine aminotransferase (enzyme)
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AST
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aspartate aminotransferase (enzyme)
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BMP
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basic metabolic panel
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BUN
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blood urea nitrogen
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CBC
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complete blood count
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CMP
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comprehensive metabolic panel
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CT
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computed tomography
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ESR
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erythrocyte sedimentation rate
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HCT or Hct
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hematocrit
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HGB or Hgb
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hemoglobin
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HIV
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human immunodeficiency virus
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MCH
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mean corpuscular (cell) hemoglobin
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MCHC
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mean corpuscular (cell) hemoglobin concentration
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MCV
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mean corpuscular (cell) volume
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NK
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natural killer (cell)
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PET
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positron-emission tomography
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PLT
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platelet count
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PMN
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polymorphonuclear (leukocyte)
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PT
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prothrombin time
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PTT
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partial thromboplastin time
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RBC
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red blood cell; red blood count
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WBC
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white blood cell; white blood count
