question

A pt states that she has heard that the origin of most CA is "genetic". What is the best response?

answer

"CA arise in cells that have alterations in the genes"

question

Which of these qualities is common to CA cells?

answer

They continue to grow even when surrounded by other cells

question

By which process does "initiation" assist in CA development?

answer

Inflicting mutations at specific sites on the exposed cell's DNA

question

Which statement best describes the role of tumor suppressor genes in CA development?

answer

Tumor suppressor genes control or modify the activity of oncogenes, reducing the risk for CA development

question

What is the result of a mutation occurring in a suppressor gene?

answer

Loss of an existing function

question

Which statement regarding general CA development is true?

answer

The risk for CA development increases with age

question

Why are people who have poor DNA repair mechanisms at greater risk for CA development?

answer

Their somatic mutations are more likely to be permanent

question

What is the thought to be the usual function of a normal BRCA1 gene?

answer

Suppresses the growth potential of a variety of oncogene

question

How does an acquired mutation in a somatic cell gene leading to CA development affect a person's ability to pass on a predisposition for that CA type to his or her children?

answer

There is no risk of passing on a CA predisposition from a somatic cell mutation

question

Which feature is associated exclusively w/ sporadic CA?

answer

It occurs at the same frequency within an extended family as in the general population

question

Which characteristic(s) is/are associated w/ an inherited predisposition for a CA type?

answer

CA tend to appear at an earlier age than do "sporadic" CA

question

Juliet tells a nurse that she has 3 UNTS (2 on her father's side, ages 42 and 56, and one on her mother's side, age 62) who were dx w/ breast CA. She asks if she should have genetic testing. What should the nurse tell her?

answer

"your family hx may indicate an increased risk for breast CA and a genetic counselor could help determine whether you could benefit from genetic testing."

question

What type of genetic test provides info. about an asymptomatic person's risk for having a child with a specific autosomal recessive disorder in the future?

answer

carrier test

question

What genetic/genomic issues influence individual variation of the response to a specific drug?

answer

Polymorphisms of genes encoding metabolizing enzymes

question

The issue of pharmacogenetics test info. depends on all of the following except...

answer

Type of drug receptors identified

question

What would be the pt's response to a normal drug dose that because of a genetic variation in an enzyme that prepares the drug for elimination results in a blood drug level that is below the minimum effective concentration (MEC)?

answer

The intended response fails to be produced

question

Which statement by a newly licensed nurse would indicate to the nurse manager a need for additional info. about pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics?

answer

"Pharmacogenomics focuses on how an individual's genetic makeup will alter their response to medications"

question

A pt is ID as an ultra-rapid metabolizer for drugs that are prepared for elimination by CYP2D6. What effect will this have on the pts ability to benefit from any active drug that is metabolized by this enzyme?

answer

Both intended responses and side effects decrease

question

A pt has a very high concentration of insulin receptors on cells that require insulin for glucose to enter. How should insulin dosage be adjusted for this pt to have blood glucose levels WNL?

answer

Insulin dosage should be decreased because the drug will exert its actions at lower concentrations

question

Oncogenes act ______; one copy of the gene _______, regardless of whether or not there is a normal, unactivated copy of the homologous chromosome.

answer

Dominantly, make the cell express the altered phenotype

question

A hospital has implemented a policy whereby parental consent is required before a PKU test is dawn. The lab tech. says, "I don't see why we need a special consent for a PKU. It is a blood test just like a potassium level." How should the nurse respond?

answer

"PKU is a genetic test, which is different from a simple electrolyte level."

question

Which gene is useful index and managing colon CA infamilies w/ familial adenomatous polyposis?

answer

APC

question

Which of the following is not a reason to suggest prenatal dx by amniocentesis?

answer

Maternal age less that 35 years old

question

2 methods of prenatal dx is genetic abnormalities involve analysis of fetal tissues and visualization of the fetus. Which of the following is a means by which we can analyze fetal tissue?

answer

Two of the above (Chorionic villus sampling, amniocentesis)

question

At a woman's first prenatal appointment, the nurse draws blood for prenatal screening that includes genetic testing. What info. should the nurse provide?

answer

"This sample will tell us about your current health and whether we need to watch for any genetic in your baby"

question

Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)...

answer

Exist every 100 bases along the human genome

question

The anti-CA drug Herceptin...

answer

Shows the best response in women who over express the HER2 protein

question

Most complex diseases are...

answer

Multifactorial

question

2 genes used to predict appropriate doses of warfarin are...

answer

VKORC1 and CYP2C9

question

Prenatal testing revels a genotype associated with mental retardation. What info. should the nurse consider when talking to the parents?

answer

The genotype cannot accurately describe the child's phenotype

question

Important considerations when recognizing and identifying a genetic concern include all of the following except

answer

All of the above are valid

question

A 42 year old woman is pregnant for the first time. She says "I don't want any prenatal genetic testing. I don't want to know." How should the nurse respond?

answer

Support this choice if it is an informed decision.

question

Women who have clotting factor polymorphisms can increase the risk of developing blood clots by...

answer

Taking oral contraceptives

question

Which of the following types of genetic testing will confirm that the individual will eventually develop the disease if she or he lives long enough?

answer

Presymptomatic

question

Red flags that suggest inherited predisposition for CA include all of the following except...

answer

Evidence for rapid metastasis among multiple individuals with CA

question

A woman w/ a family hx of breast CA gene mutations is tested for variations in BRCA1 or BRCA2. How would you explain her results?

answer

If she has a positive result, she has a much greater risk for developing breast CA that the general population

question

A pt is identified as an ultra-rapid metabolizer for drugs that are prepared for elimination by CYP2D6. What effect will this have on the pt ability to benefit from any active drug that is metabolized by this enzyme?

answer

Both intended responses and side effects decrease

question

A client asks a nurse how something as small as a gene can change the way a medication works? Which response would not be accurate?

answer

Genetic changes can make enzymes that will work only on specific medications

question

A client was prescribed warfarin starting last week. The genetic testing results returned today indicate the client is a CYP2C9 poor metabolizer. What therapy changes may be indicated?

answer

The clients status and INR label results should be monitored very closely.

question

An Asian American man and his Caucasian wife are both taking warfarin (Coumadin) daily because of atrial fibrillation. Polymorphisms in the CYP2C9 metabolizing enzyme are common in Asians and Asian Americans. The husband asks why he is prescribed a much smaller than average dose of the drug to keep his INR ratio at 2.0 and his wife takes the average dose even though he is taller and heavier than she is. What is the nurse's best response?

answer

"Many Asian Americans do not break down warfarin as fast as Caucasians, so the drug is more effective at lower dosages."

question

which type of genetic testing examines a person's chromosomes for variations in number or structure?

answer

cytogenetic testing

question

when we see a SNP that is different in individuals with a particular disease; one of the things we want to know is, what is the likelihood of seeing a disease with this SNP (i.e., genotype) compared to overall likelihood of seeing the disease in the population. This is referred to as

answer

increased risk

question

a woman whose sister tested positive for a specific mutation in the BRCA1 gene, which increases the risk for breast and ovarian cancer, is found not to have that mutation but does have a mutation of unknown significance near the known mutation site. How should this woman be counseled?

answer

she should be informed that she does not have the specific mutation but that because another mutation is present she should be vigilant about screening.

question

which of the following statements is true concerning genome wide association studies?

answer

a statistical statement about the co-occurrence of alleles or phenotypes

question

a patient whose mother has Huntington's disease is considering genetic testing but is not sure whether she really wants to know if she has the mutation. She asks you what you would do if your mother had the disease. What is your best response?

answer

"I can only tell you the benefits and the risks of testing, you must make this decision yourself."

question

which statement about a "germline" mutation in either a cancer suppressor gene or an oncogene is accurate?

answer

cancer risk increases but additional mutations are required for cancer development

question

a client expresses concern that his employer might obtain and misuse information from recent genetic testing. How should the nurse respond to this concern?

answer

"your information is protected by the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act"

question

a client with breast cancer, who is being treated with tamoxifen (prodrug) has had genetic testing that shows she's a CYP2D6 ultra-rapid metabolizer. How would the nurse explain this result?

answer

"your body will break down tamoxifen to its active metabolites very quickly, which increases your ability to fight your cancer."

question

under which conditions would genetic testing for predisposition to an inherited disorder in a minor child be considered reasonable?

answer

when the risk is high and prophylaxis to reduce disorder severity is available

question

what group(s) of people is/are specifically protected by the Genetic Information and Nondiscrimination Act (GINA)?

answer

people applying for health insurance who have had predictive genetic testing

question

An adult patient comes to the emergency room with a fever, severe headache, and photophobia. A lumbar puncture shows many WBCs and gram positive diplococci. Which of the following organisms is most likely to be the cause of his illness?

answer

Streptococcus pneumonia

question

If the patient in the previous question has a lumbar puncture and the CSF shows no WBCs and no organisms, which of the following organisms is most likely to be the cause of his illness?

answer

St. Louis encephalitis virus

question

If another adult patient with symptoms similar to those described in question 1 has a lumbar puncture and the CSF shows many WBCs and gram negative diplococci, which of the following organisms is most likely to be the cause of his illness?

answer

Neisseria meningitidis

question

All of the following except__________ are relatively common causes of meningitis.

answer

Chlamydia pneumonia

question

Hemophilus influenza type b meningitis...

answer

Has decreased in incidence due to the Hib vaccine

question

Which one of the following conditions is associated with Clostridium botulinum?

answer

Blurred vision, slurred speech, difficulty swallowing and chewing

question

Which of the following is/are associated with neonatal meningitis?

answer

E. Coli and Group B strep

question

The ______ controls the substances that can enter the CNS and reverts many potentially toxic metabolites and pathogens from entering the nervous tissue of the CNS.

answer

Blood-brain barrier

question

Antibiotics are of no value in treating tetanus because...

answer

The signs and symptoms are caused by a toxin, not by the growth of the organism

question

Gummas are lesions...

answer

Associated with tertiary syphilis

question

Diseases caused by spirochetal bacteria (spirochetes)

answer

Often have multiple stages or phases

question

Which of the following viruses is associated with human cancer?

answer

Human papilloma virus (HPV 16)

question

Which of the following is a sexually transmitted protozoal disease?

answer

Trichomoniasis

question

Vaginosis in woman of child bearing age results from a decrease in the population of ____ in the vagina and a large increase in________ bacteria.

answer

Lactobacillus, anaerobic

question

Vaginal yeast infections are caused by....

answer

Candida albicans

question

Which of the following is diagnostic of gonorrhea in males?

answer

Gram-negative diplococci and WBCs in urethral discharge

question

Which of the following is/are sign/s of tertiary syphilis?

answer

Gummas

question

A young man presents with burning at urination and a urethral discharge. Which of the following laboratory tests will be most useful?

answer

Gram stain of discharge and culture

question

For the patient in the previous question, the sample you have chosen shows no WBCs and no organisms. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

answer

Urethritis caused by Chlamydia

question

Of the top 10 reported notifiable diseases in the US, 2 are sexually transmitted. Which of the these infections is the most commonly reported?

answer

Chlamydia

question

Females are more likely to develop UTIS...

answer

Due to the proximity of the urethra to the vagina and the anus, because the urethra is shorter than in males

question

The most common cause of cystitis is...

answer

E. Coli

question

A urine culture is reported to have 100,000 mixed organisms/mL. Which of the following is true?

answer

This result is not considered clinically significant, because these organisms are assumed to represent normal flora from the urethra.

question

Which of the following is a human prion disease?

answer

Variant CJD

question

Which one of the following applies to the fungas Crytococcus neoformans?

answer

The organism grows in the droppings of pigeons

question

____ involves a sudden drop in blood pressure and physiological collapse due to multiple organ failure.

answer

Septic shock

question

Listeria is often associated with...

answer

Refrigerated or frozen foods

question

Which of the following problems can be caused by listeria monocytogenes?

answer

All of the above are possible (Menfitis characterized by headaches, stiff neck, delirium and coma; a blood disease accompanied by high number of infected monocytes; if contracted during pregnancy, the disease may result in miscarriage of the fetus or mental damage to the newborn)

question

Which one of the following diseases is not caused by a spore-forming organisms?

answer

Syphilis

question

Which organisms causes puerperal fever, neonatal sepsis, and rheumatic fever?

answer

Streptococci

question

Buboes are lesions associated with what disease?

answer

Plague

question

Which of the following describes the plague bacillus?

answer

A gram-negative rod with bipolar staining

question

The rat flea is important to the transmission of...

answer

Bubonic plague but not pneumonic plague

question

A pt that lives in the northeastern US c/o a growing rash where the lesions looks like a "bulls-eye" and is not itchy like a mosquito bite. Symptoms include fever and other flu like symptoms. Which of the following is the best dx?

answer

Lyme disease

question

Another name for tularemia is?

answer

Rabbit fever

question

Which one of the following is not a method of transmission for brucellosis?

answer

The bite of a tick

question

Erythema chronicum migrans is the distinctive skin lesion associated with...

answer

Lyme disease

question

What 3 symptoms are associated with rickettsial disease?

answer

Fever, headache, rash

question

A woman with a fluctuating fever comes to a physician. She says that every bone in her body feels like it is breaking. Of the following, the pt is most likely to be suffering from....

answer

Dengue fever

question

Which of the following is not transmitted by mosquitoes?

answer

Tularemia

question

The TORCH group of diseases refers to congenital infections. This group includes all except which of the following?

answer

Rickettsia

question

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) poses a threat to pregnant women because it may...

answer

Cross the placenta and damage fetal tissue

question

The protozoan can cause serious problems if a pregnant woman becomes infected. The fetus ay become infected because the parasites pass across the placenta and may cause brain and eye damage, lesions of the visceral organs, or spontaneous abortion. This organism is...

answer

Toxoplasma gondii

question

Which of the folding organism(s) is/are on the CDC list of class A bioterror agents?

answer

Francisella tularensis; smallpox

question

Sulfanilamide is active against these bacteria that

answer

Synthesize folic acid

question

Penicillin is most effective against...

answer

Rapidly-growing gram (+) bacteria

question

All aminoglycoside antibiotics function by...

answer

Inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis

question

The range of activity of tetracyclide antibiotics...

answer

Is essentially similar to chloramphenicol's range

question

If a disease-causing organism produces beta-lactamase, which of the following antibiotics would be the best choice for treatment?

answer

Vancomycin

question

Nystatin is the recommended drug for...

answer

Candida albicans infections of the intestine or oral cavity

question

The agar diffusion method is useful for determining...

answer

Which antibiotic may be employed to treat an infection

question

Which of the following could be used to treat herpes simplex?

answer

Valacyclovir

question

In which organelle or cell area are most genes in humans located?

answer

Nucleus

question

What is the term used to define alternative forms of a gene that may result in different expression of the trait coded for by that gene?

answer

Alleles

question

Which chromosome number represents the normal human somatic cells?

answer

46

question

The set of nucleotides in MRNA that encode on amino acid is called a(n):

answer

codon

question

What is the expected result of a "nonsense" point mutation?

answer

Replacing an amino acid codon with a "stop" codon, resulting in a truncated (shortened) protein product

question

An allele that expresses its phenotype even when heterozygous with a recessive allele is termed

answer

Dominant

question

How does an acquired mutation in a somatic cell gene leading to hypercholesterolemia affect a person's ability to pass on a predisposition for that disease to his or her children?

answer

There is no risk of passing on a cancer predisposition to one's children from a somatic cell mutation

question

Nucleotides in DNA consist of which of the following?

answer

Nitrogen base, deoxyribose, and phosphate

question

What mechanisms may explain the difference in symptoms in Prader-Willi and Angelman syndromes?

answer

Genomic imprinting

question

What is the relationship among genes, DNA, and proteins?

answer

A gene is a section of DNA that provides the information for synthesizing a specific protein

question

The fundamental physical and functional unit of inheritance that encodes a functional product is

answer

gene

question

When an individual appears to be the first in their family to be affected by a disorder, this is most often due to

answer

New mutation

question

The process of protein synthesis is also called

answer

translation

question

Which statement is true with respect to autosomal dominant transmission of single gene traits?

answer

The risk for a person who is homozygous for the trait to transmit the trait to his/her children is 100% with each pregnancy

question

A girl of normal height is born to 2 parents with the condition achondroplasia, an autosomal dominant trait. People with achondroplasia are very short and have especially disproportionately short arms and legs. What is the probability that any pregnancy this girl eventually has will result in the birth of an infant with achondroplasia if her partner also has normal stature?

answer

Zero out of four (0%)

question

In the usual flow of genetic information (often called the central dogma), which of the following best represents the expression of genes?

answer

DNA-RNA-protein

question

Which statement or factor is true with respect for autosomal recessive transmission of single gene traits?

answer

About 25% of the members of a large family with an autosomal recessive trait will express the trait

question

What is the most obvious expecte3d finding when analyzing a four-generation pedigree for X- linked dominant transmission of a trait?

answer

Females are affected at the twice rate of males

question

What is the expected expression of a trait that has its locus on the Y chromosome?

answer

Females never inherit the trait

question

Which issue is considered a "red flag" for the need for referral to a genetics professional?

answer

The presence of neurodevelopmental disorders in one or more members of the family

question

The (expressed) sequences within genes that code for gene products are called:

answer

Exons

question

Martha has Alzheimer's disease. She and her daughter Melanie provided care for Marth's mother Margaret when she had severe Alzheimer's disease. Now Melanie, age 57, is showing signs of impaired memory. Melanie's daughter Megan is pregnant with her first child and has contacted a genetic counselor to discuss Alzheimer's risk in her family. Who in this family is the proband?

answer

Megan

question

Which demographic information could have an important influence on susceptibility to disorders that have a strong genetic component?

answer

Ethnicity

question

Disorders of this mode of inheritance are sometimes found more commonly in societies that practice consanguinity?

answer

Autosomal recessive

question

When constructing a pedigree around a specific health problem, what is the minimal number of generations needed to accurately assess the presence or absence of a genetic factor in disease development?

answer

3

question

How are Punnett squares and pedigrees different?

answer

Punnett squares represent genotypes and pedigrees represent phenotypes

question

What is the risk for disease expression among the offspring of a woman who has an autosomal recessive disorder when her partner is a carrier for the same disorder?

answer

All children have a 50% risk for being affected and a 50% risk for being a carrier

question

Which observations in a pedigree indicate a probable autosomal dominant trait transmission?

answer

Affected males and females appear in every generation

question

A man with syndactyly, an AD condition, has one child who also has syndactyly. His unaffected wife states, "since the risk for having a child with this problem is 50% and our first child has the problem, then the next child will not be affected." What is the best response to this statement?

answer

"that is correct and if you only have two children, the second one will not have syndactyly."

question

Aneuploidy is believed to account for approximately what percentage of spontaneous abortions?

answer

50

question

How are twins indicated on a pedigree?

answer

The vertical lines to each twin begin at the same point on parent's horizontal mating line

question

The information encoded in DNA resides in __________

answer

The nucleotide sequence

question

The accompanying pedigree is for a rare, but relatively mild, hereditary disorder of the skin. Is the disorder inherited as a dominant or recessive phenotype?

answer

Recessive

question

Females have been observed with 5 X chromosomes, in each cell. How many Barr bodies would these females have?

answer

4

question

Women have sex chromosomes of XX, and men have sex chromosomes of XY. Which of a woman's grandparents could not be the source of any of the genes on her X-chromosome?

answer

Father's father

question

The Lyon hypothesis states that one X chromosome in each cell is randomly inactivated early in the embryonic development of females

answer

This ensures that females will produce x-linked gene products in quantities roughly similar to those produced in males

question

The pedigree shown is an autosomal dominant disease, the genotypes of the two individuals in generation IV could only be which of the following?

answer

Aa, Aa

question

Autosomal aneuploidy can result in

answer

Down Syndrome

question

Nondisjunction means that a pair of chromosomes

answer

do not separate

question

Monosomy refers to

answer

a missing chromosome

question

In Turner syndrome, there is a(n

answer

loss of an extra chromosome

question

Edwards syndrome is a

answer

Trisomy of chromosome 18

question

A change resulting in net loss of DNA is

answer

deletion

question

Robertsonian translocations result from which of the following?

answer

Breaks occur at or near the centromeres of 2 acrocentric chromosomes followed by the reciprocal exchange of broken parts

question

A small portion of chromosome 2 has been found on the end of the chromosome 15, and a small portion of chromosome 15 has been found on the end of chromosome 2. This mutation is called a...

answer

Reciprocal translocation

question

How is a sequence different from a syndrome?

answer

In a sequence one structural problem leads to development of other problems, whereas a syndrome is a collection of separate by consistent anomalies

question

What is the best description of a drug prescribed to control acne that also causes severe birth defects when it is taken during pregnancy?

answer

Teratogenic

question

Which characteristic or feature distinguishes a major anomaly from a minor anomaly?

answer

Major anomalies require medical attention, whereas minor anomalies are considered a variation in structure

question

How does genetic assessment differ from routine physical assessment?

answer

Genetic assessment encompasses routine physical assessment and always added the consideration of genetic causes for findings.

question

Characteristic of multifactorial inheritance is

answer

A combination of genetics and environment

question

We discussed a novel therapy for Clostridium difficile. How does it work?

answer

Replaces normal flora bacteria in the intestine to compete with the pathogen

question

UV light destroys bacteria by

answer

Damaging DNA

question

A substance that has been pasteurized

answer

Does not contain pathogenic bacteria

question

Differential media would be used to

answer

Cause certain bacteria to look different

question

A stool sample is added to a culture medium that has been designed so that gram-positive bacterial growth is inhibited, but gram0negative is not. What type of culture medium is this?

answer

Selective medium

question

Bacteria that can grow only in the absence of oxygen are said to be

answer

Anaerobic

question

Which of the following would be the best way to check the function of an autoclave?

answer

Autoclave bacterial spores to be sure that they will not grow

question

The advantage of spore formation for bacteria is

answer

Survival in harsh conditions

question

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is found in the

answer

Gram-negative outer membrane

question

The bacterium Staphylococcous aureus appears microscopically as

answer

A grape-like cluster of spheres

question

Whether a bacterium is gram-positive or gram-negative matters because....

answer

It is related to antibiotic sensitivity

question

Which one of the following generally represents sizes from smallest to largest?

answer

Virus to bacteria to protozoa

question

Which of the following is not a risk factor for healthcare-associated infection?

answer

isolation

question

Which cellular organelle may have originally been a free-living separate organism which was engulfed by a primitive eukaryotic cell?

answer

Mitochondria

question

Which of the following would be the best treatment for shingles?

answer

Acyclovir

question

Biofilms can make treatment more difficult because

answer

Bacteria in biofilms may develop increased antibiotic resistance

question

_____________ is an anaerobic spore former associated with gas gangrene.

answer

Clostridium difficile

question

Which one of the following is not caused by a member of the Herpes virus family?

answer

Rubella

question

The cutaneous form of anthrax spreads from infected animal carcasses through

answer

spores

question

Which of these is most likely to be used as a topical antibiotic?

answer

Bacitracin

question

Which of the following is/are associated with measles?

answer

Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, red skin rash, and Koplik spots

question

The most common cause of pharyngitis is

answer

Virus infection

question

Pneumonia caused by which organism is associated with "currant jelly" sputum?

answer

Klebsiella pneumoniae

question

Conjunctivitis can be caused by

answer

All of the above (adenovirus, hemophilus influenza¸streptococcus)

question

Which of the following infections may spread to the bloodstream and become systemic?

answer

Salmonella typhi

question

Possible complications of strep throat include

answer

Acute glomerulonephritis, rheumatic heart disease, scarlet fever

question

Which section of the gastrointestinal tract has the smallest number of normal flora organisms?

answer

stomach

question

Diagnosis of hepatitis infection requires

answer

Test for antibodies to the virus(es)

question

Which of the following organisms is associated with epiglottitis?

answer

Hemophilus influenza

question

A major change in the influenza virus is called

answer

Antigenic shift

question

Which of the following is caused by Helicobacter pylori?

answer

Stomach ulcers

question

A patient presents with bloody diarrhea and cramps. Which bacterium is most likely to be the cuase?

answer

Campylobacter jejuni

question

Which of the following can be picked up by walking barefoot in infected soil or water in warm, wet climates?

answer

hookworms

question

Clostridium difficile is associated with

answer

Pseudomembranous colitis

question

Chronic otitis media may be difficult to treat due to which of the following?

answer

Biofilm formation

question

Which of the following is an intestinal parasite associated with contaminated water, causing a diarrhea which lasts for 1-2 weeks?

answer

Cryptosporidium

question

How is an infection with pinworms (Enterobius) often diagnosed?

answer

Scotch tape test

question

Infection with which of these hepatitis virus(es) is/are associated with chronic liver disease?

answer

Hepatitis C

question

Which of the following is associated with hemolytic uremic disease (HUS)?

answer

EHEC

question

What does a positive TB test indicate?

answer

Infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, but not necessarily active disease

question

Which of the following conditions indicates infection at the most superficial tissue level?

answer

Folliculitis

question

An infant suffering from a paroxysmal cough with a loud inspiration may have an infection with (blank); this may be related to (blank).

answer

Bordatella pertussis; weakened immunity from family members' vaccines

question

Healthcare-associated pneumonia is often associated with which organism(S)?

answer

Acinetobacter and pseudomonas

question

Travelers to the desert southwest may be at risk for what fungal infection?

answer

Coccidiomycosis

question

This parasite is the most commonly-reported intestinal protozoan and is associated with some forms of travelers' diarrhea. (the trophozite form resembles a face!)

answer

Giardia

question

The deadliest type of healthcare-associated infections are

answer

Bloodstream infections and pneumonia

question

Which of the following statements is/are true regarding collection of a sputum specimen?

answer

A nebulizer may be used to induce a deep cough; the specimen should be thick and mucoid

question

Treatment for methicillin-resistant Staph infections may include

answer

Vancomycin

question

A previously healthy young adult is diagnosed with atypical pneumonia. Which of the following organisms is most likely to be the cause?

answer

Mycoplasmas pneumoniae

question

A young child has been diagnosed with gastroenteritis as a result of consuming raw milk. Which of the following is NOT likely to be the organism involved?

answer

Bacillus anthracis

question

IgE is the antibody involved in (blank) hypersensitivity

answer

Type I

question

All of the following are associated with type IV hypersensitivity reactions except

answer

Immune complexes

question

The innate immune response is (blank), but the adaptive immune response is (blank).

answer

Rapid; specific

question

Which of the following is the best description of clonal selection?

answer

A subset of lymphocytes respond when an antigen binds to their cell-surface receptor

question

Immune complexes are involved in (blank) hypersensitivity.

answer

Type 3

question

An attenuated vaccine

answer

Is an organism which has been modified so that it no longer causes disease

question

An anaphylactic reaction includes which of the following?

answer

Increased vascular permeability and bronchial constriction

question

Which of the following immunoglobulin molecules is produced in the largest amount during a memory response?

answer

IgG

question

The soluble mediators involved in adaptive immunity include

answer

Antibodies and cytokines

question

The cell-surface receptor on a B cells is a(n

answer

Immunoglobulin (antibody) molecule

question

The ability to produce a secondary antibody response depends on

answer

Memory T and B cells

question

What do activated CD8 T cells do?

answer

Kill infected cells

question

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins are important for

answer

T cell recognition of antigen

question

Which one of the following applies to Type II hypersensitivity?

answer

IgG reacts with antigens on the surfaces of cells, resulting in cell destruction

question

Hemolytic disease of the fetus/newborn occurs when

answer

A Rh- woman produces antibodies to her first Rh+ pregnancy, and those antibodies destroy blood cells in a subsequent Rh+ fetus

question

The pathology of systemic lupus erythematosus involves which of the following mechanisms?

answer

Immune complexes

question

Transplanted tissue is rejected by the body if the

answer

Immune system recognizes the tissue to be nonself

question

The inability to produce mature B cells (plasma cells) is called

answer

X-linked agammaglobulinemia

question

Chediak-Higashi syndrome is characterized by

answer

A defect in the ability to phagocytose microorganisms

question

A T-cell count of (blank) or less defines an HIV-infected individual as having AIDS

answer

200

question

Someone with an IgA deficiency would be at increased risk for which of the following?

answer

Pneumonia

question

Why is HIV infection treated with a combination of antiviral drugs?

answer

Multiple medications overcome the rapid development of drug resistance by HIV

question

People with Graves disease develop (blank), but Hashimoto's autoimmune thyroiditis causes (blank)

answer

Hyperthyroidism; hypothyroidism

question

Which of the following is an example of an endogenous infection?

answer

Cystitis in a woman caused by E. coli

question

A secondary infection is one that

answer

Follows another infection

question

Which of the following help to determine the outcome of a potential infection?

answer

Where bacteria enter the body, virulence factors of the bacterium, the status of the individual's immune system, and amount of pathogen exposure

question

In the prodromal phase, symptoms

answer

Are non-specific

question

DiGeorge syndrome is characterized by

answer

Reduced or absent thymic development

question

Which of the following is involved in resistance to virus infection?

answer

Interferon

question

Innate immunity includes

answer

Macrophages and neutrophils

question

The first antibody produced during an infection is

answer

IgM

question

What is the result of opsonization?

answer

Enhances the efficiency of phagocytosis

question

Enhances the efficiency of phagocytosis

answer

Intact antigen; processed peptides with MHC proteins

question

An epidemic disease

answer

Occurs at a higher level than usual for a population

question

Which of the following kills virus-infected cells?

answer

NK cells

question

Which of the following result(s) from complement activation?

answer

Opsonization, bacterial killing by membrane lysis, and recruitment of phagocytic cells

question

Which of the following releases mediators that cause allergic responses?

answer

Mast cell

question

Graft vs. host disease refers to

answer

Donor lymphocytes attacking recipient tissue

question

Which of the following is not a risk factor for immunity?

answer

Malnutrition

question

A patient steps on a rusty nail and develops an infection with Clostridium tetani. He received a tetanus booster last year, so his immune system produces antibody to tetanus toxin. He doesn't develop tetanus. This illustrates

answer

Neutralization

question

Fever can be caused by

answer

Cytokines

question

A child recieves the chickenpox vaccine. The following year, she attends a birthday party where she is exposed to the virus. Her immune system produces a large amount of antibody to the virus, and she does not develop the illness. This represents

answer

Secondary antibody response

question

Which of the following is an example of a non-communicable infectious disease?

answer

Anthrax

question

Helper T cells bind to

answer

Class II MHC using the CD4 co-receptor

question

Macrophages and neutrophils

answer

Are both phagocytic

question

T cells mature in

answer

Thymus

question

Systemic activation of the inflammatory response results in

answer

Septic shock

question

Which of the following is an example of direct horizontal transmission?

answer

Catching the flu from a sneezing classmate

question

Cell-mediated immunity includes which of the following

answer

CD8 cytotoxic T cells

question

Which of the following statements about HIV is false?

answer

The immune system does not responds to HIV infection

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