MCB Exam 3 Questions – Flashcards
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| What allows deinococcus radiodurans to endure high doses of ionizing radiation? |
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| multiple copies of chromoseom & radiation absorbing pigments |
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| What are the 5 types of phototrophic bacteria? |
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| blue-green, green sulfur, green non-sulfur, purple sulfur, purple non-sulfur |
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| What are the 8 types of low G+C gram-pos bacteria? |
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| clostridium, mycoplasma, lactobacillus, enterococcus, bacillus, listeria, streptococcus, staphylococcus |
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| What are the 3 types of high G+C gram-pos bacteria? |
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| corynebacterium, mycobacterium, actinomycetes |
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| What is the most common form of food poisoning? |
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| Clostridium botulinum |
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| What are symptoms of clostridium botulinum? |
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| headache, double vision, flaccid paralysis |
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| __ is involved in duck die-offs. |
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| Botulinum |
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| How does botulism kill babies? |
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| lives in intestines and starts making the neurotoxin to make dead organic matter |
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| What does the tetanus vaccine do? |
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| infect with tetanus toxin that's chemically inactive, to get body used to it |
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| What is tetanospasmin? |
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| tetanus excretion |
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| How does the antitoxin for tetanus work? |
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| aminoglobulins bind to toxin to get them to stop suffering from tetanus |
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| What is the untreated mortality rate of tetanus? |
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| 40-80% |
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| Factors that cause wound infections include: 1. ___ of contaminating organism 2. size of contaminating ___ 3. extent of __ damage at wound 4. ____ of wounded person |
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| 1. virulence 2. dose 3. tissue 4. health status |
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| What are symptoms of clostridium perfringens? |
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| abdominal pain, diarrhea |
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| How does gas gangrene work? |
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| use fermentative pathways, making CO2 which builds in the wound |
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| How do antibiotics help C. Diff? |
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| kill other intestinal organisms, leaving room for C. Diff to grow |
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| What does C. diff's tissue destruction cause? |
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| formation of plaque-like pseudomembrane |
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| What is used to treat C. diff? |
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| probiotics |
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| What are the 3 virulence factors in bacillus anthracis? |
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| edema factor; lethal factor; protective antigen |
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| What is the untreated mortality rate in cutaneous anthrax? |
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| 20% |
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| What does edema factor cause in anthrax? |
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| fluids to leech into the lung |
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| What does gastrointestinal anthrax do? |
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| infects gut due to eating contaminated meat |
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| How does bacitrcin inhibit peptidoglycan synthesis? |
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| interferes w/ movement of precursor groups through cell membrane to cell wall |
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| 16sRNA shows mycoplasma are most like ____, but they appear ___ in a gram-stain. |
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| clostridium; gram-negative |
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| Why are mycoplasma penicilin resistent? |
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| don't have cell walls |
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| What are symptoms of mycoplasma pneumoniae? |
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| headache, sort throat, sweating, coughing, really tired, fever |
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| How is walking pneumonia treated? |
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| erthyromycin |
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| How is walking pneumonia spread? |
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| nasal secretions |
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| What is the incubation period for walking pneumonia? |
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| 7-14 days |
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| How long does it take for walking pneumonia to be seen on a screen? |
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| 2-6 weeks |
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| What disease is responsible for 1/2 of all infections that lead to infertility? |
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| ureaplasma urealyticum |
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| What is used to treat ureaplasma urealyticum patients? |
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| tetracycline |
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| What do most patients at VD clinics carry? |
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| ureaplasma urealytican |
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| Listeria produces enzymes that cause polymerization of ___, which is how they move. |
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| actin fibers |
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| Listeria survives phagocytosis to lives within ____ |
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| cytoplasm of macrophages |
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| What does catalase negative mean? |
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| unable to break down H2O2 |
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| stopped at slide 40 |
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| ____ is extensive destruction of deep subcutaneous muscle and fat. |
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| necrotizing fasciitis |
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| Flesh eating bacteria is aka: |
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| necrotizing fasciitis |
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| ___ is excretion of enzymes capable of breaking down redblood cells. |
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| hemolysis |
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| What happens with beta hemolytic cells in agar? |
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| complete clearing around the colony |
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| What is petechiae? |
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| red spots in the throat |
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| What causes 35% of sore throats for kids? |
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| streptococcal pharyngitis |
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| What is used to diagnose streptococcal involvement in pharyngitis? |
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| rapid strep screen (RSS) |
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| What is the treatment for s. pyogenes? |
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| pencillins or tetracyclines |
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| 3% of s. Pyogenes cases get sequelae, causing ___, ____, ___, or ___. |
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| scarlet fever, rheumatic fever, glomerulonephritis, chorea |
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| What can cause s. pyogenes? |
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| direct contact or droplet infection |
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| What is used to treat pneumonia? |
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| amoxicillin |
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| Most strains of s. pneumnoia are __ hemolytic. |
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| alpha |
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| Virulent s. pneumonia have a __ made of ___. |
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| capsule; polysaccharides |
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| How does s. pneumoniae interfere with recognition by macrophages? |
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| anitphagocytic capsule |
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| ___ is inflammation of membranes that surround brain and spinal cord. |
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| bacterial meningitis |
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| Any organism that can access the CNS can cause: |
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| spinal meningitis |
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| Enterococcus can cause ___, ___, ____, and ___ if it gets out of intestines. |
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| UTIs, bacteremia, endocarditis, meningitis |
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| Why is vancomycin resistant enterococcus such an issue? |
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| vancomycin is the last resort with enterococcus |
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| _____ can cause peritonitis if it gets into the abdominal cavity. |
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| enterococcus faecalis |
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| Staphylococcus tend to grow on ___. |
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| skin |
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| What does catalase negative mean? |
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| unable to break down hydrogen peroxide |
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| What protects staphylococcus aureus from phagocytes? |
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| coagulase (enzyme that causes fibrin to clot) |
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| How does hyaluronidase help the staphylococcus aureus bacteria? |
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| breaks down hylauronic acid, which helps hold cells and tissues together |
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| How does staphylococcal food poisoning happen? |
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| heat stable enterotoxin |
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| ___ dissolves blood clots to allow spread to new locations. |
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| staphylokinase |
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| ___ disrupts cell membranes of most host cells. |
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| cytolytic toxins |
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| ___ disrupts cytoplasmic membranes of leukoctyes. |
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| leukocidin |
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| ____ triggers fever, vomiting, rash, and shock. |
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| toxic shock syndrome. |
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| What is the "D" in the DPT shot? |
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| diphteria |
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| What produces the palisades in C. dip? |
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| snapping cell division |
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| How does the immunization for c. diptheria work? |
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| inject w/ just enough dip to retain structure, making an immunological response happen |
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| If C. diptheria becomes systemic, what can happen? |
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| heart and kidney failure in 7-10 days. |
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| ___ are slow growing, non-spore forming rods with waxy mycolic acids in cell walls. |
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| mycobacterium |
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| How do antibiotic drugs affect leprosy? |
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| they can never kill it off completely |
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| What was used to form the first aminoglycoside, used to inhibit bacterial ribosomes? |
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| streptomyces griseus |
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| Gram-positive cell walls are bound together by ___ and ___. |
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| teichoic acids; lipoteichoic acids |
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| Gram-negative cell wall has a thin layer of ___, with outer membrane of ___. |
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| peptidoglycan; lipopolysaccharide |
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| Tuberculosis transmission is usually associated with: |
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| aerosol from an infected person |
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| In latent TB, body successfully: |
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| inhibits spread of bacteria |
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| In active TB, the bacteria can infect ___ tissue. |
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| ANY |
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| Alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and epsilonproteobacteria are all ____ bacteria. |
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| gram-negative |
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| With rhizobium, bacteria converts atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia, then provides __ to the plant, while the plant provides ___. |
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| organic nitrogenous compounds; organic compounds from photosynthesis |
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| What is a crown gall? |
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| tumor of tissue caused by modified DNA, producing strange AA that plant can't use |
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| slide 77 |
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| ____ is a nitrifying bacterium that helps convert ammonia to nitrate. |
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| nitrobacter |
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| _____ has anoxygenic photosynthesis and can use light energy to produce PMF |
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| rhodospirillacea (purple non-sulfur bacteria) |
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| Bacteria that are grown in light produce ___. |
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| rhodopsin |
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| Brucella abortis does not colonize the ___. |
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| gut |
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| Symptoms of Rickettsia rickettsia are: |
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| non-itchy spotted rash fever headache chills muscle aches nausea vomiting petechiae |
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| What is the causative agent of typhus? |
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| Rickettsia rickettsia |
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| What are gonorrhea symtpoms in men? |
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| burning sensation and pus discharge |
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| What are gonorrhea symptoms in women? |
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| may be asymptomatic or vaginal discharge and pelvic pain |
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| What happens if gonorrhea is left untreated? |
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| spreads through the body, can cause sterility |
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| How often is gonorrhea asymptomatic in women? |
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| 4/5 times, can cause inflammation of cervix and uterine tubes |
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| In ___, airways become constricted by mucus. |
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| b. pertussis |
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| B. pertussis can be treated by ___, if caught early. However, most treatment is ___ b/c it's about the epithelium, not the number of bacteria. |
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| erthyromycin; supportive |
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| How is salmonellosis transmitted? |
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| fecal-oral cycle |
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| What is the incubation period for salmonellosis? |
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| 8-48 hours |
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| ___ is infection of the blood caused by salmonellosis. |
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| typhoid fever |
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| Typhoid fever's 2 worst symptoms are ___ and ___ |
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| kidney failure, peritonitis |
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| ___ is an infection of animals that only infects human as second target. |
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| zoonosis |
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| What are the 2 manifestations of the plague? |
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| bubonic (flea bite) pneumonic (aerosol from infected person |
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| If bubonic, what is the main symptom of the plague? |
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| enlarged lymph nodes |
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| What is the main symptom of the plague if pneumonic? |
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| bloody cough b/c of lung infecion |
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| Which type of plague is contagious? |
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| pneumonic |
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| ____ causes rapid wound infections after exposure to contaminated sea water. |
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| vibrio vulnificus |
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| In cholera, ___ clears up the infection, but ___ is the cause of the disease. |
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| tetracycline; choleragen (toxin) |
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| What causes pink eye? |
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| haemophilus aegyptius |
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| What usually causes otitis media? |
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| throat organisms |
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| What is a chancre? |
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| syphilitic ulcer |
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| What does the chancre do? |
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| sheds bacteria (very contagious) |
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| What is congenital syphilis? |
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| when mom gives syphilis to baby |
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| What are the normal microflora of the mouth? |
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| gram positive streptococci alpha hemolytic |
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| If listeriosis symptoms appear, the odds of death are ___ |
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| 20% |
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| When did eukaryotic microbes first evolve? |
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| 2.5-3B years ago |
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| What is an exon? |
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| part of DNA that encode info for protein synthesis in eukaryotes |
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| What is an intron? |
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| nonsense sequences of DNA that aren't necessarily necessary |
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| What do eukaryotic mRNAs have on the 3' end? |
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| poly A-tail |
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| ___ makes most of the ATP that's used in a eukaryotic cell. |
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| mitochondria |
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| ___ have their own, mini chromosome. |
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| mitochondria |
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| What are made from the mitochondrial chromosome? |
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| a small percentage of the proteins they need |
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| What may hydrogenosomes evolved from? |
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| mitochondria |
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| ____ are associated with basal body of flagella. |
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| kinetoplasts |
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| How are introns gotten rid of? |
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| splicing enzymes |
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| ___ resist tension, while ___ resist compression. |
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| microfilaments; microtubules |
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| ____ is extension of cytoplasm seen in protozoa and animal cells that enables the cell to move by amoeboid motion |
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| pseudopod |
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| What is the order of the 4 phases of mitosis? |
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| prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase |
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| ____ is cell division for reproduction. |
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| meiosis |
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| In _____, a chromosome looks like a X and is composed of 2 copies of chromosome that have undergone replication. |
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| mitosis metaphase |
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| What is the key difference between mitosis and meiosis? |
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| in meiosis, each X-shaped chromosome associates with its homologous partner to form chromosome pairs |
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| Algae produce ___ and fix ___. |
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| oxygen, CO2 |
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| What happens to energized electrons in photosynthesis? |
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| passed off to NADP+ to NADPH |
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| Where is algae common? |
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| water and upper millimeters of damp soil or snow |
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| Algae go through ___ photosynthesis. |
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| oxygenic |
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| What is a unicellular fungi? |
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| yeast |
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| What is the technical name for fungal kingdom? |
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| mycopheta |
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| ___ make reproductive spores. |
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| Fungus |
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| Fungal spores can be ___ or ___. |
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| vegetative (asexual); sexual |
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| What is a basidiocarp? |
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| top part of mushroom |
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| Sexual cycle of zymycota forms a mass of diploid cells called: |
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| zygosporangium |
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| Meiosis within the zygosporangium yields a ___ and ___. |
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| hypha; sporangium |
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| Basidiospores develop at end of basidia, which develops from: |
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| intertwined hyphae of basidiocarp |
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| What happens in the sexual cycle of saccharoymces cervisiae? |
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| gives a single celled ascus that contains 2-4 ascospores |
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| What is a yeast infection for women? |
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| overgrowth of vaginal candida albicans |
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| What is a dimorphic fungus? |
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| something that's hyphae in soil & yeast in lungs |
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| What does aspergillus flavus look like? |
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| broccoli heads |
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| What is aflatoxin? |
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| liver carcinogen found in improperly stored grains and peanuts |
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| What mutation does aflatoxin cause? |
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| converts guanines to thymines |
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| What phylum is candida albicans found in? |
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| ascomycota |
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| What three species can cause ringworm? |
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| tricophyton rubrum, microsporum gypseum, and microsporum canis |
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| What is onychomycosis? |
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| fungal infection of nail |
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| What is thrush? |
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| infection of oral cavity |
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| Where is histoplasma capsulatum found? |
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| soils contaminated by bat or bird droppings |
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| What are some of the symptoms of histoplasmosis? |
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| chronic fever, cough, chest pain, lung cavities, may cough up tissue |
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| How does coccidiodomycosis act in lungs? |
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| like a yeast |
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| Where does coccidiodomycosis live? |
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| hot, dry, dusty areas |
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| How is coccidiodomycosis contracted? |
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| inhalation of spores |
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| What is the size range for protozoa? |
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| 2-3 microns to 200-300 microns |
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| What do protozoa use to be motile? |
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| pseudopods, flagella, cilia |
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| What is encystment, and what has it? |
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| tough resting form of organism; protozoas |
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| What does diplomonad mean? |
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| protozoa with 2 nuclei |
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| What are the 3 stages of amoeboflagellates? |
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| amoeba, flagellated, cyst |
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| When do protozoa form cysts? |
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| when conditions become unfavorable |
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| What is the trophozite? |
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| the actively feeding and growing form of a protozoan |
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| What form of protozoa usually causes disease? |
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| trophozite |
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| ___ have hard shells made of calcium carbonate. |
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| foraminfera |
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| In ciliophora, the ___ is large and has copies of the genome, while the ___ is small and involved in sexual reproduction. |
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| macronucleus; micronucleus |
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| Where do the life stages of t. brucei occur? |
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| extracellularly |
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| Chronic t. cruzi can affect the ___, ___, or ___. |
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| heart, colon, peripheral nervous system |
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| What is the merozoite stage of plasmodium falciparum? |
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| microorganism grows in either red blood cells or liver cells |
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| What happens if pregnant women inhale taxoplasma gondii? |
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| can transfer to the fetus and kill it |
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| What is the vegetative stage like for penicillum chrysogenum? |
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| produces white or yellow |
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| What both causes hallucinations and can be used to induce labor? |
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| ergot (toxin from clavices purpurea) |
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| What is African sleeping sickness? |
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| fatal infection of blood that can spread to nervous system |
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| A suitable host cell must have the ___ a virus needs to reproduce. |
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| enzymes |
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| Sizes: 1. Red blood cell 2. E. Coli 3. Poliovirus 4. Small Pox Virus 5. Bacteriophage T4 6. Tobacco mosaic virus |
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| 1. 10,000 nm diameter 2. 1000 nm x 3000 nm 3. 30 nm 4. 200 nm x 300 nm 5. 50 nm x 225 nm 6. 15 nm x 300 nm |
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| Viral envelope is a ___ bilayer, embedded with ___, but is not active like a cytoplasmic membrane. |
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| lipid; proteins |
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| What shape is the rabies virus? |
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| bullet |
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| What are the 3 pieces of the tail of a bacteriophage? |
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| base plate, tail fibers, tail spike |
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| What are the 5 stages of the general virus life cycle? |
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| attachment, entry, synthesis, assembly, release |
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| How does a lambda phage go through attachment? |
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| attaches to a pore with the base plate |
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| How does lambda phage enter the cell? |
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| tail protein shifts and rearranges, acts like a syringe to inject DNA into host cell |
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| During which bacteria phage stage is the host chromosome degraded? |
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| synthesis |
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| How many lambda phages are made during assembly per cell? |
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| 20-50 |
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| What is the last thing made by a lambda phage? |
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| lysozome--degrades peptidoglycan, causes host cell to break open |
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| What is a lytic cycle? |
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| virus actively grows and kills cell when breaks out |
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| What is a lysogenic cycle? |
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| virus remains dormant and host cell continues to grow & divide |
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| As long as phage repressor protein is active, what happens to the host cell? |
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| survives! |
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| What is the one benefit to the host during the lysogenic cycle of a virus? |
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| protects from other lambda particles |
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| When a lambda lysogen encounters harsh conditions, what can happen to lambda repressor protein? |
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| can be degraded, causing production of prophage genes |
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| When a virus buds out of a cell, what is the envelope made of? |
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| cytoplasmic membrane of the host cell with viral proteins on it |
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| What are 3 examples of human viruses that are always in lytic cycle? |
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| rhinoviruses; enteroviruses; hep A |
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| Viruses with ___ in their genome may be capable of being latent within human cells. |
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| DNA |
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| What does entero virus mean? |
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| within the intestines |
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| What is a positive strand virus? |
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| DNA has same sequence as RNA |
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| Positive sense RNA can be translated by: |
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| host ribosomes |
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| Why is it virtually impossible to cure AIDS? |
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| virus becomes latent in T-helper cells |
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| What are the 7 types of animal viruses? |
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| dsDNA ssDNA dsRNA +ssRNA -ssRNA ssRNA-RT (+ sense w/ DNA intermediate) dsDNA-RT |
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| ___ attaches influenza virus to human host cells by attaching to __ residue on the surface of the cells. |
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| hemagglutinin; sialic acid |
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| ___ is enzyme that cleaves ___ off of host cells for the influenza virus to allow new virus particles to release. |
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| neuraminidase; sialic acid |
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| What are flu symptoms due to? |
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| immune system attacking infected cells |
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| Mortality rates for rubeola in healthy US kids is ___, __ in less developed nations, and ___ for patients with AIDS. |
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| .3%; 20%; 30% |
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| What is shingles? |
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| reactivation of varicalla zoster (chickenpox) |
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| What is the largest virus? |
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| mimivirus |
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| What is an infection? |
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| when undesirable microorganism colonizes the host's body |
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| What is a communicable disease? |
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| something that can pass between humans |
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| Symptoms are: |
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| aspects of disease felt by patient |
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| What are signs of disease? |
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| indications of disease that a physician can measure |
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| What are the 6 stages of infectious disease? |
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| encounter; incubation; prodromal; acute phase; decline/resolution; convalescence |
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| What diseases can cross the placental barrier? |
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| syphilis, toxoplasmosis, AIDS, rubidium, chlamydia, herpes |
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| Give an example of commensalism. |
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| streptococcus salivarius lives in human mouth and doesn't cause too many problems |
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| Define virulence. |
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| ability of microorganism to cause disease |
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| ___ is study of interactions between disease causing pathogenic microorganisms and society. |
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| epidemiology |
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| ___ is increase in cases of disease in a certain population. |
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| epidemic |
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| ___ is health of a population in regards to a disease. |
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| prevalence |
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| What is equation for prevalence? |
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| total# of cases/population |
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| __ describes rate of change in number of cases of disease within a population. |
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| #new cases/population |
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| What is the 1st line of defense against disease? |
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| skin, mucous membranes, chemicals |
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| What is the 2nd line? |
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| resistance phagocytosis, complement, interferon, inflammation, fever |
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| What is the 3rd line? |
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| lymphocytes antibodies |
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| When is the 3rd line of defense activated? |
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| when encountered specific foreign antigen (specific defenses) |
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| What 3 things does the skin do to inhibit microbial growth? |
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| 1. enzymes degrade bacterial cell walls 2. organic acids lower PH 3. high levels of salt |
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| How does the respiratory tract defend against microbes? |
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| produces mucous to trap stuff and contain antibodies |
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| A phagocyte create a ____ to engulf the food, and then does ___. |
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| phagolysosome; exocytosis |
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| What does an opsonin do? |
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| targets antigen for immune response |
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| When does immunity develop? |
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| after exposure to parasite |
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| ___ means stimulating antibody production, while ___ means ability to bind effectively to an antibody. |
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| immunogenicity; reactivity |
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| What makes antibodies different? |
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| the antigen binding sites |
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| What part of the antibody interacts with phagocytic cells and complement fixation? |
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| constant region |
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| Phagocytic cells have a greater affinity for bacteria that are coated with: |
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| antibodies! |
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| Coating of an infectious microorganism with a substance that increases phagocytosis is called: |
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| opsonization |
