question

Which of the following characterize biofilms that form within the body?

answer

Biofilms help microorganism adhere to human tissue. Correct Biofilms protect microbes from the body's defenses. Correct Biofilms protect microorganisms from antibiotics.

question

The lower genitourinary tract is usually free of microorganisms.

answer

False

question

Which of the following is known to activate the genital herpes virus?

answer

Sunlight Stress Sex hormones

question

Acute phase mediators such as C-reactive protein and antiviral proteins such as interferon can be described as similar because both

answer

prepare host cells for pathogen invasion.

question

The exotoxin produced by Corynebacterium diphtheriae

answer

causes an inflammatory response. causes the formation of a pseudomembrane on the respiratory mucosa. may destroy cardiac and kidney tissue.

question

Which of the following statements describes how antibody-binding brings about the removal of antigens?

answer

Antibodies tag antigens for destruction, either via phagocytes or via complement activation. Correct

question

Which of the following can stimulate a reactivation of the virus that causes cold sores?

answer

Physical stress (fever, cold winds, trauma, hormonal changes) Emotional stress Ultraviolet light

question

Acyclovir is the drug used to treat genital herpes; it

answer

reduces the healing time.

question

Tears protect the eyes by

answer

flushing and lysozyme.

question

Lymphoid tissues are always highly organized cellular complexes.

answer

False

question

Infectious hepatitis (hepatitis A) is usually transmitted by

answer

fecal-oral contamination of food or drink.

question

In humans, the antigen-presenting cells include all of the following EXCEPT _________.

answer

eosinophils

question

Colds are common because

answer

of the antigenic diversity of the rhinoviruses and the lack of long-lasting immunity.

question

A fever augments the host's defenses by

answer

stimulating leukocytes into action. enhancing microbiostasis. enhancing the activity of the immune system.

question

In those cases of pneumonia for which no cause is determined by laboratory findings, __________ pneumonia can be assumed if __________ pneumonia has been ruled out.

answer

viral; mycoplasmal

question

Which of the following is a possible consequence of self reactive B cells and/or T cells in the body?

answer

Autoimmune diseases

question

Endotoxins include which of the following?

answer

Lipopolysaccharide

question

The fever paroxysms of malaria correlate with

answer

the synchronized rupture of infected blood cells and release of merozoites.

question

Lysozyme is an enzyme that lyses _________.

answer

bacteria

question

The term "sexually transmitted infection" is more accurate than "sexually transmitted disease" because it is a sexually transmitted pathogen may colonize host tissues without causing further damage to the host.

answer

True

question

A(n) __________ is an organism that transfers pathogens from one host to another.

answer

vector

question

Over the past 100 years, the number of deaths due to infectious disease has _______________ while the deaths due to metabolic diseases have _____________.

answer

decreased; increased

question

A 22-year-old woman is experiencing a malodorous greenish-yellow vaginal discharge. The pH of the discharge is 6. A microscopic exam of a drop of the discharge shows eukaryotic microorganisms with flagella. What is the most likely diagnosis?

answer

Trichomoniasis

question

Which of the following drugs has been shown to reduce the duration and symptoms of influenza?

answer

Oseltamivir

question

The location where a disease-causing organism is normally found is called the __________.

answer

reservoir

question

The immunological reaction that occurs when there is an optimal ratio of antigen and antibody, producing a lattice at the zone of equivalence is known _________.

answer

immunoprecipitation

question

Which of the following is prevented by the DTaP vaccine?

answer

Diphtheria Whooping cough Tetanus

question

T cells undergo maturation in the bone marrow.

answer

False

question

What antibody predominates during secondary antigen exposures?

answer

IgG

question

The characteristics of a pathogen that determine its virulence include which of the following?

answer

Pathogenicity Invasiveness Infectivity

question

The mucociliary blanket is found in the digestive system of mammals.

answer

False

question

Increasing global population, overcrowding and international travel have contributed to many changes in epidemiological trends of infectious disease. Which of the following would have been just as likely to occur a century ago as today?

answer

The incidence of bubonic plague in humans, transmitted via the rat flea, is gradually increasing in the United States with most of the cases reported in the west.

question

When a disease maintains a relatively steady, low-level frequency at a moderately regular interval, it is called _________.

answer

an endemic

question

The variable domain of antibody molecules

answer

binds target antigen.

question

Inflammation of the membranes around the brain or spinal cord is called __________. Fill in the blank

answer

meningitis

question

In an antibody molecule, the __________ region mediates binding to host cells.

answer

Fc

question

A concerned citizen who suspects that a bioterrorism incident has occurred or will occur should contact 911.

answer

True

question

Which of the following does not transmit the AIDS virus?

answer

Mosquitoes

question

An undifferentiated CD4+ TH0 cell can undergo differentiation into a number of different cells, which include all of the following EXCEPT

answer

TC

question

Which of the following has emerged as one of the leading organisms responsible for death in AIDS patients?

answer

Pneumocystis jiroveci

question

Beta-hemolytic group A streptococci are responsible for _________.

answer

rheumatic fever necrotizing fasciitis pharyngitis

question

Superantigens cause

answer

stimulation of T cells to overproduce cytokines.

question

T cells are so named because they mature in the thyroid.

answer

False

question

Prevention and control of rabies includes

answer

pre-exposure vaccination of dogs and cats. post-exposure vaccination of humans. pre-exposure vaccination of humans at high risk.

question

Hepatitis can be caused by cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr virus as well as by the hepatitis viruses.

answer

True

question

New cases of tuberculosis are frequently the result of reactivation of old dormant infections.

answer

True

question

Humans become infected with the malarial parasite when mosquitoes inject __________ into the bloodstream.

answer

sporozoites

question

Which of the following has no effect on the outcome of the host-parasite relationship?

answer

The number of parasites on or in the host The virulence of the parasite The defenses of the host

question

Exotoxins can be denatured by iodine to form __________, which are useful in vaccines.

answer

toxoids

question

Pathogenicity islands are typically associated with

answer

genes encoding tRNA.

question

Bacteria within biofilms exchange

answer

plasmids. quorum-sensing molecules. nutrients.

question

Substances that are recognized as foreign and provoke immune responses are called _________.

answer

antigens.

question

T-cell receptors can only recognize antigens on the surfaces of antigen-presenting cells; they cannot bind free antigen.

answer

True

question

In the rumen, food is quickly attacked by cellulase

answer

enzymes produced by microbes.

question

T cells attack

answer

host cells that have been parasitized by microorganisms. transplanted tissue cells from one host to another. cancer cells.

question

Which is a primary reason that females are at greater risk of a urinary tract infection than are males?

answer

The urethra is shorter in women, therefore bacteria are closer in proximity to the bladder.

question

_____________ is a process by which microorganisms or other particles are coated by serum components, preparing them for recognition and ingestion by phagocytic cells.

answer

opsonization

question

The ability of dermatophytes to grow on the skin surface and cause superficial mycoses is related to their ability to metabolize keratin.

answer

True

question

Which of the following syndromes may result from infection by an arthropod-borne virus?

answer

Fevers of undifferentiated type with or without a rash Encephalitis, often with a high fatality rate Hemorrhagic fevers

question

The rash associated with German measles is most likely caused by

answer

an immunological reaction to the virus.

question

Consider the following hypothetical situation. Researchers doing influenza surveillance involving molecular analysis of recent isolates of the virus notice a major change in the H and N antigens. What is a likely outcome?

answer

The number of cases of influenza will increase significantly.

question

All of the following may result from overgrowth of Clostridium difficile in the large intestine EXCEPT

answer

large volumes of rice-water stools.

question

In commensalism

answer

the host and commensal can be separated and remain viable.

question

Class I and II MHC molecules

answer

consists of a complex of two protein chains.

question

The most likely mode of transmission of the common cold is by hand-to-hand contact between a rhinovirus donor and a susceptible recipient.

answer

True

question

Which of the following is not caused by a protozoan?

answer

Cryptococcosis

question

Macrophages are phagocytic cells.

answer

True

question

Which etiologic agent is associated with an infection resulting in a copious frothy fishy-smelling vaginal discharge?

answer

Gardnerella vaginalis

question

An epidemic is

answer

a sudden increase in the occurrence of a disease above the expected level. Correct

question

Which of the following is the most common outcome of infection with polio virus?

answer

Mild infection with fever, headache, sore throat, or asymptomatic

question

Tumor cells of the immune system that produce large quantities of antibodies and can be readily cultivated are called _________.

answer

myeloma cells

question

What critical role is often played by pigs in the epidemiology of influenza virus?

answer

Pigs can become infected simultaneously with both human, avian, and swine varieties of influenza viruses, providing an opportunity for genetic recombination resulting in antigenic drift.

question

The rabies virus is transmitted to humans by

answer

the bite of an infected animal. aerosols of the virus that can be present in caves where bats roost. contamination of scratches with saliva from an infected animal.

question

A sharp reduction in the incidence of Haemophilus influenzae serotype b infections is principally due to

answer

the development of an effective vaccine.

question

Which of the following types of immunity primarily relies on interactions between antigens and antibodies?

answer

Acquired immunity

question

Over the past 100 years, the decrease in deaths due to infectious disease has been somewhat offset by an increase in death due to metabolic diseases.

answer

True

question

A disease will be ____________ likely to circulate in a community with a high percentage of individuals who are immune to the disease.

answer

less

question

The natural host(s) for Borrelia burgdorferi is/are _________.

answer

deer and field mice

question

Coinfection with HIV and Human Herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) can greatly promote the development of cancer in AIDS patients.

answer

True

question

A physical relationship where an organism hosts more than one symbiont is known as a

answer

consortium.

question

Autoimmunity and autoimmune disease are both most often fatal.

answer

False

question

The Epstein-Barr virus is the etiologic agent of infectious mononucleosis.

answer

True

question

Which of the following is a major cause of health-care-associated infections in the United States?

answer

Staphylcoccus aureus

question

Which of the following statements describes how antibody-binding brings about the removal of antigens?

answer

Antibodies tag antigens for destruction, either via phagocytes or via complement activation.

question

Which of the following types of immunoglobulins is most abundant in serum?

answer

IgG

question

Endotoxins include which of the following?

answer

Lipopolysaccharide

question

The ________ is a large organ in the abdominal cavity that specializes in filtering the blood and trapping bloodborne microorganisms and antigens.

answer

spleen

question

Control measures for hepatitis B include

answer

excluding contact with contaminated materials. passive immunotherapy within 7 days of exposure. vaccination of high-risk groups.

question

Superantigens exert their damaging effects by

answer

causing the massive and non-specific release of cytokines by T cells.

question

The innate response resists a particular foreign agent; moreover, innate immune responses improve on repeated exposure to the agent.

answer

False

question

During chronic inflammation when the macrophages are unable to protect the host from tissue damage, the body attempts to wall off and isolate the site by forming a _________.

answer

granuloma

question

A neutralizing antibody against a toxin is called a(n) __________.

answer

antitoxin

question

Treatment of gas gangrene may involve _________.

answer

wound debridement antitoxins hyperbaric chambers

question

Which of the following is an example of a noncommunicable infectious disease?

answer

Urinary bladder infection

question

B cells are more effective than macrophages in presenting antigens to activate T cells when

answer

antigen concentrations are low.

question

Two weeks following a hiking trip in which several ticks were noticed and numerous mosquitoes were biting, a 25-year-old man notices a rash shaped like a red ring on the back of his thigh. He was not concerned because he had no other symptoms. Three months later he noticed significant pain in his elbows and his knees. What is the most likely cause of his illness?

answer

Lyme disease

question

The __________ rate is the relationship of the number of deaths from a given disease to the total number of cases of the disease.

answer

mortality

question

In mutualism

answer

the mutualist is dependent on the host. a reciprocal benefit accrues to both partners. Incorrect

question

In the rumen, the carbohydrate fermentation end products include

answer

acetate. carbon dioxide. methane.

question

Control measures for hepatitis B include

answer

excluding contact with contaminated materials. passive immunotherapy within 7 days of exposure. vaccination of high-risk groups.

question

Which of the following uses red blood cells?

answer

Hemagglutination inhibition

question

A type of cancer associated with AIDS is __________ sarcoma.

answer

Kaposi's

question

The site or natural environmental location in which the causative organism is normally found is called the _________.

answer

reservoir

question

Which type of hypersensitivity is IgE-mediated?

answer

Type I

question

A mature, activated B cell is called a

answer

plasma cell.

question

Which of the following is important in the treatment of potential infections by Clostridium tetani?

answer

Proper care of wounds contaminated with soil Prophylactic use of antitoxin Administration of penicillin

question

The __________ _____________ ____________ is responsible for the monitoring of infectious disease and the implementation of prevention and control strategies world-wide.

answer

World Health Organization

question

Methanogens are always engaged in relationships with other microbes because methane production requires

answer

interspecies hydrogen transfer.

question

Why is innate host resistance a type of nonspecific immune response?

answer

Innate resistance is nonspecific because any foreign material, microorganisms, or antigens encountered by the host are targeted.

question

Which of the following would play a direct role in coordinating the response of clinical laboratories to a potential bioterrorism incident?

answer

CDC and APHL

question

The protein chains in a complete antibody molecule are connected to each other by ___________ bonds.

answer

disulfide

question

Your brother mentions that several days ago he began to feel as if he was coming down with a cold, but now is no longer experiencing any signs or symptoms and feels fine. Having just studied the infectious disease process in your microbiology course, you immediately recognize that he is describing the phase of illness.

answer

prodromal

question

Due to a genetic defect, an individual is unable to make T cytotoxic cells. Predict the most likely consequence.

answer

The person will not be able to adequately fight viral infections and infections caused by intracellular bacteria.

question

Which of the following is not caused by a protozoan?

answer

Cryptococcosis

question

Over the past 100 years, the number of deaths due to infectious disease has _______________ while the deaths due to metabolic diseases have _____________.

answer

decreased; increased

question

Endotoxin is released when

answer

Gram-negative pathogens lyse or divide.

question

The ectosymbionts of ruminant animals are useful to their hosts in which of the following ways?

answer

They digest the cellulose of plant cell walls. They produce most of the vitamins needed by the ruminant. Incorrect They convert glucose to organic acids.

question

While exotoxin production is most generally associated with Gram-positive bacteria, some Gram-negative bacteria also produce exotoxins.

answer

True

question

Dendritic cells are similar to cytokine-producing cells in that both bridge innate and adaptive immunity in the host.

answer

True

question

A __________ epidemic is characterized by a sharp rise to a peak then a rapid, but not as pronounced, decline in the number of individuals infected.

answer

common-source

question

Which of the following enables almost all cells of the body to be recognized by an individual's immune system as "self?"

answer

The presence of class I MHC molecules on cell surfaces

question

Escherichia coli O157:H7 is a major cause of hemorrhagic colitis in the United.States.

answer

True

question

In influenza virus, antigenic shift

answer

results from reassortment of genomes when two different strains of flu viruses infect the same cell and can result in major epidemics or pandemics.

question

Which of the following areas of the human body is(are) not normally free of microorganisms?

answer

Respiratory tract Intestinal tract Eyes

question

Which body defense is neutralized by the type III secretion system of Yersinia pestis?

answer

Phagocytes

question

What critical role is often played by pigs in the epidemiology of influenza virus?

answer

Pigs can become infected simultaneously with both human, avian, and swine varieties of influenza viruses, providing an opportunity for genetic recombination resulting in antigenic drift.

question

Which of the following antibodies is (are) involved in opsonization?

answer

Only IgG1 and IgG3

question

The shorter urethra in females is one reason why urinary tract infections are more common in females than in males.

answer

True

question

Two weeks following a hiking trip in which several ticks were noticed and numerous mosquitoes were biting, a 25-year-old man notices a rash shaped like a red ring on the back of his thigh. He was not concerned because he had no other symptoms. Three months later he noticed significant pain in his elbows and his knees. What is the most likely cause of his illness?

answer

Lyme disease

question

The term __________ refers to the degree or intensity of pathogenicity.

answer

virulence

question

Which of the following is a characteristic associated with secondary antibody responses?

answer

Shorter lag phase Higher antibody titer Higher antibody affinity

question

If a symbiont either harms or lives at the expense of another organism, the relationship is called _________.

answer

parasitism

question

The most common types of health-care-associated infections are

answer

urinary tract infections.

question

Lymphoid tissues are always highly organized cellular complexes.

answer

False

question

Consider the following hypothetical situation. Researchers doing influenza surveillance involving molecular analysis of recent isolates of the virus notice a major change in the H and N antigens. What is a likely outcome?

answer

The number of cases of influenza will increase significantly.

question

The characteristics of a pathogen that determine its virulence include which of the following?

answer

Pathogenicity Invasiveness Infectivity

question

Lysozyme is an enzyme that lyses _________.

answer

bacteria

question

In the host-parasite relationship, it is advantageous for the parasite to disable and kill its host as quickly as possible.

answer

False

question

The causative agent of bubonic plague is _________.

answer

Yersinia pestis

question

Why were the advent of metagenomics, and the application of molecular techniques such as single-cell and next-generation sequencing, important for defining a microbial relationship?

answer

Newer methods revealed that symbiotic relationships exist between a host and one to thousands or more microorganisms, challenging the former definition of a symbiotic relationship as one that occurs between a single microbe and its host.

question

Bacterial vaginosis may be the result of transfer from the rectum where the causative organisms usually reside in addition to occurring by means of sexual transmission.

answer

True

question

The only immunoglobulin class with members able to cross the placental barrier is _________.

answer

IgG

question

A patient develops a high fever due to a Gram-negative pathogen. Which of the following is a certain mediator of illness in this case?

answer

Endotoxin

question

Antigenic variation is common in influenza B and C but is rare in influenza A.

answer

False

question

What type of antibody is produced first after the initial exposure to antigen?

answer

IgM

question

Which of the following is not a biological effect associated with endotoxin?

answer

Paralysis

question

Acute viral gastroenteritis is the leading cause of death in

answer

children in developing countries.

question

If a strain of Neisseria gonorrhoeae is genetically altered such that it no longer has pili, predict how this might affect its virulence.

answer

It will be less able to establish infection because it won't be able to adhere to host tissue.

question

Humans acquire typhoid fever by

answer

ingesting water or food contaminated with feces.

question

Chlamydia trachomatis is the most prevalent single cause of blindness resulting from an infectious agent.

answer

True

question

Which of the following drug(s) is(are) used to treat tuberculosis?

answer

Isoniazid Ethambutol Pyrazinamide

question

What is the predominant symptom of staphylococcal food poisoning?

answer

Vomiting

question

The immunologic technique involving the transfer of proteins separated by electrophoresis to nitrocellulose sheets is _________.

answer

immunoblotting

question

During chronic inflammation when the macrophages are unable to protect the host from tissue damage, the body attempts to wall off and isolate the site by forming a _________.

answer

granuloma

question

The lungs are protected from microorganisms by

answer

the ciliated epithelial cells. lysozyme in mucus. phagocytic action of alveolar macrophages.

question

Recent research has demonstrated a correlation between the presence of certain types of Gram-positive bacteria in the human gut with obesity and type 2 diabetes. These findings best support which of the following statements?

answer

Normal microbiota may significantly impact human health and disease.

question

Over the past 100 years, the decrease in deaths due to infectious disease has been somewhat offset by an increase in death due to metabolic diseases.

answer

True

question

B cells are more effective than macrophages in presenting antigens to activate T cells when

answer

antigen concentrations are low.

question

Candida albicans is normally found in the vagina but does not usually cause disease because the acidic pH created by the lactobacilli prevents their overgrowth.

answer

True

question

__________ are the leading cause of health-care-associated diseases.

answer

Bacteria

question

What types of antigens are most susceptible to the action of precipitins?

answer

Soluble antigens

question

The lower respiratory tract has a normal microbiota.

answer

False

question

The rash associated with German measles is most likely caused by

answer

an immunological reaction to the virus.

question

Which is a primary reason that females are at greater risk of a urinary tract infection than are males?

answer

The urethra is shorter in women, therefore bacteria are closer in proximity to the bladder.

question

Which of the following prevents some bacteria from adhering to mucosal surfaces?

answer

IgA

question

The reactivated form of chickenpox is called _________.

answer

herpes zoster

question

Lactobacillus contributes to the antimicrobial defenses for the adult female reproductive tract by making lactic acid to lower the pH.

answer

True

question

Arthropod-borne encephalitis would show less seasonality in a tropical or subtropical climate than what is seen in a temperate climate.

answer

True

question

Botulinum antitoxin produced in a horse and given to a human suffering from botulism food poisoning is an example of

answer

artificially acquired passive immunity.

question

Which stage of syphilis is characterized by a skin rash?

answer

Secondary

question

Which of the following is not a category of symbiosis?

answer

Communalism

question

Several friends returned from a backpacking trip in a nearby state forest area and began to experience bouts of abdominal cramping, flatulence, and severe diarrhea with greasy, fatty stools. What is the most likely cause?

answer

Giardiasis

question

Dendritic cells

answer

are capable of recognizing specific pathogen-associated molecular patterns and play an important role in nonspecific resistance.

question

__________ formation begins with the initial colonization of the pellicle by Streptococcus gordonii, S. oralis, and S. mitis.

answer

Plaque

question

Identity confirmation of Yersinia pestis by advanced laboratory techniques can be carried out in almost any hospital clinical laboratory.

answer

False

question

In tuberculosis, when a caseous lesion calcifies, it is called a _________.

answer

Ghon complex

question

Which of the following is not associated with genital herpes?

answer

Cervical cancer

question

Which of the following drugs is (are) effective against cold sores?

answer

Valcyclovir and acyclovir

question

Lymphocytes are comprised of which of the following cell types?

answer

T cells B cells NK cells

question

Large-scale screening of blood for the hepatitis B virus uses an assay designed to detect

answer

viral surface antigens.

question

Complement-mediated lysis is achieved by

answer

entry of lysozyme into Gram-negative bacteria.

question

Consider the possibility of a mutation occurring in a strain of avian influenza virus which enables the bird-specific strain to readily infect humans. Such a mutation would most likely result in changes within the _________.

answer

HA protein

question

Koplik's spots are small red lesions with a white center that form in the mouth and are associated with _________.

answer

measles

question

Consider the transplantation of tissue from a donor to a recipient who has a different HLA type but the same ABO blood type. Why will the recipient be likely to reject a kidney from the donor, but will not reject the blood from the donor?

answer

There are no Class I MHC molecules on the red blood cells in the donor blood.

question

Class II major histocompatibility complex molecules are found on all of the following types of cells EXCEPT _________.

answer

red blood cells

question

Which of the following remain in the blood circulation rather than taking up residence in other tissues?

answer

Neutrophils

question

Pelvic inflammatory disease may result from infection with ________.

answer

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

question

Gonorrhea, a sexually transmitted disease, is an acute infection of the mucous membranes of the ________.

answer

genitourinary tract conjunctiva rectum

question

Warts or verrucae are caused by the papillomaviruses.

answer

true

question

Antibodies

answer

both can bind to an immunogen and can target the immunogen for destruction.

question

Which of the following characteristics distinguished T cells from B cells?

answer

B cells produce immunoglobulin while T cells do not.

question

The term "sexually transmitted infection" is more accurate than "sexually transmitted disease" because it is a sexually transmitted pathogen may colonize host tissues without causing further damage to the host.

answer

true

question

Because LPS is bound to the surface of bacteria, it is called a(n) __________.

answer

endotoxin

question

From which of the following body sites would you expect to isolate Staphylococcus, Propionibacterium, Streptococcus and Corynebacterium as the primary colonizing microbiota?

answer

Skin

question

Anthrax is a highly infectious disease of animals that can be transmitted to humans who come in direct contact with infected animals or their products.

answer

True

question

The major histocompatibility complex directs the production of proteins called

answer

both class I and class II.

question

Which of the following is not usually involved with the spread of staphylococci?

answer

Sexual intercourse

question

Which of the following is the typical mode of transmission for hepatitis C?

answer

Contaminated blood and blood products

question

Most organisms that cause health-care-associated infections come from endogenous sources.

answer

False

question

Precautions that can be taken by individuals to prevent travel-related infectious diseases include

answer

wash hands with soap and water frequently and get or update vaccinations appropriate for specific destinations.

question

All of the following are components of the mammalian host immune system EXCEPT _________.

answer

antigens.

question

Dried pigeon droppings are a potential source of infection with ________.

answer

Cryptococcus neoformans

question

A major cause of blindness in the United States that results from the HSV 1 virus is ___________ ___________.

answer

herpetic keratitis

question

Vaccines using inactivated pathogens do not stimulate cell-mediated immunity as effectively as vaccines using attenuated pathogens.

answer

True

question

Cytotoxic T lymphocytes are distinguished from other lymphocytes by the presence of _________.

answer

CD8

question

All strains of Staphylcoccus aureus can produce food poisoning.

answer

false

question

During phagocytosis, signs and symptoms of illness peak following phagolysosome formation if the pathogen is Gram-positive.

answer

False

question

Thrush in a newborn's oral cavity becomes less frequent as the infant ages. What is the most likely reason for this? Multiple Choice

answer

The acquisition of normal microbiota prevents the overgrowth of yeast.

question

The humoral immune response defends against _________.

answer

bacteria bacterial toxins viruses

question

Leishmania donovani causes

answer

visceral leishmaniasis.

question

Which is the correct order of events during the inflammatory response?

answer

Vasodilation, margination, diapedesis, phagocytosis

question

he inhalation of cigarette smoke and similar pollutants has a gradual effect on cilia lining the respiratory tract, first causing the beating to slow and eventually stop. How does this change in cilia most directly impact the resistance mechanisms of the host?

answer

Innate host immunity due to mechanical barrier protection would be lost

question

Which of the following is the most notable symptom of infection with Norovirus?

answer

Vomiting

question

Mycobacterial infections in AIDS patients are mostly likely to be caused by ________.

answer

Mycobacterium avium complex

question

Consider the links in the chain of infection. Which of the links is broken when the susceptible members of the population are immunized?

answer

Susceptibility

question

Pathogenic staphylococci inhibit neutrophil chemotaxis, phagocytosis, and the action of vancomycin by the production of _________.

answer

slime

question

Penicillin is a good example of a hapten.

answer

true

question

Bacteria in biofilms are often more difficult to treat with antibiotics than planktonic bacteria.

answer

True

question

Each antigen has one antigenic determinant site or epitope.

answer

false

question

The AIDS virus becomes established in cells bearing the __________ receptor.

answer

CD4

question

Type III hypersensitivity conditions such as arthritis involve

answer

the formation of immune complexes.

question

In the primary stage of syphilis, the initial symptom is a small, painless, reddened ulcer called a __________.

answer

chancre

question

Lyme disease is spread from human to human by mosquito vectors.

answer

false

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