question

polymorphism

answer

the occurrence of something in different forms among the members of a population or colony, or in the life cycle of an individual organism

question

- Pleiotropy
- Epistasis
- Linkage

answer

Factors affecting independence and F2 ratios

question

Pleiotropy

answer

one locus affects more than one trait
eg White cat= WW or Ww
W allele also causes deafness

question

Epistasis

answer

alleles at one locus affect the expression of alleles at a different locus
eg. coat colour in labs

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linkage

answer

two or more loci are on the same chromosome

question

Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

answer

seen in a LARGE, RANDOM MATING population in the ABSENCE of MIGRATION, MUTATION, and SELECTION

question

different

answer

Do sex chromosomes have an equilibrium SIMILAR or DIFFERENT from Hardy-Weinberg?

question

Female: ZW or Z-
Male: ZZ

answer

In Birds, which of these sex chromosomes are male? Which are femaleZW ZZ Z-

question

Sex Limited Inheritance

answer

phenotypes can only be observed in one sex

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Sex Influenced Inheritance

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heterozygotes express one phenotype in a certain sex and another in the other sex
eg. male pattern baldness: B1B2 = baldness in male, but normal for females

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Imprinted Genes

answer

genes that are only expressed if they are inherited from one parent or the other

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- Migration
- Selection
- in the very long term -> Mutation

answer

Things that change allele frequency:

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Variability

answer

What changes when allele frequencies change?

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Migration

answer

the movement of alleles from one population to another

question

Selection

answer

the process that determines which individuals become the parents in the next generation

question

Natural Selection

answer

Bottlenecks, evolution, extinction, and environmental factors are examples of what kind of selection?

question

Bottleneck

answer

an incidence that has caused the population to shrink significantly, after this major population drop, the population either adapts and recovers

question

Artificial Selection

answer

humans deciding for plants and animals, and goal oriented reasons (eg. appearance or productivity) are examples of what kind of selection?

question

Qualitative Traits

answer

these traits are controlled by one or a few loci and have discrete phenotypes (eg. eye colour)

question

Quantitative Traits

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these traits are controlled by multiple loci and usually have continuous phenotypes (height, weight)

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Polygenic Trait

answer

another name for a trait controlled by multiple loci

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Variance

answer

a measure of how much variability there is within a population for a certain trait

question

- Genotype
- Environment

answer

Variability in the phenotype comes from:

question

Heritability is high & the parents and progeny have more similar phenotypes

answer

If a trait has a strong genetic influence from parents, then heritability is:

question

Heritability is low & the parents and progeny may differ more

answer

if a trait has a weak genetic influence from parents, then heritability is:

question

Traits that are HIGH

answer

height, weight, and growth are heritability traits that are

(High/Medium/Low)

question

Traits that are MEDIUM

answer

milk production, some behaviours, and racing speed are heritability traits that are

(High/Medium/Low)

question

Traits that are LOW

answer

health, fitness, and reproduction are heritability traits that are

(High/Medium/Low)

question

Behaviour

answer

a reaction to stimuli, external or internal, that can alter an organism's response to its environment

question

The Nervous System

answer

much of the study of behaviour in genetics focuses on the development, structure, and function of what?

question

Geotaxis

answer

the movement toward or away from gravity

question

Microarrays

answer

these things make it possible to measure changes in hundreds or thousands of genes in a single experiment

question

Na/K pump

answer

The movement of an impulse in the nervous system down a neuron is powered by:

question

Huntington's Disease

answer

inherited as an autosomal dominant disease that affects the development, structure, or function of the brain

question

10

answer

Approximately how many years after onset of does one succumb to Huntington's disease

question

Heterozygous

answer

You would expect a person with an autosomal dominant disease to be:
(Heterozygous/Homozygous)

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Schizophrenia

answer

There is a large impact of pleiotropy and epigenetic effects on this disease

question

They are affected by 100s of genes

answer

Are autism and schizophrenia affected by one major gene? or 100s of genes

question

Schizophrenia

answer

When one sees deletions in copy number variations the person with a disease (either autism or schizophrenia) is more likely to have:

question

Autism

answer

When one sees duplications in copy number variations the person with a disease (either autism or schizophrenia) is more likely to have:

question

Population

answer

a group of individuals with a common set of genes that lives in the same geographic area and actively, or potentially interbreeds

question

Heterozygosity

answer

Most populations contain an increased degree of (heterozygosity/homozygosity)

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Domestication

answer

The removal of undesirable traits and breeding for desired ones

question

mutation and genetic drift

answer

some major genetic variation is expected simply as a result of

question

Natural Selection

answer

ants and bees having specific tasks in their colonies for who can carry each of the tasks accordingly
this is an example of

question

- Directional
- Stabilizing
- Disruptive

answer

the three different types of selection for complex traits are:

question

Directional Selection

answer

in this type of selection, phenotypes at one of the spectrum get selected for or against, usually as a result of changes in the environment
eg. beak size in finches increased during dry years

question

Stabilizing Selection

answer

in this type of selection, intermediate types are favoured and both extreme phenotypes are selected against

question

Disruptive Selection

answer

in this type of selection, both phenotypic extremes are selected for, and the intermediates are selected against

question

TRUE

answer

mutation is the only process that creates new alleles in a gene pool
TRUE or FALSE

question

FALSE

answer

mutation by itself plays a highly significant role in changing allele frequencies
TRUE of FALSE

question

Genetic Drift

answer

This occurs when the number of reproducing individuals in a population is too small to ensure that all the alleles in the gene pool will be passed to the next generation in their existing frequencies

question

TRUE

answer

A large population consists of 100 or more individuals
TRUE or FALSE

question

Founder Effect (a type of Genetic Drift)

answer

This occurs when a population originates from a small number of individuals whose gene pool may not reflect that of the larger population from which the founders are drawn

question

TRUE

answer

Genetic drift can arise from population bottleneck
TRUE or FALSE

question

FALSE
it only changes the genotype frequency

answer

Non-random mating changes genotype frequency and allele frequency
TRUE or FALSE

question

Positive Assortive Mating (form of non-random mating)

answer

similar genotypes are most likely to mate than dissimilar ones
eg. Humans tend to be attracted to others who look like themselves

question

Negative Assortive Mating (form of non-random mating)

answer

dissimilar genotypes are more likely to mate than similar ones
eg. a cow with bad feet and legs will be mated to a bull with good feet and legs

question

Inbreeding

answer

mating among closely related individuals

question

Inbreeding

answer

this increases the proportion of homozygotes in a population

question

Species

answer

A group of actually or potentially interbreeding organisms that is reproductively isolated in nature from all other such groups

question

Speciation

answer

the formation of a new species

question

Reproductive Isolating Mechanisms

answer

the biological barriers that prevent or reduce interbreeding between populations

question

- Prezygotic Isolating Mechanisms
- Postzygotic Isolating Mechanisms

answer

What are the two types of reproductive isolating mechanisms

question

Prezygotic Isolating Mechanisms

answer

This reproductive isolating mechanism prevents mating from taking place, gametes most likely won't ever meet

question

Postzygotic Isolating Mechanisms

answer

This reproductive isolating mechanism creates a non viable zygote, either resulting in weakness, sterility, or both

question

Phylogeny

answer

the evolutionary history of a species

question

TRUE

answer

Neanderthals and modern humans coexisted
TRUE or FALSE

question

FALSE
we have a common ancestor but Neanderthals were a separate hominid line

answer

Neanderthals are of the same hominid as modern humans
TRUE or FALSE

question

- Deliberate hunting and harvesting
- Habitat destruction
- Accidental or deliberate introduction of invasive species
- Climate change

answer

Humans are accelerating the rate of species extinction, directly or indirectly due to:

question

Conservation Genetics

answer

looks to maintaining and restoring population viability

question

- Interspecific diversity
- Intraspecific diversity

answer

Genetic biodiversity can be split into two levels:

question

Interspecific diversity

answer

the number of different species, this varies in diverse ecosystems

question

Intraspecific Diversity

answer

the diversity within a species

question

- Intrapopulation diversity
- Interpopulation diversity

answer

the two types of intraspecific diversity are:

question

Intrapopulation diversity

answer

genetic variation occuring in individuals within a single population

question

Interpopulation diversity

answer

variation occurring between different populations of the same species

question

Naturally Rare species

answer

species that are naturally small in numbers, especially those who survive in unusual habitats

question

Newly Rare species

answer

species whose numbers decline due to some sort of pressure

question

- Genetic Drift
- Inbreeding
- Gene Flow

answer

Small population (<100) can quickly become vulnerable to factors that increase the risk of extinction, these factors include:

question

Gene Flow

answer

this occurs by dispersal of gametes or by migration and is an important mechanism for introducing new alleles to a gene pool and increasing genetic variation

question

Migration

answer

What is the main route for gene flow in animals?

question

Cross-pollination and seed dispersal

answer

How does gene flow occur in plants?

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