Mastering Geology: Ch. 3 Matter and Minerals – Flashcards
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Regardless of their size, most rocks are made up of __________.
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minerals
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Minerals must be solid, have an orderly atomic structure, have a recognized chemical composition, be naturally occurring, and __________.
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be generally inorganic in origin
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A scientist creates diamonds using high-pressure laboratory experiments. These diamonds are not considered minerals because which of the following requirements has been violated?
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Minerals must occur naturally.
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Which of the following is a mineral? Plastic Ice Charcoal Water Granite
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Ice
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Why glass is not considered a mineral?
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Glass has a disorderly atomic structure.
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Which of the below statements accurately describes the components of an atom?
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Protons, which have a positive charge, and neutrons, which have no charge, occupy the nucleus. Negatively charged electrons orbit the nucleus in shells.
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Refer to the periodic table of the elements to help you answer this question. If the number of protons in an electrically neutral atom is 92 and its mass number is 238, what is the name of that element, its number of electrons, and number of neutrons?
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Uranium, 92 electrons and 146 neutrons
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What is the particular significance of valence electrons?
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Valence electrons form chemical bonds between atoms by being transferred or shared.
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How does an atom become a positive or a negative ion?
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An atom becomes a positive ion by losing an election; it becomes a negative ion by gaining an electron.
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Ionic Bond
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one atom gives up one or more valence electrons to another atom.
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Covalent Bond
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chemical bonds created by sharing a pair of electrons between atoms.
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Metallic Bond
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valence electrons are free to move from one atom to another so all atoms share available valence electrons, creating an electron "sea".
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Hybrid Bond
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incomplete transfer of electrons that results in atoms partially transferring and partially sharing electrons.
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Correctly complete the following sentence using the terms in the lists below: ____ is the chemical name of the mineral ____, which is secreted by most marine organisms. This makes up the rock ____.
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calcium carbonate, calcite, limestone
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Which of the following is not one of the three primary ways minerals can form? Crystallization of molten material Precipitation Hybridization Biological Processes
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Hybridization
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Which mineral property is the least useful for identifying minerals, and why?
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Color is the least useful property for identification, as the same mineral type can be found in several different colors due to impurities in the mineral.
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Gold has a specific gravity of almost 20. A 5-gallon bucket of water weighs 40 pounds. How much would a 5-gallon bucket of gold weigh?
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800 pounds
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What is the tenacity of a mineral, and how can it be described?
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Tenacity is the mineral's resistance to breaking, bending, or otherwise deforming. A mineral's tenacity can be described as brittle, elastic, malleable, or sectile.
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Which of the following best describes the term cleavage?
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Cleavage is the splitting of minerals along natural planes of weakness.
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What causes a lack of cleavage in some minerals?
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Bonds of equal strength in all directions
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Which of the following exhibits three sets of cleavage at 90° angles?
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Galena
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Hornblende has _____ cleavage planes at _____ angles.
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two; non-90°
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Quartz exhibits __________.
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conchoidal fracture
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What is luster?
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the quality of light reflected from a mineral's surface
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A mineral's streak is _________.
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the color of the mineral in powdered form
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The addition of which of the following will control a mineral's color?
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Trace elements
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Why will an iron-rich olivine have a higher density than a magnesium-rich olivine?
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Iron has a greater atomic mass than magnesium and therefore is heavier.
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________ states that the angles between equivalent faces of crystals of the same mineral are always the same.
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The law of constancy of interfacial angles
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Polymorphs are minerals that will have two identical mineral structures, but different chemical compositions.
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False
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What are the six common nonsilicate mineral groups?
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oxides, native elements, carbonates, halides, sulfides, sulfates
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Only eight elements make up the vast majority of rock-forming minerals. Which of the following elements is not one of the eight? Oxygen Potassium Iron Hydrogen
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Hydrogen
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Which statement correctly describes rock-forming minerals and economic minerals?
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Rock-forming minerals consist of a few types of minerals that are abundant in Earth's crust, whereas economic minerals are less abundant and are used extensively in the manufacture of products.
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What are the two most abundant elements in Earth's crust?
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Oxygen and silicon
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What minerals make up half of Earth's crust?
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Feldspars
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What is an accurate description of the silicon-oxygen tetrahedron?
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The silicon-oxygen tetrahedron is a four-sided figure with a silicon atom in the middle bonded to four neighboring oxygen atoms.
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The micas (biotite and muscovite) exhibit what type of silicate structure?
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Sheet
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__________ SiO4 4- tetrahedra join with __________ ions to produce the mineral olivine in the rock peridotite.
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Independent; Mg2+ and Fe2+
