Mastering Biology Chapter 12 – Flashcards
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Which of the following choices best defines "recombinant DNA technology"? A). combining alternate alleles on the same chromosome B). an independent assortment of alternate alleles C). cloning genes from homologous pairs of chromosomes D). combining genes from different species E). manipulated crossing over
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D). Combining genes from different species.
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When plasmids, which are small, circular, bacterial, DNA molecules, are used to transfer foreign DNA to other cells, the plasmid is called a _____. B). vector C). repetitive DNA D). transgenic organism E). genetic marker
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B). Vector
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The term "restriction fragments" refers to __________. A). pieces of DNA that have been cut into different lengths B). the type of plasmid used in this technique C). nucleic acid probes D). the absolute length of DNA fragments E). the fact that only very few sources of DNA produce fragments when cut up by enzymes
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A). Pieces of DNA that have been cut into different lengths.
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Which enzyme "pastes" DNA fragments together? A). transformation enzyme B). nuclease enzyme C). DNA polymerase D). restriction enzyme E). DNA ligase
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E). DNA ligase
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In recombinant DNA experiments, _____ is used to cut pieces of DNA and _____ joins the resulting fragments to form recombinant DNA. A). a reverse transcriptase ... a plasmid B). a plasmid ... DNA ligase C). a restriction enzyme ... DNA ligase D). DNA ligase ... a restriction enzyme E). a reverse transcriptase ... a restriction enzyme
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C). A restriction enzyme... DNA ligase
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A nucleic acid probe can be used to __________. A). cut pieces of DNA down to manageable size B). find a particular nucleotide sequence within a large segment of DNA C). make DNA for gene cloning D). splice pieces of DNA E). insert genes into a host cell
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B). Find a particular nucleotide sequence within a large segment of DNA.
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Putting a human gene into the plasmids of bacteria has enabled scientists to __________. A). insert the corrected gene into patients who have certain genetic disorders B). use bacteria as "factories" for protein products such as insulin C). identify carriers of genetic diseases D). match DNA found at a crime scene to a suspect's DNA E). use these bacteria to mass-produce mRNA for certain genes
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B). Use bacteria as "factories" for protein products such as insulin.
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Which of the following would be considered a transgenic organism? A). a human given a corrected human blood-clotting gene B). a rat with rabbit hemoglobin genes C). a human treated with insulin produced by E. coli bacteria D). a bacterium that has received genes via conjugation E). a fern grown in cell culture from a single fern root cell
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B). A rat with rabbit hemoglobin genes
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Much of genetic engineering uses plasmids, which are __________. A). small circlets of DNA found in bacteria B). ends of cut DNA molecules that are "sticky" because they have unpaired base sequences C). repeating sequences that protect DNA from digestion when it is inserted into a foreign cell D). segments of RNA that must be attached to DNA before the DNA can replicate E). infectious proteins
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A). Small circlets of DNA found in bacteria.
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When a restriction enzyme cuts a DNA molecule, the cuts are staggered so that the DNA fragments have single-stranded ends. This is important in recombinant DNA work because __________. A). the single-stranded ends serve as starting points for DNA replication B). it enables researchers to use the fragments as introns C). only single-stranded DNA segments can code for proteins D). it allows a cell to recognize fragments produced by the enzyme E). the fragments will bond to other fragments with complementary single-stranded ends
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E). The fragments will bond to other fragments with complementary sing-stranded ends.
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DNA used in recombinant DNA techniques is first cut into fragments by __________. A). treatment with a strong acid or base B). enzymes called ligases C). X-rays D). restriction enzymes E). treatment with DNA polymerase
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D). Restriction enzymes.
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What is gene cloning? A). Gene cloning is the direct transfer of DNA from one bacterium to another. B). Gene cloning occurs when DNA is produced from an RNA template. C). Gene cloning occurs when a bacterium takes up DNA from the surrounding fluid. D). Gene cloning occurs when a bacteriophage transfers bacterial DNA from one bacterium to another. E). Gene cloning occurs when a bacterium carrying a recombinant plasmid reproduces, followed by further reproductions, thus making multiple copies of the recombinant plasmid.
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E). Gene cloning occurs when a bacterium carrying a recombinant plasmid reproduces, followed by further reproductions, thus making multiple copies of the recombinant plasmid.
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In a PCR reaction, the strands of DNA are first separated by ___. A). adding alcohol B). heating C). treatment with a strong base D). treatment with an acid
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B). Heating
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When is PCR particularly applicable? A). When speed is important but accuracy is not B). When there are large quantities of DNA to analyze C). When there are small quantities of DNA to analyze D). When the accuracy is important, but speed is not
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C). When there are small quantities of DNA to analyze.
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What is the correct sequence of events that occur in a PCR reaction? A). separation of DNA strands; addition of primers; use of DNA polymerase to produce second strand of DNA B). addition of primers; use of DNA polymerase to produce second strand of DNA; DNA strand separation C). separation of DNA strands; use of DNA polymerase to produce a second strand of DNA; addition of primers D). use of DNA polymerase to produce a second strand of DNA; separation of DNA strands; addition of primer
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A). Separation of DNA strands; addition of primers; use of DNA polymerase to produce second strand of DNA.
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DNA polymerase is a heat-sensitive enzyme. What is one thing that would need to be considered concerning the activity of this enzyme in PCR when the temperature is heated during each cycle to separate the DNA strands? A). that the primers might not work B). that the DNA strands might melt C). that the DNA polymerase could be denatured
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C). That the DNA polymerase could be denatured.
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A nucleic acid probe is frequently used to __________. A). make exact copies of DNA sequences B). produce a large amount of DNA from a small amount C). make DNA from RNA D). clone genes E). identify genes that have been inserted into bacterial plasmids or genes that have been separated by gel electrophoresis
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E). Identify genes that have been inserted into bacterial plasmids or genes that have been separated by gel electrophoresis.
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DNA profiling, a forensic procedure now being utilized to identify individuals, __________. A). compares the DNA banding patterns of chromosomes in residues left by fingerprints B). is as good as actual fingerprints in recognizing individuals C). can identify single individuals out of groups as large as one million individuals D). compares the DNA banding patterns of entire chromosomes E). compares the DNA banding patterns of small segments of chromosomes
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E). Compares the DNA banding of small segments of chromosomes.
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DNA profiles used as evidence in a murder trial look something like supermarket bar codes. The pattern of bars in a DNA profile shows __________. A). the order of genes along particular chromosomes B). the presence of dominant or recessive alleles for particular traits C). the exact location of a specific gene in a genomic library D). the order of bases in a particular gene E). the presence of various-size fragments of DNA
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E). The presence of various-size fragments of DNA.
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Which technique can copy, or clone, a piece of DNA? A). recombinant DNA B). chromatography C). polymerase chain reaction D). DNA sequencing E). gel electrophoresis
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C). Polymerase chain reaction.
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Electrophoresis is used to __________. A). match a gene with its function B). amplify small DNA samples to obtain enough for analysis C). separate fragments of DNA D). cut DNA into fragments E). clone genes
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C). Separate fragments of DNA.
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DNA fingerprinting works well as a forensic tool because __________. A). the DNA does not have to be amplified B). the two samples from the same individual would produce different restriction fragments C). of the genetic code D). two different samples of DNA can be shown to be from the same individual E). the two samples from the same individual have different genetic markers
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D). Two different samples of DNA can be shown to be from the same individual.
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Most of human DNA consists of __________. A). sex chromosomes B). noncoding regions C). genes for transfer RNA (tRNA) D). genes for ribosomal RNA (rRNA) E). genes for proteins
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B). Noncoding regions.
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The main goal of the Human Genome Project (HGP) was to __________. A). develop new technologies for studying DNA B). compare the genomes of a large number of individuals from different parts of the world C). determine the nucleotide sequence of the entire human genome and map all the human genes D). map and sequence the genomes of important research organisms such as Drosophila melanogaster E). find cures for human genetic disorders
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C). Determine the nucleotide sequence of the entire human genome and map all the human genes.
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Genomics may eventually provide information for treatment of disease __________. A). with drugs that are currently ineffective B). related to cancer C). based on the genetic makeup of each patient D). using gefitinib, a chemotherapy drug E). of the lungs
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C). Based on the genetic makeup of each patient.
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Gene therapy involves __________. A). replacing organs affected with genetic disorders by transplants B). no serious ethical questions C). adding a functioning version of the defective gene to the cells of an individual D). treatment with drugs that mutate genes E). allowing individuals to follow the natural progression of a genetic disorder, accompanied by psychological counseling, then treating with drugs only when the condition becomes life-threatening
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C). Adding a functioning version of the defective gene to the cells of an individual.
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The human Y chromosome can be used to provide data about recent human evolution because __________. A). the Y chromosome passes essentially intact from father to son B). it determines the sex of the fetus C). it results in haploid regions of the X chromosome D). it is shorter than the X chromosome E). it supports the theory of the three fundamental domains of life
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A). The Y chromosome passes essentially intact from father to son.
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Which of the following is an example of a transgenic organism? A). Dolly, the cloned sheep B). a "test-tube" baby produced via in vitro fertilization C). a bacterium with human gene for producing insulin D). a bacterium found with a plasmid that provides protection against an antibiotic
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C). A bacterium with human gene for producing insulin.
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Restriction enzymes __________________________. A). bind DNA together at specific nucleotide sequences B). copy DNA C). cut DNA at specific nucleotide sequences D). restrict access to the DNA of a cell
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C). Cut DNA at specific nucleotide sequences.
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The process of accurately amplifying a sample of DNA is called __________________________. A). recombinant DNA B). short tandem repeats C). the polymerase chain reaction D). gel electrophoresis
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C). The polymerase chain reaction.
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Gel electrophoresis separates pieces of DNA based on _________. A). sequence B). size C). quantity D). charge
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B). Size
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A supplemental appendix is to a book as a ____________ is to a bacterial chromosome. A). restriction enzyme B). bacterium C). genetically modified organism D). plasmid
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D). Plasmid.
