Marriage and Family Therapy Study – Flashcards

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According to Bowen _________ is automatic, instinctive, physiological reactions designed to preserve, protect, and procreate
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emotion
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According to Bowen __________ are the meanings we give to our emotions through social interaction.
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feelings
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an individuals ability to move freely between intellectual and emotional systems is called?
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Internal process
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External process
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an individuals ability to remain separate while staying connected from others
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Which model wants to reduce anxiety through separation of thought and emotions?
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Bowen
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When there is anxiety in a relationship and individual may distance or move away form a person to avoid discomfort is known as:
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emotional distance
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When anxiety increases in a relationship the individuals try to externalize by controlling them or resisting influence and control from the other
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marital conflict
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When an individual in conflict with another always yields to that persons desires and overtime this can lead to psychological, physical, or social dysfunction
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Dysfunction in a person
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The spouses focus their anxieties on one or more of their children. The more the parents focus on the child the more the child focuses on them and they become more reactive to anxiety and sensitive to tensions.
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Impairment of child
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This process follows three steps: (1) the parent focuses on a child out of fear that something is wrong with the child; (2) the parent interprets the child's behavior as confirming the fear; and (3) the parent treats the child as if something is really wrong with the child.
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Family Projection Process
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_________ refers to the relational behaviors and genetics that get passed down to successive generations shape an individuals "self" This effects on some level who you might date and marry to how your will raise your children etc. The past influences the present.
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Multigenerational transmission process
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Which theory believes that relative birth order is significant in determining specific characteristics?
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Bowen
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Societal emotional process in Bowen
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Emotional systems exist at all levels - families, society, work, social organizations etc. The same dynamics that are expressed in families can be expressed in large organizations or in relation to organizational entities.
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Bob (45) and Marianne (38) argue about what is the proper age for their daughter Jill (14) to begin dating. Jill hears the fighting and enters the room. Marianne draws Jill into the argument to side with her against Bob. From a Bowen Systems perspective, what has occurred?
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Traingling
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The following therapist is most associated with multigenerational process of psychopathology
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Bowen
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Anita (23) has had a conflictual relationship with her mother, Sarah (43) throughout her teens. She was rebellious and angry with her mother much of the time. Sarah is a single mother and very anxious about her daughter, so much so that she frequently screamed and used inappropriate punishments in an attempt to get her daughter to "behave". After Anita left home for college, she rarely wrote or called home and only visited on holidays. Now that she has graduated, she took a job several states away from her hometown and continues her pattern of not phoning or calling. A Bowenian therapist would say that Anita is engaged in
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Emotional Cutoff
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The role of the therapist is Bowenian therapy is that of
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Coach
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Mary's mother often calls her during the week to complain about the behavior of her father. Usually, Mary is highly sympathetic and supportive of her mother's complaints and becomes and remains angry at her father for sometime following the call. After attending therapy with a Bowenian therapist, however, Mary responded to her mother's next complaining phone call with the following statement, That sounds like something really important that dad needs to know. Have you talked about this with him? Mary is attempting to do what in Bowenian terms?
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Detriangling
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This major model developer believed that, in order for a therapist to remain detached, neutral, and non-anxious with clients, he or she must lower their level of reactivity to their own family of origin. Who was the model developer?
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Murray Bowen
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This theoretical concept states that normal development should entail a degree of emotional separation from family of origin while remaining in relationship with them. In addition, an individual should be able to separate emotions from cognitions. What is this concept?
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Differentiation
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An assessment tool that a therapist can use to map out family relationships.
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Genogram
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According to Contextual Family Therapy, each family member earns this concept through the accumulation of care and concerns toward others.
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merit
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Sandy's parents divorced when she was 10 years old, and her mother went through a depression. Consequently, Sandy often was responsible for the care of her 7 year old brother as well as seeing to family meals and other household chores. Her mother often confided in her about her feelings and interacted with her more like an older sister than her mother. When Sandy became a young adult, her mother, who had recovered somewhat, was surprised to find how irresponsibly Sandy conducted her life and how angry she seemed. According to Bozormenyi-Nagy, Sandy's behavior is an example of
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Destructive entitlement
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This model is an intergenerational model that looks at patterns of trustworthiness, loyalties, fairness, and entitlement.
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Contextual
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A term used to describe what one has coming to him.
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Entitlement
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A psychological accounting system that is maintained over generations and includes information about what has been given to whom and who still owes something to someone else.
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ledger
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Bill (50) and Alexandria (43) present for therapy because their son Ralph (13) has developed school phobia. The phobia emerged after a trial separation between Bill and Alexandria. Bill moved back into the home when it became apparent that the only way to get Ralph to attend school was with both parents working together to help him. From Bozormenyi-Nagy's perspective, this is an example of
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invisible loyalties
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Occurs when parents create a situation in which a child must offer loyalty to only one parent at the cost of loyalty to the other parent. Or when a parent and grandparents expect the child to join them in opposition of the other parent.
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Split loyalty
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Refers to the expectations that are handed down from previous generations.
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legacy
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Clinical stance that therapists are accountable to everyone whose well being is potentially affected by their intervention. Requires keeping channels open among all family members.
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mutildirectional partiality
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The legacy, for good or ill, that patterns shall be repeated, against unavailing struggle, from one generation to the next.
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revolving slate
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Contextual Family Therapy says that there are 4 important dimensions that are at work in the family. What are they?
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1. Facts 2. Individual Psychology 3. Family or Systemic Interactions 4. Relational Ethics
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In contextual therapy this dimension deals with the subjective balance of justice and determines relational trustworthiness
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Relational Ethics
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The role of the therapist in Contextual therapy ?
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directive expert
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In contextual therapy this dimension deals with patterns within relationships. Things like hierarchy and laws within the family or societal elements that affect relationships.
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Family or Systemic Interactions
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In contextual therapy this dimension describes the process which you develop your view of self, others, and the world which develop your personality.
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Individual Psychology
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The founder of contextual therapy?
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Ivan Boszormenyi-Nagy
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The therapists ability to create emotional connectedness with clients loss, pain, grief etc. is?
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empathy
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Deals with the therapists acknowledging of unfairness, violations, and imbalance that a client is experiencing.
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crediting
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This technique emphasizes the attempts and contributions that a client has made in a relationship.
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Acknowledgement
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This is holding the clients responsible for their behavior in the relationships.
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accountability
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Preservation of long-term, oscillating balance among family members.
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fairness
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A contextual therapist will frequently attempt to help a client see the positive intent and intergenerational loyalty issues behind even the most destructive behaviors of previous generations. this concept is known as
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exoneration
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This theory focus on the here and now experiences, playfulness, humor, intuition, spontaneity and personal growth. It is experience, not education that changes families.
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Symbolic experiential
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1st stage of treatment in symbolic experiential; starts with phone call, establish tone/structure, learning about problem; therapist is active agent or foster mother who is aware of his/her own personal experience
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battle for structure
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2nd stage of treatment in symbolic experiential ; shift responsibility of therapy to family, play and humor, increase anxiety, strong therapeutic alliance, therapist is joined but begin to disconnect
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battle for initiative
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3rd stage of treatment in symbolic experiential; push clients to talk about pain behind pain, therapist uses double meanings and confusion, help reshape the symbols
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trial of labor
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4th stage of treatment in symbolic experiential; therapist begin to disengage, family begins asking questions of system/themselves, use play/humor/spontaneity to make families more flexible and adaptable to change, and assume responsibility for one's own actions; acknowledge change
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termination
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__________ is a symptom of growth and often the identified patient is the healthiest member of the family.
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Pathology
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In what theory is marriage a third entity,is greater than all the other parts, believes people choose spouses based on core values and beliefs, that marriage is both legally and emotionally binding, and that couples must learn to be adaptive and flexible to grow?
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Symbolic Experiential
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What is the role of the therapist in experiential family therapy?
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participates fully
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The main goal of this theory is to focus on experiencing the process of therapy to produce change
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Experiential Family Therapy
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The use of ___________ help families experience their reality and it is helpful for the therapist to understand how families use them to help reshape them.
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symbols
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A symptom carrier for family dysfunction or pathology is often referred to as
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the scapegoat
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This describes the therapists emotional connections to the family including their own beliefs and family of origin issues.
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countertransference
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Ambivalence about change or the belief that a couple or family's solutions for the current symptoms are the best solutions.
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resistance
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________ allows a person to not be construed by socially accepted realities and allows the therapist to be more spontaneous and symbolic. It has characteristics of irrelevant and paradoxical thoughts and actions.
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craziness
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_________ is a symbolic way to disrupt family patterns and reshape symbols. You up the anxiety or challenge to make families rely on their own strengths.
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confusion
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The therapist may encourage the sharing of ________ to learn how they handle life and gain access to the symbolic world.
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fantasy
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This is the central concept of symbolic experiential theory and it refers to both small changes or far reaching changes.
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growth
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The leader of symbolic experiential therapy used spontaneity, confusion, and increased anxiety to bring about growth in a family.
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Carl Whitaker
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The leaders of human validation experiential therapy?
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Virginia Satir
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Which experiential model is based on the premise that to achieve change in one's life, everyone has to have basic needs and yearnings fulfilled to accomplish inner peace?
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Human validation
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This intervention focuses on all the different roles in a persons life and these roles are identified and then personified to work on conflict and integration.
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parts party
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This is a process where people play various roles of a family (members, feelings, emotions) which allows a person to identify, transform, and integrate strengths and resources.
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reconstruction
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By addressing issues through ________ Satir believed that clients could be more open to discussion and creative when identifying strengths.
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metaphors
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Communication style where one tries to please; disregard our feelings of worth and hand them to someone else (Acknowledges the other and context, but not the self)
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placater
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Communication style where one is domineering; judges, compares, and complains.
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blamer
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Communication style where one is rigid; devoid of feelings; logical; intellectual
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computing
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Communication style where one is quiet, pretending not to understand, or changes subject.
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avoider
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Communication style where one is integrated, flowing, and alive.
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leveling
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"I am": 8 Concentric circles that make up who you are. What are the RESOURCES you can draw from each? Conflicts from each influence who you are. Look at positives and negatives of each part. 1. Physical 2. Intellectual 3. Emotional 4. Sensual 5. Interactional 6. Nutritional 7. Contextual 8. Spiritual
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self mandala
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The following theorist is most associated with power and control
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Jay Haley
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Applying more of the same attempted solution, only to provoke an escalation of the problem is an example of what?
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negative feedback loop
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Sarah's 15 year old daughter, Rebecca, has a 9 pm bedtime isn't allowed to go to the mall with her friends unless an adult is along. Sarah expresses her fears and concerns that something bad might happen to Rebecca and believes that close monitoring is the only way to keep her safe. Rebecca began to rebel against the rules of the household and Sarah moved her bedtime up to 8:30 and grounded her from going anywhere with friend. The two are now at each other's throats and Rebecca has become increasingly rebellious. Sarah's family therapist suggested that, although close monitoring worked well with Rebecca while she was a pre-schooler and school-aged, that Rebecca is now a teenager. She suggested that Sarah discus with other parents of teenagers might think were reasonable rules. Sarah's therapist is attempting to engender what type of change?
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second order change
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The study of feedback mechanisms in self-regulating systems is known as
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cybernetics
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The ability of complex systems to reach a given final goal in a variety of given ways
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equifinality
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A conflict created when a person perceives contradictory messages on different levels of abstraction in an important relationship, and cannot leave or comment.
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double bind
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Temporary or superficial changes within a system that do not alter the basic organization of the system itself are known as
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first order change
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Information that signals a system to correct a deviation and restore the status quo
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negative feedback
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A change that constitutes a basic change in the structure and functioning of a system
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second order change
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What therapy grew out of the communications theory?
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Strategic
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Which therapy is Cloe Madanes associated with?
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Strategic
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what is the battle for structure and who described it?
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the demand that the family capitulate to the therapist's way of operating while in therapy. Described by Whitaker.
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What is the role of the therapist in strategic therapy?
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Active and focuses on presenting problem
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A hypnotist who inspired the team in Palo Alto/MRI to keep therapy brief, pragmatic, and focused on problem-solving.
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Milton Erickson
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A technique in hypnotherapy that turns resistance into advantage (i.e. a hypnotist does not point out that a person is fighting going under, but instead tells the person to keep their eyes open until they become heavy)
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Paradoxical Interventions
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A technique used to change the rules of a system by changing the interpretation of the problem.
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Reframing
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The patterns of command messages; redundancies in interaction that the family is generally unaware of
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Family Rules
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Model that focuses on dysfunctional hierarchy (triangles/coalitions) and presenting problem
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Strategic
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family is asked to act out the problem, which is observed and interactions are changed
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enactment
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directive, makes the symptom harder to keep than to give up
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ordeals
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paradoxical, therapist unbalances family by instructing members to continue or increase the problem/symptomatic behavior
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paradox directive
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Thought dilemma was between love and violence
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Chloe Madanes
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NOT paradoxical, family is expected to carry out the task
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directive
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A situation where the client is urged not to change because of the complexity of the presenting issue.
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restraining
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A wife complains to the therapist that her husband always insist that she is cutting onions improperly and that she is angry with him. The therapist recommends that next time he tells her she is cutting the onions wrong she should tell him she loves him and continue to cut them the way she always has and not change. The therapist is practicing what theory and using what technique?
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strategic and unbalancing
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An intervention where a repeated behavior or reaction is halted and changed with a behavior that is drastically different.
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unbalancing
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Treatment Technique: help client give up symptoms that aren't worth keeping, constructive/neutral behavior. Most be performed before engaging in undesirable behavior. Give up or modify actions to avoid performing neutral behavior.
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ordeal intervention
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The therapist will make the presenting problem worse or increase the anxiety of that presenting problem to force the family to change.
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Amplifying deviation
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A technique where the therapist will not engage in a power struggle will start to side with the client by encouraging them to not do what they want by telling them to do what they are.
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encouraging resistance
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A directive technique that makes it difficult for the client to maintain a problematic behavior because of the suggested alternative.
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Providing a worse alternative
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This is a technique used to prevent clients disappointment if they had to come back to therapy.
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encouraging a relapse
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A technique used where the therapist suggest ideas in the information gathering stage with the intuition of building on them later.
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Seeding seeds
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Therapist have clients construct their past by telling stories in the present. Deconstructing our old stories and constructing new ones. Is what model?
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Narrative therapy
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Instead of having a problem or being a problem, clients are encouraged to think of themselves as struggling against their problems. The problem is the problem.
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externalizing the problem
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The process where a therapist helps a client re-examine their story from different angles and their dominate story is shaken.
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deconstruction
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Involves creating new and more optimistic accounts of expierences.
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reconstruction
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Sparkling events, times when they resisted the problem or behaved in ways that contradicted the problem story. When clients act free of their problems
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unique outcomes
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Asking about what the series of past and present victories over the problem says about the client. Example: What does it say about you that you were able to beat depression?
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reauthoring
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The use of letter writing or some other tangible document meant to celebrate their stories.
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extending the conversation
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What is sn audience for the new preferred story and they observe and individual or family called?
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outsider witness group or reflecting team
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Developed narrative therapy.
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Michael White and David Epston
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Refers to the way a family is organized into subsystems and how the interactions among those subsystems are regulated by boundaries
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structure
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Smaller unit of families, determined by generation, sex, or function
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subsystems
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Term used to describe emotional barriers that protect and enhance the integrity of individuals, subsystems, and families
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boundaries
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Restrictive and permit little contact with outside subsystems. Results in disengagement.
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rigid boundaries
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Supports a hierarchical structure in which parents occupy a position of leadership. Enables children to interact with their parents, but excludes them from the spouse subsystem.
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clear boundaries
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Elements of a system automatically adjust to coordinate their functioning. People may have to work at it.
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accommodation
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Term for loss of autonomy due to a blurring of psychological boundaries
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enmeshment
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Interaction stimulated in structural therapy to observe and then change transactions that make up family structure
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enactment
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What theory is focused on alignments, coalitions, and triangulation's within a family?
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Structural Family Therapy
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An assessment technique used to graphically depict a family's organizational structure and determine which subsystem is involved in dysfunction.
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Family mapping
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The therapeutic act of enter in a family system and getting to know the family and develop trust.
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Joining
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A technique in which the therapist deliberately attends to the interactions, language, and values of the family in an attempt to understand the sequence of events.
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tracking
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Who is the founder of structural therapy?
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Salvador Minuchin
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What is the emphasis in structural therapy?
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boundaries and subsystems
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A technique for interviewing and hypothesis validation. Each family member comments on the behavior and interactions of two other members.
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circular questioning
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What is the theory in which the therapist does not take a stand on the original hypothesis but retains an attitude of curiosity when questioning family members.
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Milan
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A paradoxical reframing technique which includes all family members, assumes that no one benefits from the symptomatic behavior, and is always positive?
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Positive connotation
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Hypothesizing Trial and error process by which the therapist makes initial suppositions about the presenting problem, then tests by asking questions
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Hypothesizing
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the idea that development of a symptom is understandable in its context, people have gotten used to it and habits are hard to change. Milan
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Logical connotation
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Emphasizes human tendency to reach out for closeness to other people, especially caregivers and is used to understand close relationships.
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attachment
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habitual response strategies that a person developed over tie to regulate their emotions in a close relationship. This pattern influences past and present relationships.
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attachment orientations
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Together, the two are the originators and main proponents of Emotionally Focused Therapy
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Susan Johnson, and Les Greenberg
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When a therapist identifies a conflict between partners, identifies the negative cycle, access's unacknowledged emotion in the cycle, and reframe the problem in terms of the cycle is a technique in emotionally focused therapy known as?
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cycle de-escalation
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Why did the Milan associates interview families about their history?
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to find evidence of how the children's symtpoms became necessary for the system
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According to Minuchin, the common or signature pattern for troubled middle-class families consists of:
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An enmeshed mother and a disengaged father
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When the therapist asks clients to rate on a scale of zero to ten, how they are currently feeling compared to an earlier time. If they report feeling better, the therapist asks them how they achieved the improvement. They might also be asked to rate how confident they are that they will be able to maintain their resolve to change a behavior and to identify what they might do to improve their chances of making progress. This technique is known as?
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Scaling questions
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In emotionally focused therapy when the therapist helps a client identify new solutions to older prelims and then begging to put the new solutions into their positions and cycles of attachment is known as?
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facilitating consolidation and integration
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This technique involves helping the client pay attention to new experiences with the therapist.
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attending
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When the focus is on the here and now of experience it is known as ________ in emotionally focused therapy?
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immediacy
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When a client is taught to pay attention to nonverbal communications they are being taught _________.
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expression analysis
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The client does not perceive a problem on which they want to work with the practitioner or feels that someone else has a problem or they are being forced into therapy. In Solution focused therapy this client is known as _______.
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the visitor
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This relationship develops between practitioner and client when they are able to jointly identify a complaint or problem but are not able to identify a role for the client in building a solution. In Solution focused therapy this client is known as _______.
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the complainer
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This relationship the client and practitioner jointly identify a problem and or a solution picture to work toward. In Solution focused therapy this client is known as _______.
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the customer
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Feedback given to clients designed to be supporting and normalizing.
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compliments
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Statements that help clients visualize the future in with they have achieved their solutions.
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future-oriented statements
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A question that explores what the solution might look like (not necessarily the elimination of the problem. For example, "Suppose that one night while you were sleeping, there was a miracle and this problem was solved. How would you know? What would be different when you woke up?
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Miracle question
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A strengths based model of therapy that shifts the focus from problems to solutions, with little focus on why problems occurred and more focus on how the cleaned has avoided similar problem in the past.
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Solution-focused brief therapy
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This therapy model was originally developed by these two therapist.
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Steve de Shazer and Insoo Kim Berg
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What model emphasizes small changes via observation and completions of assigned tasks?
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Solution-focused brief therapy
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In this model negative emotions are no the issue but rather the inability to express them in any meaningful way.
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Emotionally Focused therapy
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If the therapist asks you questions like: "How is the relationship with your spouse or partner the same or different from your relationship with your mother or father? OR From or conversation today, what have you realized about patterns that have developed in your family?" What model are they working with?
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Bowen Family Systems (focusing on multigenerational problem in the system and increasing basic different ion)
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If the therapist asks you a question like: "Now that you understand what your parents did not do for you as a child to help you feel loved, how might you begin showing your own children your love for them so they feel differently than you did? What model are they working with?
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Contextual Family Therapy (focusing on entitlement)
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