Marriage and Family Test #1

question

About ___ of American children live in single parent families.

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25%

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According to the text, married life is far more complex and difficult than the traditional image commonly portrayed.

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True

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According to the text, over time, cohabitation has become?

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"Mainstream"

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True or false: According to the text, you should never listen to the emotional dimension of decision making, sometimes called "gut-factor"

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False

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A majority of children live in ____ households.

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Two-Parent

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True or false: As families have become less rigidly structured, people have made fewer choices "once and for all".

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True

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As families have become less traditional, the legal definition of family has?

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Become much more flexible

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Children are ____ likely than general population or the elderly to be living in poverty.

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More

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Children learn social rules by imitating the behaviors of parents, siblings, and family members through a type of play called?

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Role-Taking

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Cohabitation has emerged as a lifestyle?

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That can be an alternative to marriage

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Compared to 50 years ago, marriage is not as _____ to America.

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Important

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True or false: Conscious decisions are made by carefully weighing options.

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TRue

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True or false: Sliding into an option can occur when we choose the path of least resistance or do the easiest thing.

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True

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Compared to the recent past, children are ____ likely to live with a grandparent today.

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More

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True or false: Functional definitions of the family refer to what the family is, while structural definitions emphasize what the family does.

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False

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In 1957, the total fertility rate was about 3.6 children per woman. For the last decade and a half, it has been ____ child/children per woman.

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Around Two

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Individuals choices depend largely on the ______ that exist in their social environment.

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Alternatives

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True or false: Life in American families reflects a cultural tension between solidarity and individual freedom.

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True

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Over the past several decades?

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The divorce rate has declined somewhat

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True or false: Personal decision affects our social environment.

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True

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Same-sex coupled households increased by ____ percent between 2000 and 2010.

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80

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True or false: Some of our choices are not conscious and we "slide" into them.

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True

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The likelihood of divorce declines with?

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More years of education

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The text concludes that the best way to make decisions about our personal lives is to make them?

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Knowledgeably

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True or false: The text points out that the best way to make choices is by default.

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False

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Through the lens of social scientific research, individual choices are shaped by?

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Social Factors

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Traditionally, both law and social science specified that the family consisted of people related by?

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Blood, Marriage, or Adoption

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Deciding about, rather than sliding into, a situation involves looking at the alternatives, not just picking the ____ choice.

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Easiest

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Economic uncertainty caused by _____ is a current societal trend impacting families.

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The recession that began in 2007

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Every time a person makes an important decision they ______ for that time or permanently.

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Rule out alternatives

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Family change is attributed to which of the following influences? Declining mental health, individuals who do not wish to live in families, hopelessness, or economic trends and cultural changes.

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Economic trends and cultural changes

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Family diversity has progressed to the point that there is?

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No typical family form today

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Family _____ theorist posit that today's family forms need to be seen as historically expected adjustments to changing conditions.

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Change

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Family togetherness, stability, and loyalty are all examples of?

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Familistic (communal) values

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In the 1950s, the nonmarital pregnancy rate was _____ in comparison with today.

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Much lower

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True or false: In a family, one of the things that must be negotiated is personal privacy.

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True

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True or false: In a family setting, development and change involve more than one individual.

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True

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Individuals living alone constitue about _____ percent of American households.

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26

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______ is made up of the ideas and feelings about the uniqueness and values of one's family unit, which often emerges in family traditions, rituals and celebrations.

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Family Identity

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Life in American families reflects a tension in American culture between family solidary and?

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Individual Freedom

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True or false: Maintaining a family requires both commitment and knowledge of what you're doing.

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True

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A______ is possible when the researcher has a large amount of control over the variable aspects of the phenomena under study.

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Experiment

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According to the family development life course theory, the _____ stage of the family life cycle comes to an end with the arrival of the first child.

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Newly established couple

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According to the family development perspective, each developmental task has "on-time" transitions and a certain order in which major transitions to adult roles take place, called?

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Role Sequencing

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According to the interaction-constructionist theoretical perspective, ______ is how family members adapt culturally understood roles to their own situations and preferences.

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Role Making

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According to the text, a national random sample of approximatley ______ persons can validly represent the U.S. population.

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1,500

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According to the text, one disadvantage of survey research is it depends on?

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Honesty, motiviation, and the ability to respond

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A central focus of the feminist perspective is on _____ issue.

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Gender

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Andre is a family therapist who is interested in how husbands cope when they are the victims of physical abuse suffered at the hands of their wives. He makes an intensive study of the five husbands who are currently his clients for therapy sessions because they suffer physical abuse from this source. Andre is using which type of research method?

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Clinician's Case Study

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A photograph in the text depicts a family waiting patiently for medical attention in a neighborhood clinic. Which group of scholars might remark on the quality of the facilities or speculate about the home that these people live in?

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Family Ecologist

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A photograph in the text depicts a mother and her children waiting patiently for medical attention in a neighborhood clinic. Which group of scholars might point out that, typically, it is mothers and not fathers who are primarily responsible for their children's health- and ask why?

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Feminist

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A photograph in the text depicts a mother and her children waiting patiently for medical attention in a neighborhood clinic. Which group of scholars would be inclined to explore the mother's body language and speculate on what the child is saying nonverbally to the mother?

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Interaction-Constructionist

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A photograph in the text depicts a mother and her children waiting patiently for medical attention in a neighborhood clinic. Which group of scholars might speculate about the woman's personal power and resources relative to other's in her familY?

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Exchange Theorist

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A photograph in the text depicts a mother and her children waiting patiently for medical attention in a neighborhood clinic. Which group of scholars might speculate about whether the child seems to be secure, insecure/anxious or avoidant towards the mother?

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Attachment Theorists

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A photograph in the text depicts a mother and her children waiting patiently for medical attention in a neighborhood clinic. Which group of scholars would likely note that the woman is in the child-rearing stage of the family life cycle?

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Family Life Course Developmentalists

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A possible disadvantage of the family ecology perspective is that it is?

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Too broad and inclusive

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True or false: A potential bias of case studies is that people who present themselves for counseling may differ in important ways from those who do not.

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True

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A recent study among immigrants found that relationships "based not on blood or marriage but rather on religious rituals or close friendship ties" can serve as a functional alternative to the nuclear family. According to the text, what are these relationships called?

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Fictive Kin

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True or false: A researcher using naturalistic observation must assign people to an experimental group and a control group.

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False

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As modern human settlements occurs, roads and houses are built, and utility lines are strung. This activity illustratites the _______ environment.

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Social-Cultural

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A strength of the _____ perspective is that it sensitizes us to significant political-economic and social-cultural issues that may not be addressed in other theories.

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Family Ecology

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True or false: Children who live in poor neighborhoods are less at risk for negative social, educational, economic, and health outcomes.

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False

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True or false: Closed-ended survey questions allow respondents to write in their own answer.

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False

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Collecting data over a period of years using documented materials would reflect a?

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Longitudinal Study

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True or false: According to attachment theory, if an individual is able to recognize a problematic attachment style they may be able to change it.

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True

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True or false: A national random sample of approximately 10,000 people is the minimum needed to validly represent the U.S. population.

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False

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True or false: Empirical evidence includes things we know intuitively, that cannot be verified with our senses.

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False

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Evolutionary psychology is an alternate term for which perspective?

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Biosocial

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True or false: Our beliefs about families, based on our own personal experience, are usually accurate.

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False

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Researchers conducting surveys won't their samples to be?

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Represenative

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The conflict and feminists perspectives call attention to ______ within groups-including families- and within the larger society.

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Unequal Power

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True or false: The family ecology perspective stresses the interdependence of all the world's families- not only with one another but also with the environment.

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True

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The _____ perspective argues that human's evolutionary biology affects much of human behavior and, more specfically, many family-related behaviors.

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Biosocial

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The ______ perspective is focused on several things, including confronting and reducing oppresssion and patterns of subordination based on such factors as social class, race, and ethnicity, age and sexual orientation.

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Feminists

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The _______ perspective once argued for the functionality of specialized gender roles.

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Structure-Functional

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The structure-functional theorhetical perspective views the family as performing at lease three important functions. Which of the following is not one of these? Raising children responsibly, providing economic support, promoting genetic material, or providing emotional security.

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Promoting Genetic Material

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The view that the family is an enduring social institution because of the important tasks it performs for society-economic security, emotional support, socialization of children- is the ______ perspective.

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Structure-Functional

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Which of the following theoretical perspecitives is concerned with the impact of family policy? Attachement, family systems, family ecology, or conflict

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Family Ecology

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Economic ______ has affected bread-winning and consumption in American families.

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Globalization

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True or false: Family ecologists focus on current interactions within the family, not on historical, political or socioeconomic conditions.

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False

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Family researchers will often generate a _______ or "educated guess" about the way things are, based on their theoretical orientation.

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Hypothesis

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Family systems theory emphasizes that family systems seek ______, or stable balance and symmetry.

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Equilibrium

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True or false: From the family systems prespective, the parts of the family are seen as making a whole that is more than a mere sum of its parts.

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True

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In an experiment, the _____ group receives no special intervention.

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Control

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In the contemorary version of evoluntionary theory, it is the survival of one's _______ into future generations that is important.

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Genetic Material

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In _______ the researcher spends extensive time with respondents and carefully records their activities, conversations, gestures, and other aspects of everyday life.

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Naturalistic Observation

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Language, law, and social and economic systems are all part of the _____ environment.

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Soical-Cultural

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Personal experience provides us with information, but it can also act as _____, which is why we need scientific study.

answer

Blinders

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______ promote recognition of women's unpaid work and the greater involvement of men in childcare and housework.

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Feminist Perspective

question

Realistic flavor and vivid details are most likely to be found in which type of research method?

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Clinician's Case Study

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According to the _____ perspective, children develop self-concepts based on feedback from those around them.

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Interaction-Constructionist

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According to the text, a woman lives with a _____ or a divided awareness that caregiving is most important to her, but it is not highly valued in society.

answer

Bifurcated Consciousness

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According to the text, employed women earned _____ percent of what employed men did.

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82

question

According to the text, more and more women are entering nontraditional occupations such as?

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The Military

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A feminine expectation that has emerged over the past 20 years is that of the " _________ woman": independent, ambitious, and self-confident.

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Professional

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True or false: African American women are less critical of gender inequality than white women.

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False

question

After various factors associated with earning are taken into account, research finds a varying, but perhaps as much as a ______ differential in earnings that is usually attributed to discrimination.

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22%

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Among immigrants, males may lose some masculine _____ because of the changing gender roles upon entering the U.S.

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Priviliage

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An alternate _________ for men emphasizes, sometimes coupled with violence and/or the need to outwit, humiliate, and defeat other men in barroom brawls, contact sports, and war.

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Cultural Message

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A practice among schoolmates involves ______ where many cross-sexual interaction rituals are based on and reaffirm boundaries and differences between girls and boys.

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Borderwork

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A relative absence of assertiveness and ambition characterizes our expectations of women, who are thought to embody _____ character traits.

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Expressive

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Before 1980, the cultural expectations for men include all of but which of the following? Occupational and finiancial success, confidence and self-reliance, nurturing and tenderness, or aggressiveness and competitiveness.

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Nuturing and Tenderness

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Biological theories of gender difference were initially offered by?

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Etholgists

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True or false: Black men and women generally reject egalitarian relationships.

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False

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True or false: Boys and girls tend to play separately and differently.

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True

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Chicano/Chicana (Mexican American) activism gave _______ a central place as a distinctive cultural value.

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la familia

question

"Chromosomes, hormones, the internal sex structures, the gonads and the internal genitalia all vary more than most people realize." This statement complements a discussion of which of the following? Transexuality, intersexuality, transgenderism, or homosexuality.

answer

Intersexuality

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Confidence, assertiveness, and ambition can be classified as ____________ character traits.

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Instrumental

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Consider the statement: "Due to social pressures, firms frequently have to hire unqualified women." This illustrates ________ sexism.

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Contemporary

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Contemporary sexism denies that gender discrimination persists and includes that the belief that women?

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Are asking for too much

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African American and latino women consider racial/ethnic as well as gender discrimination in setting their priorities. In fact, their feminist views are characterized by ____________, or structural connections among race, class, and gender.

answer

Intersectionality

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True or false: Gender refers only to male or female anatomy and physiology.

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False

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True or false: Many contemporary biologists have relinquished biologically deterministic models in their thinking about gender and family.

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True

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True or false: Research strongly supports gender theories of socialization.

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False

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Some bureaucratic forms now include a check box for "_____________" as well as those for "male" and "female", suggesting the beginning of social acommodation to more complex gender/sex system.

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Transgender

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True or false: Stereotypically masculine people are often thought to have communal character traits.

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False

question

Traditional gender roles cause both men and women?

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To suffer in some way

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Cross-cultural and historically, it appears that _________ societies have been characterized by some degree of male dominance.

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Virtually All

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True or false: Differences among women or among men (within-group variations) are usually greater than the differences between men and women (between-group varitations).

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True

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Dorothy percieves herself as being ultra-feminine, based on society's definitions of appropriate gender roles. Dorothy's perceptions are linked to her?

answer

Gender Identity

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Evolutionary perspectives stress that stratification and the division of labor in society shape gender roles. In this view, it is _______ that produce the gendered behavior we see.

answer

Adaptive strategies and skills

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True or false: Exploratory behavior is more encouraged in boys than girls.

answer

True

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From the 1970s on, parents have reported treating their sons and daughters?

answer

Similarity

question

Gender difference in longevity has been attributed to greater risk factors for boys and men. Which of the following is NOT one of these risk factors listed in the text? Smoking and drinking, cancer, accidents, murder, and suicide, or increased vulnerability to infection and stress.

answer

Cancer

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True or false: Gender socialization does not begin until toddlerhood.

answer

False

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Genetic heritage is expressed through ________ processes.

answer

Hormonal

question

Images of men as instrumental and women as expressive are based on?

answer

White, Middle-Class, Heterosexuals

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In Kimmel's typology of camps within the men's movement, which group emerged in the 1990s and tends not to focus on patriarchy as problematic?

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Masculinists

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In Kimmel's typology of camps within the men's movement, which group supports feminists in their opposition to patriarchy.

answer

Profeminists

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In Kimmel's typology of camps within the men's movement, which group works to counter feminist interest by attending to men's rights?

answer

Antifeminists

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___________ in language and media convey gender expectations.

answer

Cultural Images

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True or false: Institutions in virtually every society have been characterized by patriarch and male dominance.

answer

True

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Latino men are stereotyped as extremely patriachal, following a cultural idea of?

answer

Machismo

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True or false: Males in foraging societies are more dominant than males in agricultural or industrial societies.

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False

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Men are expected to have _________ character traits like strength, self-confidence, assertiveness, and ambition.

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Agentic

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True or false: Men continue to dominate corporate America.

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True

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True or false: Men's movements are virtually non-existent in the U.S.

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False

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True or false: Absistence- only sex education is highly effective.

answer

False

question

According to the _____________ perspective, men are inclined toward casual sex with many partners, whereas women are inclined to be selective and monogamous.

answer

Biosocial

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According to the text, human beings are sexual beings?

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Throughout their entire lives

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According to the text, perhaps the most significant change in sexuality since the sexual revolution, among heterosexuals at least, has been in _____ sex.

answer

Marital

question

According to the __________ theoretical perspective on human sexuality, women and men are seen as being influenced by cultural messages about how we are to be sexual.

answer

Interactionist

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True or false: African Americans are more severely affected by news cases of HIV infections than other race or ethnic groups.

answer

True

question

AIDS was first identified in what year?

answer

1981

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True or false: Americans are more likely to approve of a gay or lesbian lifestyle than of civil rights protection for gays and lesbians.

answer

False

question

A sense of one's sexual identity begins in?

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Childhood

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Asexuality differs from abstinence in that the latter is a?

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Conscious Choice

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Children are maturing about ______ than they were one hundred years ago.

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Two years earlier

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True or false: Contraceptive use among teens has decreased over the past five years.

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False

question

Contrary to internet and media reports, researchers point out that there is no evidence of?

answer

An Infidelity Epidemic

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True or false: A number of specific differences between heterosexuals and homosexuals have been conclusively established.

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False

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As the age of puberty has declined, the age at marriage has?

answer

Risen

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Brad hates homosexuals and has an aversion to homosexual behavior. His orientation is predicted on fear. It is most reasonable to conclude that Brad is?

answer

Homphobic

question

True or false: From childhood to old age, people are sexual beings.

answer

True

question

Gay/lesbian sexuality, like heterosexual behavior, has been explored among African Americans mostly in the context of?

answer

Problems

question

In an __________ society, sex is defined as physiological activity, valued for its procreative potential.

answer

Patriarchal

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True or false: Lesbian relationships are the least sexualized of four kinds of couples discussed in the text.

answer

True

question

True or false: One aspect of marital sex that has been consistently neglected in the research literature is sexual frequency.

answer

False

question

True or false: Sexual identity and gender identity are basically the same.

answer

False

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The _______ model of sexual satisfaction explores the cost and rewards of a sexual relationship.

answer

Interpersonal Exchange

question

Current controversy centers on whether sex education should be "abstinence-only" or "__________" (also termed "comprehensive".

answer

Abstinence-Plus

question

David and Susan have been married for twenty years. Both are less interested in sex than they were at the beginning of their marriage, and their sexual frequency has declined over this period of time. David and Susan's circumstances reflect what the text refers to as?

answer

Habituation

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True or false: Everyone who has been infected with HIV will eventually develop full-blown AIDS.

answer

True

question

Few transgendered men and women make the full transformation to the preferred sex because _________ is very expensive.

answer

Sexual Reassignment Surgery (SRS)

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From an ________ perspective, we consider that humans are designed for the purpose of transmitting their genes to the next generation.

answer

Biosocial

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True or false: From the interactionist point of view, the notion of sexual orientation was created by nature, not social interaction.

answer

False

question

How many new cases of HIV are diagnosed each year in the U.S.?

answer

56,000

question

In all couple types- gay, lesbian, heterosexual cohabitants, and married couples- within each group, sexual satisfaction was associated with?

answer

General Relationship Satisfaction

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In American society, which of the following does NOT tend to be associated with images of sex? Youth, retirement, beauty, or romance?

answer

Retirement

question

In sharing sexual pleasure, each partner assumes _______, that is, responsibility for his or her own sexual response.

answer

A certain role

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In sharing sexual pleasure, partners realize that sex is something partners do __________ each other.

answer

With

question

In the exchange perspective, what a person expects out of a relationship is referred to as?

answer

Comparison Level

question

True or false: In the interpersonal exchange model of sexual satisfaction, satisfaction is seen to depend on the cost and rewards of a sexual relationship.

answer

True

question

In the __________ model of sexual satisfaction, satisfaction is seen to depend on the costs and rewards of a sexual relationship.

answer

Interpersonal Exchange

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___________ is the new brand of marital infidelity that emerged in the 1990's.

answer

Cyberadultery

question

Jacob has a partner of the opposite sex. This behavior involves Jacob's?

answer

Sexual Orientation

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Jean is attracted only to opposite-sex partners. Jean is?

answer

Heterosexual

question

Masters and Johnson view sex as a _________ by which partners commit themselves to expressing their sexual feelings with each other.

answer

Pleasure Bond

question

True or false: Men are more likely to engage in extramarital affairs than women.

answer

True

question

True or false: More people self-identify as gay or lesbian than have taken part in sexual behavior with someone of the same sex.

answer

False

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Most mainstream pornography can be considered _________, exhibiting hatred, dislike, mistrust or general disregard for women.

answer

Misogynistic

question

True or false: Most males contract HIV through heterosexual contact.

answer

False

Marriage and Family Test #1

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