marriage and family chapter 4 – Flashcards
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agents of socialization
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Individuals, groups, and organizations that shape our self identities, and our ideas about gender differences and our understanding of expected and acceptable behavior for each gender.
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androgyny
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Displaying both masculine and feminine qualities.
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cognition
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mental processes, such as thought and reflection, that occur between the moment we receive a stimulus and the moment we respond to it.
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cognitive developmental theory
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A theory of socialization associated with Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget in which the emphasis was placed on the child's developing abilities to understand and interpret their surroundings.
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egalitarian
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women and men possess similar amounts of power and neither dominates economically or politically.
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expressive trait
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supportive or emotional personality trait or characteristic.
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gender
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The division into male and female, often in a social sense; sex.
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gender attribution
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Procedures through which we come to identify others as unambiguously male or female.
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gender identity
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The psychological sense of whether one is male or female.; most basic element of one's identity
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gender role
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The culturally assigned role that a person is expected to perform based on male or female gender;
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gender theory
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A theory in which gender is viewed as the basis of hierarchical social relations that justify greater power to males.
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hegemonic models of gender
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Dominant models of masculinity and femininity.
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instrumental trait
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A practical or task-oriented personality trait or characteristic.
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intensive mothering ideology
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The belief that children need full-time, unconditional attention from mothers to develop into healthy, well-adjusted people.
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intersexed
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Condition of having been born with reproductive or sexual anatomy that doesn't seem to fit the typical definitions of female or male; 1 in 1,500 to 2,000 births
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matriarchy
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A form of social organization in which the mother or eldest female is recognized as the head of the family, kinship group, or tribe, and descent is traced through her.
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patriarchy
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A form of social organization in which the father or eldest male is recognized as the head of the family, kinship group, or tribe, and descent is traced through him.
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peer
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A person of equal status, as in age, class, position, or rank.
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post gender relationships
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Relationships lived outside the constraints of gender expectations and which emphasize such relationship characteristics as sharing, equity and equality.
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second shifts
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responsibilities awaiting employed women after their paid work hours are completed.; women who have been working come home to do housework and childcare
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sex
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Biological aspect of being male or female (sexual activities)
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sexual orientation
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Sexual identity as heterosexual, gay, lesbian, or bisexual.
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social construct
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An idea or concept created by society through the use of social power
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social feminism
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feminist perspective: he belief that workplace and family supports are essential if women are to experience a high quality of life.
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social learning theory
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A theory of human development that emphasizes the role on observable events and their consequences rather than internal feelings and drives; we learn attitudes/behaviors as a result of interactions; includes cognition
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transexuals
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Individuals who develop gender identities opposite that of their biological sex.
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transgendered
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A broad category describing individuals who stand outside and apart from societal conventions regarding gender, neither identifying with nor acting within societal conventions for males or females. Some may undergo sex reassignment procedures, while others alter their social but not necessarily their physical characteristics, presenting themselves as of the opposite sex.; includes transvestites as well as intersexed people
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transvestites
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cross-dressers, transvestites are individuals who wear clothing of the opposite sex.
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gender stratification
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the unequal distribution of wealth, power, and privilege between men and women
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gender stereotypes
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is an oversimplified or distorted generalization about the characteristics of men and women.
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modeling
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learning through immitatioN
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true matriarchies
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have not existed according to record
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APA estimate that
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1/10,000 men and 1/30,000 women are transexual
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those who perceive themselves as neither male nor female are aka
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genderqueer, androgyne, third gendered, bigendered, and gender-benders
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gender polarization
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view the genders as opposite; females being exclusively expressive and males being exclusively instrumental
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gender theory focuses on
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1. how specific behaviors/roles are defined as male/female 2. how labor is divided into man's/woman's work 3. how different institutions bestow advantages on men
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modeling
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learning through imitation
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children are socialized by their parents through 4 processes:
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manipulation(treat daughters more gently and sons more roughly), channelling(being directed towards specific objects/activities), verbal appellation(girls who push are called aggressive while boys are called active), and activity exposure (boys are discouraged from imitating their mothers while girls are "mother's little helper"
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withing any given society there are multiple versions of masculinity and femininity
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true
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gender relations are also
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power relations
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symbolic interactionists view gender as
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something we actively create or do in everyday situations/relationships
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two important socialization theories are
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social learning theory and cognitive development theory
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agents of socialization during childhood and adolescence are
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parents, teachers, and peers
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recent evidence indicates that
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males are lagging behind educationaly
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what tends to portray traditional stereotypes of men and women?
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media
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colleges and universities are important sources of
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gender-role learning, especially for nontraditional roles
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traditional male roles emphasize
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dominance and work
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women have a greater role diversity according to ethnicity
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true
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contemporary gender roles are
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more egalitarian
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sex is a
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biological aspect (chromosomal, hormonal, and anatomical)
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gender varies as we age, over individuals and groups
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true
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some societies that have more than two genders
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navajo, sioux, zuni, mojhave, lakota, and india
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role
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culturally defined expectations for individual to fulfill in given situation
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gender role stereotypes
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rigid view each sex has unique psychology/behavior
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gender role attitudes
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views about appropriate male/female personality and activity
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berdaches
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live as members of opposite sex in some asian/native american societies
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arapesh of new guinea
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men/women have female traits by western standards
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mundugumor
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both sex masculine by western standards; violent, competetive, and aggresive
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examples of male dominance
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1. selective abortion in india; 2. honor killings of pakistani women 3. 52% of yemeni girls married by 15 4. 100-140 million females have been circumcised worldwide
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traditional view
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bipolar gender roles; males only instrumental and females only expressive
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women make more decisions than men
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43% of couples
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men make more decisions than women
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26% of couples
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when people develop gender identities opposite to bio. sex
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they are known as transsexuals/transgendered
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transgendered alter their social but not necessarily their physical
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true
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intersexed
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born with reproductive/sexual anatomy that doesn't fit typical sex definitions
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gender schema
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cognitive organization of world; culture exaggerates
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traits are unequals because
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value reason/aggression (male) > sensitivity/compliance (female)
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family is very gendered domain
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true
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social learning theory
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consequences CONTROL behavior; look at effects of rewards/punishment
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anticipation
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knowing a certain action will lead to a certain response
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modeling is not taught by reinforcement
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true
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cognitive development theory
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piaget; reason/understanding are dependent on age; age 2 - correctly identify gender (shallowly); age 6-7 - know sex permanent
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parent socialization
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manipulation, channelling, verbal appellation, and activity exposure
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class differences with gender
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WC differentiate more than MC; WC girls more restricted
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who has more egalitarian roles
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blacks
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who is often in dual role
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black women is both homemaker and wage earner
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media
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men outnumber females 3:1 in 70s; today 2:1
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women's magazines
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dominated by females in traditional roles
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role transcendence
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life-span perspective to gender development; 3 stages: 1. undifferentiated stage (young child) 2. polarized stage (when school starts) 3. transcendent stage (young adults shed rigid polarization and combine masc./fem. traits)
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women with low status occupations
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have lower self-esteem
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video games
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men = adventuresome, violent, domineering; female = victims
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black women
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more self-reliant, strong, autonomy
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latinas
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wife more if employed; elders are respected
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intensive mothering ideology
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child needs full time mom to be healthy
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female self-esteem after 9 years old
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decreases
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more neg. feeling about parents are
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more likely children who follow trad. gender roles
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black women
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are more masculine or androgenous
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feminine mystique
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betty friedan; catalyzes 60s resurfacing feminism
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gender-reform feminism
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giving women same rights as men
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gender-resistant feminism
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radical; separatist strategy; view subordinance embeded in system
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gender rebellion feminisms
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look at overlap of gender, race, class, and sexual orientation
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european social feminism
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both workplace and family supports are essential
