Management chapter 2 Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
Title of chapter
answer
the evolution of management thought
question
LO2-1
answer
describe how the need to increase organizational efficiency and effectiveness has guided the evolution of management theory.
question
LO2-2
answer
explain the principle of job specialization and division of labor, and tell why the study of person-task relationships is central to the pursuit of increased efficiency.
question
LO2-3
answer
identify the principles of administration and organization that underlie effective organizations.
question
LO2-4
answer
trace the changes in theories about how managers should behave to motivate and control employees.
question
LO2-5
answer
explain the contributions of management science to the efficient us of organizational resources.
question
LO2-6
answer
Explain why the study of the external environment and its impact on an organization has become a central issue in management thought.
question
job specialization
answer
process by which a division of labor occurs as different workers specialize in different tasks over time
question
scientific management
answer
The systematic study of the relationships between people and tasks for the purpose of redesigning the work process to increase efficiency.
question
scientific principle 1
answer
Study the way workers perform their tasks, gather all the informal job knowledge that workers possess, and experiment with ways of improving how tasks are performed.
question
scientific principle 2
answer
Codify the new methods of performing tasks into written rules and standard operating procedures.
question
scientific principle 3
answer
Carefully select workers who possess skills and abilities that match the needs of the task, and train them to perform the task according to the established rules and procedures.
question
scientific principle 4
answer
Establish a fair or acceptable level of performance for a task, and then develop a pay system that rewards performance above the acceptable level.
question
The Gilbreths
answer
refined Taylor's analysis of work movements and made many contributions to time and motion study.
question
administrative management
answer
The study of how to create an organizational structure and control system that leads to high efficiency and effectiveness.
question
bureaucracy
answer
A formal system of organization and administration designed to ensure efficiency and effectiveness.
question
authority
answer
The power to hold people accountable for their actions and to make decisions concerning the use of organizational resources.
question
bureaucracy 1 of 4
answer
system of written rules and standard operating procedures that specify how employees should behave.
question
bureaucracy 2 of 4
answer
clearly specified hierarchy of authority
question
bureaucracy 3 of 4
answer
clearly specified system of task and role relationships
question
bureaucracy 4 of 4
answer
selection and evaluation system that rewards employees fairly and equitably
question
rules
answer
formal written instructions that specify actions to be taken under different circumstances to achieve specific goals
question
standard operating procedures (SOP)
answer
specific sets of written instructions about how to perform a certain aspect of a task
question
norms
answer
unwritten, informal codes of conduct that prescribe how people should act in particular situations
question
unity of command
answer
A reporting relationship in which an employee receives orders from, and reports to, only one superior.
question
line of authority
answer
The chain of command extending from the top to the bottom of an organization.
question
centralization
answer
The concentration of authority at the top of the managerial hierarchy
question
unity of direction
answer
The singleness of purpose that makes possible the creation of one plan of action to guide manager and workers as they use organizational resources
question
equity
answer
The justice, impartiality, and fairness to which all organizational members are entitled
question
order
answer
The methodical arrangement of positions to provide the organization with the greatest benefit and to provide employees with career opportunities.
question
initiative
answer
The ability to act on one's own without direction from a superior.
question
discipline
answer
Obedience, energy, application, and other outward marks of respect for a superior's authority.
question
esprit de corps
answer
Shared feelings of comradeship, enthusiasm, or devotion to a common cause among members of a group.
question
behavioral management
answer
The study of how managers should behave to motivate employees and encourage them to perform at high levels and be committed to the achievement of organizational goals.
question
Mary Parker Follett
answer
Concerned that Taylor ignored the human side of the organization *Suggested workers help in analyzing their jobs *If workers have relevant knowledge of the task, then they should control the task
question
Hawthorne effect
answer
The finding that a manager's behavior or leadership approach can affect workers' level of performance.
question
human relations movement
answer
A management approach that advocates the idea that supervisors should receive behavioral training to manage subordinates in ways that elicit their cooperation and increase their productivity.
question
informal organization
answer
The system of behavioral rules and norms that emerge in a group.
question
organizational behavior
answer
The study of the factors that have an impact on how individuals and groups respond to and act in organizations.
question
Theory X
answer
*the average employee is lazy, dislikes work, and will try to do as little as possible. *to ensure that employees work hard, manager should closely supervise employees. *managers should create strict work rules and implement a well-defined system of rewards and punishments to control employees.
question
Theory Y
answer
*employees are not inherently lazy. given the chance, employees will do what is good for the organization. *to allow employees to work in the organization's interest, managers must create a work setting that provides opportunities for workers to exercise initiative and self-direction. *managers should decentralize authority to employees and make sure employees have the resources necessary to achieve goals.
question
management science theory
answer
Contemporary approach to management that focuses on the use of rigorous quantitative techniques to help managers make maximum use of organizational resources to produce goods and services.
question
Quantitative management
answer
uses mathematical techniques - such as linear and nonlinear programming, modeling, simulation, queuing theory, and chaos theory - to help managers make decisions.
question
Operations management
answer
gives managers a set of techniques they can use to analyze any aspect of an organization's production system to increase efficiency.
question
Total quality management (TQM)
answer
focuses on analyzing an organization's input, conversion, and output activities to increase product quality.
question
management information systems (MIS)
answer
gives managers information about events occurring inside the organization as well as in its external environment.
question
organizational environment
answer
the set of forces and conditions that operate beyond an organization's boundaries but affect a manager's ability to acquire and utilize resources.
question
open system
answer
a system that takes in resources from its external environment and converts them into goods and services that are then sent back to that environment for purchase by customers
question
closed system
answer
A system that is self-contained and thus not affected by changes occurring in its external environment.
question
entropy
answer
The tendency of a closed system to lose its ability to control itself and thus to dissolve and disintegrate.
question
synergy
answer
Performance gains that result when individuals and departments coordinate their actions.
question
contingency theory
answer
the idea that the organizational structures and control systems managers choose depend on characteristics of the external environment in which the organization operates.
question
mechanistic structure
answer
An organizational structure in which authority is centralized, tasks and rules are clearly specified, and employees are closely supervised.
question
organic structure
answer
An organizational structure in which authority is decentralized to middle and first-line managers and tasks and roles are left ambiguous to encourage employees to cooperate and respond quickly to the unexpected.
