management ch 7 – Flashcards

________ is defined as the processes that account for an individual's intensity, direction, and persistence of effort toward attaining a goal.

The ________ dimension of motivation measures how long a person can maintain effort.

The ________ element of motivation describes how hard a person tries.

Which level of Maslow's hierarchy of needs deals with satisfying one's hunger, thirst, and other bodily needs?

The church you go to every Sunday is made up of people who have very different lifestyles and are at different stages in their life. Joanna is a 23-year-old, single parent who works for minimum wage and shifts from motel to motel for accommodation. Josephine is a single, 45-year-old woman who earns a decent salary and has few interests and friends outside her office. Jonathan is 60 years old, extremely wealthy, has a loving family, and enjoys his work. You have decided to apply Maslow's hierarchy of needs to determine what motivates each of these individuals. 5) Which of the following needs would most likely motivate Joanna?

The church you go to every Sunday is made up of people who have very different lifestyles and are at different stages in their life. Joanna is a 23-year-old, single parent who works for minimum wage and shifts from motel to motel for accommodation. Josephine is a single, 45-year-old woman who earns a decent salary and has few interests and friends outside her office. Jonathan is 60 years old, extremely wealthy, has a loving family, and enjoys his work. You have decided to apply Maslow's hierarchy of needs to determine what motivates each of these individuals. Which of the following needs would most likely motivate Josephine?

The church you go to every Sunday is made up of people who have very different lifestyles and are at different stages in their life. Joanna is a 23-year-old, single parent who works for minimum wage and shifts from motel to motel for accommodation. Josephine is a single, 45-year-old woman who earns a decent salary and has few interests and friends outside her office. Jonathan is 60 years old, extremely wealthy, has a loving family, and enjoys his work. You have decided to apply Maslow's hierarchy of needs to determine what motivates each of these individuals. Which of the following needs would most motivate Jonathan?

According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which of the following is a lower-order need?

If we consider Maslow's hierarchy of needs in the context of Japan, Greece, and Mexico, where uncertainty-avoidance characteristics are strong, then ________ needs would be on top of the hierarchy.

Which of the following needs in Maslow's hierarchy refers to the drive to become what one is capable of becoming?

Why is Maslow's theory criticized?

According to Douglas McGregor's Theory Y, a manager assumes that employees ________.

If Alberta is a categorized as a Theory X manager, which of the following behaviors is she most likely to exhibit?

The ________ theory is also called motivation-hygiene theory.

Which of the following theories proposes the idea of a dual continuum?

According to the two-factor theory, ________.

Which of the following is a motivational factor according to Herzberg's two-factor theory?

According to the two-factor theory proposed by Herzberg, which of the following is considered a hygiene factor?

According to Herzberg, when ________ are adequate, people won't be dissatisfied, but they will also not be satisfied.

McClelland's theory is based on which of the following needs?

You manage a department of five employees. You have identified that Joe has a high need for achievement, Mary has a high need for power, and Tim has a high need for affiliation. Sarah scored high on the need for power and low on the need for affiliation. Doug scored low on both need for power and need for affiliation. Which of these five employees is most likely to be suitable for a new assignment that involves a high degree of personal responsibility and feedback?

You manage a department of five employees. You have identified that Joe has a high need for achievement, Mary has a high need for power, and Tim has a high need for affiliation. Sarah scored high on the need for power and low on the need for affiliation. Doug scored low on both need for power and need for affiliation. Which of these five employees is most suitable for handling your responsibilities when you are on a vacation?

Erika wants to become the head of the HR department. Although the role comes with a generous salary hike and will put her in charge of several subordinates, she is mainly pursuing this position because she believes she can do the job better than anyone else and wants people to know this. According to McClelland's theory of needs, which of the following needs is Erika primarily driven by in this case?

Which of the following statements is true according to McClelland's theory of needs?

Which of following needs, as detailed by Maslow's hierarchy of needs, best corresponds to McClelland's need for affiliation?

Which of the following theories proposes that people prefer to feel they have control over their actions, so anything that makes a previously enjoyed task feel more like an obligation than a freely chosen activity will undermine motivation?

Which of the following statements is true regarding the cognitive evaluation theory?

Self-determination theory proposes that in addition to being driven by a need for autonomy, people seek ways to achieve ________.

Rachel's parents used to pay her an allowance every week to feed the cats and to do a few other chores around the house. However, once her mother lost her job, her parents stopped giving her an allowance. Although Rachel quit making her bed every morning, she still continued to feed the cats. Which of the following best explains why Rachel continues to feed the cats?

The concept of ________ considers how strongly people's reasons for pursuing goals are consistent with their interests and core values.

The investment of an employee's physical, cognitive, and emotional energies into job performance is called ________.

32) Which of the following statements is true regarding goal-setting theory?

According to goal-setting theory, goals are more likely to have a stronger impact on performance when ________.

MBO emphasizes goals that are ________.

35) MBO provides individual employees with ________.

36) Unlike in the case of goal-setting theory, MBO strongly advocates ________.

The ________ theory is also known as the social cognitive theory or the social learning theory.

38) ________ refers to an individual's belief that he or she is capable of performing a task.

According to Albert Bandura, the most important source of increasing self-efficacy is ________.

Which of the following sources of increasing self-efficacy involves gaining relevant experience with a particular task or job?

One of the sources of self-efficacy is ________, becoming more confident because you see someone else doing the task.

42) With reference to the four sources of self-efficacy as proposed by Albert Bandura, verbal persuasion involves becoming more confident ________.

43) Which of the following ways of increasing self-efficacy is generally used by motivational speakers?

44) The Pygmalion effect is also called the ________ effect.

45) The best way for a manager to use verbal persuasion is through the ________, a form of self-fulfilling prophecy in which believing something can make it true.

46) A(n) ________ is any consequence immediately following a response that increases the probability that the behavior will be repeated.

47) The proponents of reinforcement theory view behavior as ________.

8) ________ argues that people learn to behave to get something they want or to avoid something they don't want.

49) To get the best results while using reinforcement theory, rewards should be ________.

50) Helen, a high school teacher, wants her students to actively participate more in class. She has decided to use reinforcement theory to get the required results. Which of the following methods is she most likely to use?

51) The concept of operant conditioning is a part of the broader concept of ________, which argues that behavior follows stimuli in a relatively unthinking manner.

52) What is the limitation of reinforcement theory in explaining changes in behavior?

53) According to social learning theory, which of the following processes demonstrates whether an individual is capable of performing the modeled activities?

54) George is trying to teach his two-year old son to gently caress their cat. George softly strokes the animal and every time his son does the same, he rewards him with kind words like "good job!" The child is very attentive during the process and claps his hands when his father praises him. However, as soon as George leaves, the boy lunges for the cat and grabs it by the tail. Which process of social-learning theory is failing?

55) In equity theory, individuals assess the ________.

56) Karen graduated from college four years ago and has been working at Betaphy Inc. ever since. She has consistently received good performance evaluations for the quality of her work. She recently found out that her company hired a fresh college graduate with no experience at a salary higher than hers. Which of the following theories will Karen most likely use to evaluate this situation?

57) According to the equity theory, there are four referent comparisons. The referent comparison known as other-inside refers to ________.

58) Self-inside, one of the four referent comparisons in the equity theory, refers to ________.

59) Other-outside is a referent comparison that refers to ________.

60) Jim is a salaried employee whose job is to develop content for online web sites. He discovers that he is paid substantially more than his colleagues even though their jobs and levels of performance are very similar. According to the equity theory, what impact is this discovery most likely to have on his behavior and performance?

Megan graduated from college three years ago and has been working at Sterba Inc. ever since. A conscientious employee, she has consistently received good performance evaluations. She recently found out that a younger colleague, who was just recruited to her team, is drawing a higher salary than she is for doing the same type of work. 61) Following this discovery, Megan starts coming to work late and her productivity begins to suffer. Which of the following is most similar to the scenario mentioned above based on the equity theory?

Megan graduated from college three years ago and has been working at Sterba Inc. ever since. A conscientious employee, she has consistently received good performance evaluations. She recently found out that a younger colleague, who was just recruited to her team, is drawing a higher salary than she is for doing the same type of work. 62) Based on the equity theory, which of the following, if true, would strengthen the argument that Megan is trying to gain a sense of equity by distorting her perception of herself?

Megan graduated from college three years ago and has been working at Sterba Inc. ever since. A conscientious employee, she has consistently received good performance evaluations. She recently found out that a younger colleague, who was just recruited to her team, is drawing a higher salary than she is for doing the same type of work. 63) Based on the equity theory, which of the following, if true, would strengthen the argument that Megan is trying to gain a sense of equity by changing her inputs?

64) Jackie thinks that she is paid a lot less than other employees in her division and feels extremely resentful. She starts taking long breaks and generally wastes time. Her actions resulted from a perceived lack of ________ justice.

65) Edith believes that the methods for determining salary hikes and bonuses in her company are extremely unfair. In this case, Edith perceives a lack of ________ justice.

66) Which of the following types of justice relates most strongly to job satisfaction, employee trust, withdrawal from the organization, job performance, and citizenship behaviors?

67) Why do people who perceive themselves as victims of interactional injustice often blame their immediate supervisor rather than the organization at large?

68) Which of the following theories discusses three relationships: effort-performance relationship, performance-reward relationship, and rewards-personal goals relationship?

69) Logan is an employee who processes health insurance forms. Initially he was criticized by his supervisor for sloppy work, but thereafter he improved considerably. Now he consistently processes his forms without errors and even does more than his fair share of work. However, Logan's supervisor has not responded to the extra effort he has put in, giving him no praise or monetary benefits. This leads Logan to believe that his supervisor is biased against him. According to the expectancy theory, in this situation, there is a problem in the ________ relationship.

70) Oscar is looking for a new job. He used to be the company's top sales representative and was eagerly expecting to be promoted. However, one of the regional manager's friends was promoted to district manager instead. According to the expectancy theory, Oscar's dissatisfaction with his current job stems from a breakdown in the ________ relationship.

71) According to the expectancy theory, the performance-reward relationship is the degree to which ________.

72) Mark is an excellent technical writer. He has never missed a deadline and all his projects are of superior quality. He now wants to telecommute two days a week, so that he can spend more time with his family. He feels that he has proven his reliability. However, his boss is unable to comply with his request and gives him a substantial raise instead. According to the expectancy theory, Mark's disappointment demonstrates a breakdown in the ________ relationship.

73) With reference to the expectancy theory, which of the following examples indicates a weak rewards-personal goals relationship?

74) If a manager incorrectly assumes that all employees want the same thing, then according to the expectancy theory, it is most likely to result in a weak ________ relationship.