MAN4583 P.M. – Flashcards

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Which of the following is true of multi-weighted scoring models?
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All of these are true: Will include quantitative criteria Will include qualitative criteria Each criterion is assigned a weight Projects with higher scores are considered more desirable.
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Which of the following is NOT true about an organization's strategy?
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Only top management must understand strategy.
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Which of the following terms is often used to denote a project that a powerful, high-ranking official is advocating?
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Sacred cow
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Which of the following is NOT true about organizational politics?
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Project managers should not engage in organizational politics.
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Project managers who understand the role that their project plays in accomplishing the organization's strategy are able to do all of the following EXCEPT:
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Be able to focus on problems or solutions, even if the project is a low priority strategically.
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Which of the following problems refers to lack of understanding and consensus of organization strategy among top and middle-level managers? This also can result when top management formulates strategy and leaves implementation to functional managers.
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Implementation gap
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The ______ financial model measures the current value of all cash inflows using management's minimum desired rate of return.
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NONE OF THESE: FUBAR, ARR, IRS, IRB
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The following are responsibilities of the governance team when managing a portfolio system EXCEPT
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Deciding how they wish to balance the available organizational resources among the different types of projects.
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Regardless of the criteria differences among different types of projects, the most important criterion for project selection is
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The project's fit to the organization strategy.
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Which of the following is typically the responsibility of a project manager?
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ALL OF THESE: Meeting budget requirements Meeting scheduled requirements Meeting performance specifications Coordinating the actions of the team members.
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Which of the following is the correct order for the strategic management process?
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1) Mission, 2) strategies, 3) objectives, 4) projects.
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Which of the following is NOT considered to be a characteristic of a project?
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For internal use only.
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Which dimension of project management centers on creating a temporary social system within a larger organizational environment that combines the talents of a divergent set of professionals working to complete the project?
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Sociocultural.
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Which of the following is NOT typical of a project manager?
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Overseeing existing operations.
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Which of the following activities is the best example of a project?
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Writing a policy manual.
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The following is NOT true about project management?
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It focuses primarily on technical processes.
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Which of the following is NOT one of the driving forces behind the increasing demand for project management?
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Declining need for product customization.
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Which of the following represents the correct order of stages within the project life cycle?
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Defining, Planning, Executing, Closing.
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Corporate downsizing has increased the trend toward:
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Outsourcing significant segments of project work.
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Project Management is important to understand when someone is a part of a project team because they
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ALL OF THESE: Work with others to create a schedule & a budget. Need to understand project priorities so they can make independent decisions. Need to be able to monitor and report project progress. Need to understand the project charter or scope statement that defines the objectives and the parameters of the project.
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Rob is responsible for estimating a work package that has a significant amount of uncertainty associated with the time and cost to complete. Due to the uncertainty involved he will be making a low, an average and a high estimate. Rob is using which estimating approach?
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D. Range estimating
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The process of forecasting or approximating the time and cost of completing project deliverables is called
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Estimating
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Sean is forecasting the time and cost of developing a customized software program by looking at the number of inputs, outputs, inquiries, files, and interfaces. Which of the following methods is he using?
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Function point
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Reasons why estimating time and cost are important include all of the following EXCEPT
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To help establish a project selection process.
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Laura is forecasting the time and cost of developing an intranet for a new customer. Her department has completed six such intranets for customers during the last two years. Although the proposed system is about the same size as the others, she estimates that it will take about 10 percent less time and money. Which of the following methods is she using?
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Learning curve
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The salary of the project manager would be an example of what type of cost found in a project?
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Direct project overhead
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What is the relationship between organizational culture and estimating?
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Cultural norms affect the accuracy of estimates
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Companies are using which of the following for improving the estimating process for future projects?
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Creating historical databases of previous projects
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Which of the following is a good condition for top-down estimating?
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Internal, small project
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Which of the following would best represent direct project costs?
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Labor, materials, and equipment
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In reviewing the project plan, Susan sees that the first prototype is due by October 12. This would be best classified as a
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Milestone
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Scott has just been given a project that has a specific target date. After discussion with top management he finds that while the date is important the cost is more important and a slip in delivery would be acceptable if required to meet the cost targets. The target date is best classified as
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Accept
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Which of the following is least likely to be included in a work package?
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Overhead expenses
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How is project scope defined?
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What you expect to deliver to your customer when the project is complete
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The WBS is best suited for projects that have a tangible outcome. Which of the following is used when the final outcome of the project is less tangible or is a product of a series of steps or phases?
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Process breakdown structure
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The _________ is used to assist in making project trade-offs between schedule, budget, and performance objectives.
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Project priority matrix.
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There are 5 steps involved when defining a project, which of the following is the first?
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Define the project scope.
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Which of the following is NOT true regarding scope creep?
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It is when the cost of the project is more than expected.
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One of the primary jobs of a project manager is to manage the trade-offs associated with the project. Which of the following is NOT one of the basic classifications of project priorities?
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Profit
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The tendency for the project deliverables to expand over time usually by changing requirements, specifications, and priorities is called:
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Scope creep
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How does someone learn more about an organization's culture?
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ALL: Read about the organization; Interpret stories about the organization; observe how people interact within the organization; study the physical characteristics of the organization
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Bill is working on a project involving the upgrading of a management information system. The project is being managed by the information systems department with the coordination of other departments occurring through normal channels. He is working in_____________
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Functional
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A project team that operates with a full time project manager as a separate unit from the rest of the organization is structured using ___________ organization?
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Projectized
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Which are the three different matrix systems discussed in the text?
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Weak, strong, balanced
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From the list below, which is NOT a primary characteristic of organizational culture?
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Profitability
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All of the following are disadvantages of organizing projects within a matrix arrangement EXCEPT:
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Expensive
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Which of the following is a disadvantage of a projectized organization?
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It is expensive
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Which of the following is NOT true of project management structures?
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In selecting a management structure, the culture of the organization is not a huge consideration.
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All of the following are functions culture plays in an organization EXCEPT
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It replaces the need for a project selection process
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In which of the following is the balance of authority strongly in favor of the functional managers?
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Weak matrix
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Which of the following represents an activity on an AON project network?
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A node
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When translated into a project network, a work package will become
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One or more activities
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Which of the following is provided by both the project network and the work breakdown structure?
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Activity duration
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On a project network, the activity times are derived from the
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Work packages
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An activity that has more than one dependency arrow flowing into it is termed a(n)
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Merge activity
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Which of the following can be used without coordinating with managers of succeeding activities?
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Free slack
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Activities which can take place at the same time are termed
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parallel activities
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Bill is building a project network that involves testing a prototype. He must design the prototype (activity 1), build the prototype (activity 2), and test the prototype (activity 3). Activity one is the predecessor for activity 2 and activity 2 is the predecessor for activity 3. If the prototype fails testing, Bill must redesign the prototype; therefore, activity 3 is a predecessor for activity 1. This is an example of
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Looping
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________ activities must be completed immediately before a particular activity.
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Predecessor
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The forward pass in project network calculations determines all of the following EXCEPT
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How soon the project can be finished.
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Which of the following correctly calculates the late start for an activity?
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LF - DUR
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Which of the following will correctly calculate the total slack in an activity?
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Either LS - ES or LF - EF
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If, for some reason, the project must be expedited to meet an earlier date, which of the following actions would the project manager take first?
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Check to see which activities are on the critical path
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If a project has more than one activity that can begin when the project is to start a common start node should be used to indicate a clear project beginning on the network. Without a common start node, each path is a
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DAngler path
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Concurrent engineering, which has dramatically reduced the development time for new products, relies of what kind of lag?
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Start to Start lags
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The forward pass in project network calculations determines all of the following EXCEPT:
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How soon the project can be finished!
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Funds that are for identified risks that have a low probability of occurring and that decrease as the project progresses are called ______ reserves.
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BUDGET!!!!
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An uncertain event or condition that, if it occurs, has a positive or negative effect on project objectives is termed a
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risk
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The cost impact of a risk event occurring as a project proceeds through its life cycle tends to
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slowly rise
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Which of the following is NOT one of the steps in the risk management process?
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Risk tracing
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Organizations use __________ in conjunction with work breakdown structures to help management teams identify and eventually analyze risk.
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Risk Breakdown Schedule
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Which of the following groups should NOT be a part of the risk identification process?
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All of these: Project team, customer, vendor, subcontractor
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A list of questions that address traditional areas of uncertainty on a project is termed a
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risk profile
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_______________ focuses on how to respond to events that have a positive impact on a project.
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Risk management
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The risk management tool that is divided into three color-coded zones representing major, moderate, and minor risks is the risk
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severity matrix
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Risks are evaluated in terms of
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Likelihood and impact
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Adopting proven technology instead of experimental technology in order to eliminate technical failure would be an example of which risk response?
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Avoiding
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A Fixed price contract is an example of ___________.
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Transferring risk
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The risk associated with the unlikelihood that one of the key members will be stuck by lightning would most likely be handled by which of the following?
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Retaining
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Which of the following is NOT involved in risk control?
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Establishing contingency funds
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Change management systems are designed to accomplish all of the following EXCEPT
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All of these are: Track all changes that are to be implemented Review, evaluate, and approve/disapprove proposed changes formally Identify expected effects of proposed changes on schedule and budget Reflect scope changes in baseline and performance measures
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Resources are adequate, but demand varies widely over the life of the project. Delaying noncritical activities to lower peak demand on resources is known as resource
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Smoothing
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Which of the following is NOT a potential consequence of failing to identify limited resources before project implementation?
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Scope creep
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When developing a new software package, logically, the software must be designed before the code is written, and the code must be written before it is tested. These activities are dependent on each other by _________ constraints.
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Technical
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Sam, the project engineer, has been scheduled to run the product system test at the same time he is to build a marketing prototype. This is an example of what type of resource constraint?
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People
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Most of the scheduling methods available today require the project manager to classify the project as either _______ constrained or ______ constrained.
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Time, resource
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In reviewing the status of her project with top management, Shirley was told that there are only two programmers that she can use for her project. Her project is classified as __________ constrained.
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Resource
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Technical constraints have been carefully considered when developing a project network. Which of the following is true at this point?
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Activity 4 cannot be completed before activity 1
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Resource leveling or smoothing can have all the following results on a project EXCEPT
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A longer project duration
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In a resource-constrained project, which of the following is most likely to be changed?
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The completion date
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In a resource-constrained project the second priority in assigning resources is usually given to activities with the
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Smallest duration
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Tony has realized that two activities in his project cannot be done at the same time because not enough resources are available. Activity 3 is critical and has a duration of 5 days. Activity 4 has 2 days of slack and a duration of 2 days. How will he decide which activity should be scheduled first?
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The activity with the least slack
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Splitting an activity can result in all of the following EXCEPT
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Less people needed to work on an activity
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All of the following are benefits of scheduling resources before project implementation EXCEPT:
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It ensures low network sensitivity
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These are all guidelines a project manager should consider when assigning project work EXCEPT
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Always assign the best people to the most difficult tasks
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Why is it necessary to have a time-phased budget baseline?
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It is needed in order to know how much work was accomplished for the money spent
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Without any formal planning, the president of a software company remarks in a speech that new technologically advanced software will be available in one year. This may lead to a project that must be done faster than anticipated. This is an example of reducing project duration caused by:
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imposed project deadlines
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Intense global competition and rapid technological advances create pressure on developing projects rapidly. This is an example of reducing project duration caused by:
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time to market
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In a Project Cost-Duration Graph, total project costs are a sum of
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Direct and indirect costs
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Which of the following is NOT considered a project indirect cost?
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Equipment
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Before crashing, direct costs for an activity represent normal costs, which typically mean low cost, efficient methods for completing the activity in a(n) ________ amount of time.
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Normal
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As a project is crashed and project duration is reduced, direct costs typically
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Increase
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The direct cost for completing an activity in the shortest time it can realistically be completed in is called its __________ cost.
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Crash
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Cost slope can be determined by dividing the
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Rise by the run
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In selecting the best activity to crash you would first select the activity with the
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Least steep slope
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Reducing project duration
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Tends to increase network sensitivity
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The relationship between the normal point and the crash point is assumed to be:
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Linear
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When a project manager must reduce project duration but resources are constrained, creating a software program that will have fewer features than originally planned or building a house without the bonus room the owner originally specified in the plans would both be examples of
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Reducing project scope
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One way of reducing project costs is identifying tasks that _________ can do themselves.
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customers
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Which of the following projects would be least beneficial if additional resources were added?
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developing new software
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It is going to cost $80,000 a day to simply house and feed a construction crew in the farthest reaches of Northern Alaska. This is an example of reducing project duration due to
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High overhead
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Project success or failure often is reliant upon the contributions of all of the following groups of stakeholders EXCEPT
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competitors
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Managing a project and leading a project are two different things. Project leadership is about coping with
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change
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Which metaphor best captures the role of a project manager?
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The conductor of an orchestra
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Which of the following groups of stakeholders place constraints on project work such as requiring permits to be secured, that work is built to code, or that safety standards are met?
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Government agencies
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The second ring in the network of relationships for project managers includes all of the following EXCEPT:
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customers
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A high ranking manager who advocates the project and uses their influence to gain approval of the project is a project
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sponsor
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In terms of commonly traded organizational currencies, being involved in a task that has a large significance or having a chance to do something important and do it well are examples of ______ related currencies.
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Inspiration
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In terms of commonly traded organizational currencies, sharing personnel, undertaking unwanted tasks or providing technical knowledge are examples of ______ related currencies.
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task
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The following are necessary when mapping dependencies or building a social network EXCEPT
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Focus on the relationships with project team members since they are doing the project work and you have most influence over them
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Which of the following is used at Hewlett-Packard for building relationships with key players that will determine a project's success?
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MBWA
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Research consistently points out that project success is strongly affected by the degree to which a project has the support of top management. The following are ways a project manager can manage upward relationships EXCEPT
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Never ignore the chains of command
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The traits of successful project managers include all of the following EXCEPT
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Pessimist
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When project managers recognize that if they want participants to exceed project expectations then they have to exceed others' expectations of a good project manager, they are leading by example through which of the following aspects?
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Standards of performance
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To provide greater clarity to business ethics, many companies and professional groups
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Publish a code of conduct
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Which of the following would be defined as the ability to lead and manage yourself by establishing a sense for who you are, what you stand for and how you should behave?
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Personal integrity
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Which of the following is commonly associated with high-performing project teams?
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Mistakes are viewed as opportunities for learning
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During which stage of team development do close relationships develop and the group demonstrates cohesiveness?
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Norming
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During which stage of team development is high performance not a top priority and attention is devoted to wrapping up the project?
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adjourning
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Tom is managing a project team responsible for building a new office building that started this week. He notices that team members are trying out different behaviors to see what is acceptable to the project and personal relations. Which stage of development is the team in?
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forming
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Experience and research indicate that high-performance project teams are much more likely to develop under all the following conditions EXCEPT
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Team members are selected by their managers
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Project managers play a key role in developing high-performance project teams. Which of the following is NOT a contributing factor to this role?
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Report progress to top management
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There are two important factors that affect the recruitment of project members. Which of the following is one of those factors?
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The management structure being used to complete the project
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The first project meeting is critical to the early functioning of the project team. Which of the following is NOT true regarding this meeting?
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The meeting will need to be as long as necessary to cover the main objectives of a first meeting
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The project manager must quickly establish operational ground rules for how the team will work together. These include planning, tracking, managing change, and relationship decisions. Which of the following is an example of a planning decision?
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What are the specific roles and responsibilities of all the participants?
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Establishing a team identity is facilitated by
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All of these are facilitators of establishing a team identity: Team members working in a common space; creation of a project team name; effective use of meetings; team rituals
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Individual rewards for outstanding work would NOT include:
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All of these are examples of individual rewards for outstanding work: Letters of commendation; public recognition; desirable job assignments; judiciously making exceptions to the rules
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The first step in facilitating group decision making is to
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Identify the problem
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Which of the following would be an appropriate situation to require facilitating group decision making?
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When strong group commitment is needed to decide methods to reduce project scope
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During the delivery phase of a project's life cycle, the most significant source of conflict is
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schedules
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When a project manager reduces the intensity of the conflict by smoothing over differences or interjecting humor when dysfunctional conflict arises, they are attempting to _________ the conflict.
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control the conflict
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The transferring of business functions or processes to other companies has traditionally been known as
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outsourcing
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Advantages of outsourcing project work may likely include all of the following EXCEPT
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Reduced conflict
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Outsourced projects are susceptible to conflicts since people are unaccustomed to working together. Which of the following is a primary control mechanism for dealing with and resolving problems?
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escalation
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Key practices in the partnering approach to managing contracted relationships include
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Access to each other's organizational resources
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Which of the following is part of the traditional approach to managing contracted relationships?
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Structured communications
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Which of the following is true in regard to negotiation when managing projects?
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It cannot be viewed as a contest
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Best practices in outsourcing project work include all the following EXCEPT
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Short-term, no pressure, outsourcing relationships
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The result of teambuilding among the project's participants that states their common goals for the project as well as the procedures that will be used to achieve these goals is a
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Partnering charter
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What does the acronym BATNA stand for?
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Best alternative to a negotiated agreement
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Long-term partnerships will provide all the following EXCEPT
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Reduced communication requirements
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Ultimate success of the project is determined by
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Whether the customer is happy
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Principled negotiation emphasizes developing win/win solutions while protecting yourself against those who would take advantage of your forthrightness. Which of the following is NOT one of the key points of principled negotiation?
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Be honest and forthright
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Mathematically, customer satisfaction is a function of the extent to which perceived performance exceeds expectations. A customer satisfaction ratio of .95 indicates that a customer is
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Slightly dissatisfied
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When considering principled negotiation, revealing why you are trying to achieve something instead of demanding what you want or need is an example of
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Focus on interests, not positions
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Why are extensive training and team building activities important when managing contracted relationships?
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So team members are provided with a theoretical understanding of the barriers to collaboration as well as the skills and procedures to be successful.
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The second step in the project control process for measuring and evaluating project performance is to
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Measure progress and performance
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A ___________ Gantt chart is a simple and effective way to depict progress on a project.
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Tracking
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A tool used to monitor past project schedule performance, current performance, and to estimate future schedule trends is a simple line chart known as a
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Project control chart
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The earned value system starts with the time-phased costs that provide the project baseline, which is called the
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Planned budgeted value of work scheduled
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The cost variance for a project is calculated by
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EV-AC
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Baseline project budgets are derived from
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Time-phasing the work packages
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Of the following costs, which are NOT included in baseline?
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Budget reserves
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Which of the following methods will measure the cost efficiency of the work accomplished to date?
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EV/AC
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A CPI or SPI value less than one indicates that the project is
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Over cost or behind schedule
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The value that tells you the planned value of work that has actually been completed is the
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EV
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The indicator that tells you the amount each remaining dollar must earn in order for the project to stay within budget is the
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TCPI
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Nancy tells her supervisor that as of right now, $1.05 worth of work has been accomplished for each $1 worth of scheduled work. Nancy got this information from viewing the
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spi
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Sally receives the following information on her project: PV=100, AC=75, EV=100. How well is the project doing in terms of budget?
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25 under budget
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Jessica just received the following information on her project: PV =200, EV=300, AC=250, BAC=1500, EAC=1208. In terms of cost at completion
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The project will currently finish under budget
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Which of the following is NOT true regarding scope creep?
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It commonly occurs late in projects
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Which of the following is not a wrap-up closure activity that might be found on a checklist?
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Evaluation of team performance
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The content of the final report typically includes the following topics EXCEPT
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Team reviews
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When the project may be completed early with some parts of the project eliminated this is considered to be ___________ closure.
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Premature
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When a project starts with a high priority but it is cancelled because its rank erodes or crashes during its project life cycle, this is an example of what type of project closure?
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Changed Priority
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Which of the following summarizes project performance and provides useful information for continuous improvement?
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The final report
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Which part of the final report examines in detail the underlying causes of problems, issues, and successes relative to the project and includes concise, factual review statements of the project?
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Review and analysis
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The purpose of project evaluation is to assess how well
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The project team, team members and the project manager performed
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Which of the following would NOT be appropriate to assess when evaluating team performance?
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Individual strengths and weaknesses
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An analysis carried out during and shortly after the project life cycle that attempts to capture positive and negative learning is represented in which of the following?
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Lessons learned
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The process for capturing lessons learned continues to evolve, but there are still many barriers to effectively capitalizing on lessons learned that have been identified. The following are examples of these barriers EXCEPT
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Lessons learned are being used across different locations
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The following are distinguishing characteristics of retrospectives methodology EXCEPT
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Reviews cannot be linked to percent complete
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A guide who leads the project team through an analysis of project activities that went well, what needs improvement, and development of a follow-up action plan with goals and accountability is a(n)
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Facilitator
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More and more companies are discarding the traditional superior-subordinate performance feedback process and replacing it with a multi-rater appraisal called
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The 360-degree feedback
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Which of the following is NOT a role of the closure facilitator?
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Get delivery acceptance from the customer
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Each retrospective is assigned a(n) _________, typically a team member who is very interested in and familiar with the retrospective. This individual will serve as the contact point for anyone needing information relating to the retrospective.
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Owner
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The term that can be defined as a set of principles and processes to guide and improve the management of projects is
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Project oversight
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The intent of project oversight includes all of the following EXCEPT
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Meet the needs of the organization through improving everyday business activities
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Typical activities of project oversight cover which two dimensions?
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Organization and project
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At the project level, all of the following are examples of oversight activities EXCEPT
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Project selection
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The centralized management of projects to ensure that the allocation of resources to projects is directed toward projects that contribute the greatest value to organization goals is known as
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Portfolio Project Management
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Project office functions typically include which of the following?
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All of these are typically functions of the project office: Create and maintain the internal project management; recruit and select project managers; train personnel in project management techniques develop risk management programs
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The in-depth review of individual projects at specific phases in the project life cycle is known as
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Phase Gate Methodology
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During which of the following phase gates would the question of "Does this project align with our strategic direction?" be answered?
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Proposal
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During which of the following phase gates would the questions "Are the resources needed identified and available?" and "Are tasks sequenced and is a time-phased budget established?" be answered?
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Implementation plan
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Which of the following is not one of the growth levels in the Organization Project Management Maturity Model (OPM3TM)?
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Expanded (expansion of project management system)
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The first appearance of standard approaches to managing projects including scope statements and WBS occurs in which of the following Project Management Maturity Model Levels?
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Formal Application of Project Management
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Project audits are performed on all significant projects and lessons learned are recorded and used on subsequent projects in which of the following Project Management Maturity Model Levels?
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Management of Project Management System
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Each gate within the phase gate review process should, at a minimum, include the following EXCEPT
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A plan to proceed
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In which of the following Project Management Maturity Model Levels is the focus is on continuous improvement through incremental advancements of existing practices and by innovations using new technologies and methods?
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Optimization of Project Management System
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The balanced scorecard model differs from selection models by reviewing projects over a longer horizon ___________ after the project is implemented.
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5-10 years
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Traditional approaches to project management concentrate firmly on
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Thorough planning up front
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Project ________ varies according to the extent the project scope is known and stable and the technology to be used is known and proven.
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Uncertainty
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In many cases, _________ only begin to understand what they actually desire when they are provided with someone's impression of what they want.
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customers
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When determining project uncertainty, _________ can be a source of unpredictability.
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technology
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_____________ represents a fundamental shift away from the traditional plan-driven project management approach by adopting a more experimental and adaptive approach to managing projects.
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agile project management
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When considering the Agile Project Management process, at the end of each iteration
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Stakeholders and customers review progress and re-evaluate priorities
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A new holistic approach in new commercial product development efforts where the cross-functional team collaborating to develop a new product is compared to rugby, where the whole team "tries to go the distance as a unit," is known as
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Scrum
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Scrum uses a series of coordinated meetings to manage the development process. Which of the following is held at the start of each sprint? During this meeting the product owner and development team negotiate which product backlog items the team will attempt during the next sprint.
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Sprint planning meeting
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Iterative development processes provide the following important advantages EXCEPT
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Ease of comparing actual information against planned
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While Agile Project Management does not consist of one set method, most methods are based on similar principles. Which of the following Agile Project Management principles would be described when employing business-driven prioritizations of requirements and features to satisfy customer needs?
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Focus on customer value
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While Agile Project Management does not consist of one set method, most methods are based on similar principles. Which of the following Agile Project Management principles would be described when testing assumptions early and building working prototypes to solicit customer feedback and refine product requirements?
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Experimentation and adaptation
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Specific features are created using Scrum methodology according to four distinct phases. Which of the following is NOT one of these phases?
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Monitor
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Scrum relies on three key roles. A person who acts on behalf of customers to represent their interests and who is responsible for ensuring that the development team focuses their efforts on developing a project that will fulfill the business objective of the project is called a
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Product owner
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The _________ is the customer's prioritized list of key features desired when the project is completed
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Product backlog
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For some Agile projects, ___________ are established, which is the maximum budget that should not be exceeded in the development of a given product or service.
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Agile accounts
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The transferring of business functions or processes to other companies has traditionally been known as
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Outsourcing
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Advantages of outsourcing project work may likely include all of the following EXCEPT
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Reduced conflict
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Why are extensive training and team building activities important when managing contracted relationships?
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So team members are provided with a theoretical understanding of the barriers to collaboration as well as the skills and procedures to be successful.
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Outsourced projects are susceptible to conflicts since people are unaccustomed to working together. Which of the following is a primary control mechanism for dealing with and resolving problems?
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Escalation
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Key practices in the partnering approach to managing contracted relationships include
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Access to each other's organizational resources
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Which of the following is part of the traditional approach to managing contracted relationships?
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Structured communications
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Which of the following is true in regard to negotiation when managing projects?
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It cannot be viewed as a contest
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Best practices in outsourcing project work include all the following EXCEPT
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Short-term, no pressure, outsourcing relationships
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The result of teambuilding among the project's participants that states their common goals for the project as well as the procedures that will be used to achieve these goals is a
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partnering charter
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What does the acronym BATNA stand for?
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Best alternative to a negotiated agreement
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Long-term partnerships will provide all the following EXCEPT
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Reduced communication requirements
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Ultimate success of the project is determined by
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Whether the customer is happy
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Principled negotiation emphasizes developing win/win solutions while protecting yourself against those who would take advantage of your forthrightness. Which of the following is NOT one of the key points of principled negotiation?
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Be honest and forthright
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Mathematically, customer satisfaction is a function of the extent to which perceived performance exceeds expectations. A customer satisfaction ratio of .95 indicates that a customer is
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Slightly dissatisfied
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When considering principled negotiation, revealing why you are trying to achieve something instead of demanding what you want or need is an example of
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Focus on interests, not positions
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