Malcolm X Essay
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Matthews, Alfred W. \"Islam.\" Abraham Was Their Father. Macon, GA: Mercer UP, 1981. 169-77. Print.
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Al-ilah is, in a shortened form \"Allah,\" the word for \"The God.\" Pg 169
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Matthews, Alfred W. \"Islam.\" Abraham Was Their Father. Macon, GA: Mercer UP, 1981. 169-77. Print.
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His (Muhammad) teachings were applied to real-life situations rather than systematically ordered by some logical plan... Pg.169
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Matthews, Alfred W. \"Islam.\" Abraham Was Their Father. Macon, GA: Mercer UP, 1981. 169-77. Print.
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...the most important teaching of all was the absolute singleness of God.Pg. 169
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Matthews, Alfred W. \"Islam.\" Abraham Was Their Father. Macon, GA: Mercer UP, 1981. 169-77. Print.
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Muhammad utterly rejected the Christian notion that the Christ or the Holy Spirit could also be God or equal to God. Pg 170
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Matthews, Alfred W. \"Islam.\" Abraham Was Their Father. Macon, GA: Mercer UP, 1981. 169-77. Print.
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He (Muhammad) also assumed that Jews shared a similar concept in thinking of Elijah as the son of God. Both religions were, in his eyes, dishonoring Allah with their beliefs that his power was shared with other beings of divine nature. Pg 170
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H. A. R. Gibb, Mohammedanism < (Italicized) (New York: New American Library, 1953).
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Devils = Jinn Jinn are created beings as humans are, but they are made of fire rather than earth. ...leader of the evil spirits is Shaitan or Iblis. Pg 170
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Matthews, Alfred W. \"Islam.\" Abraham Was Their Father. Macon, GA: Mercer UP, 1981. 169-77. Print.
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A second central doctrine of Muhammad was that the prophets...were, to be honored by the people of Islam... 28 prophets are mentioned in the Quran... 4 are Arabian 3 are Christian 18 are from Jewish Bible Pg. 171
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Matthews, Alfred W. \"Islam.\" Abraham Was Their Father. Macon, GA: Mercer UP, 1981. 169-77. Print.
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Another major doctrine of Muhammad was that every Muslim should fulfill the daily duty of prayer. Prayers are...a duty five times a day. Muhammad picked the noon prayer on Friday...for congregational participation.
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Matthews, Alfred W. \"Islam.\" Abraham Was Their Father. Macon, GA: Mercer UP, 1981. 169-77. Print.
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The Christians has a preference for Sunday morning and Jew for Saturday.
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Matthews, Alfred W. \"Muhammad.\" Abraham Was Their Father. Macon, GA: Mercer UP, 1981. 159-67. Print.
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Muhammad (or Mohammed), the son of Abdullah and Aminah, was born about 571 A.D. [died in 632 A.D.]
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Matthews, Alfred W. \"Muhammad.\" Abraham Was Their Father. Macon, GA: Mercer UP, 1981. 159-67. Print.
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Muhammad married a widow, Khadijah, who was 45 He began to grow favor in mediating, he had a habit of going to Mount Hira, near Mecca. In the month of Ramadan, the angel Gabriel appeared to him and Brought him a message from God, Allah. Pg. 161
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Quran 96:1-5. Farah, Islam, Pg. 40
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Read: In the name of thy Lord who createth, Createth man from a clot Read: And thy Lord is the Most Bounteous, Who teacheth by the pen, Teacheth man that which he knew not.
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Matthews, Alfred W. \"Islam.\" Abraham Was Their Father. Macon, GA: Mercer UP, 1981. 169-77. Print.
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...Muhammad did not write anything down...so he had to trust what others memorized or wrote to preserve his teachings for posterity. Pg 173
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Matthews, Alfred W. \"Islam.\" Abraham Was Their Father. Macon, GA: Mercer UP, 1981. 169-77. Print.
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They would explain the similarities of their teachings to Judaism and Christianity to the belief that, after all, the message given was from the same God and the same line of prophets. Pg 174
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Matthews, Alfred W. \"Islam.\" Abraham Was Their Father. Macon, GA: Mercer UP, 1981. 169-77. Print.
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The Quran simply sets straight the errors that had crept into the messages of earlier prophets of Jews and Christians
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Matthews, Alfred W. \"Islam.\" Abraham Was Their Father. Macon, GA: Mercer UP, 1981. 169-77. Print.
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After the death of Muhammad, \"Muslims saw the absolute necessity of acting at once to compile an authoritive version of the Quran.\" The task was given to Zayd (22 years old aid to the Prophet). This copy was given to Abu Bakr ( Muhammad's successor) then to Umar (successor of Abu Bakr in 634 A.D. ) finally to Hafsa (widow of Muhammad) this copy was not made official and \"...failed to provide the cohesion needed for spiritual unity of the Arabs and warfare...continued.\" Again Zayd attempted to make another one and succeeded. 4 copies were made (657 A.D) [Medina, Basra, Kufa, Iraq, Damascus in Syria] All others were destroyed
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Matthews, Alfred W. \"Jihad.\" Abraham Was Their Father. Macon, GA: Mercer UP, 1981. 179-88. Print.
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The death of Muhammad was the occasion for a revolt of the Arab tribes in order to regain their former independence. ...Abu Bakr fought against Arab tribes until he could reunite the force of Arabia behind the true faith. Pg. 180
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Matthews, Alfred W. \"Amos, Hosea, Isaiah, and Micah.\" Abraham Was Their Father. Macon, GA: Mercer UP, 1981. 39-50. Print.
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Islam stresses the compassion of God, however, while Christianity prefers to stress the love of God Pg. 48
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Paul or formerly known as Saul, was at first Jewish and went around prosecuting Christians but after having an encounter with Jesus (after he had risen) he converted to Christianity and went on to establish the first Christian church(es).
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To be a Jewish-Christian one would have to have been a solid Jew before one could become a Christian but Paul established a way for one to convert without undergoing Jewish rites?
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What he produced in doctrine
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X, Malcolm, and Alex Haley. The Autobiography of Malcolm X. New York: One World/Ballantine, 1992. Print.
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They call me 'a teacher, a fomenter of violence.' I would say point blank, 'That is a lie. I'm not for wanton violence, I'm for justice.
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Rummel, Jack, and Heather Lehr. Wagner. Malcolm X: Militant Black Leader. Philadelphia: Chelsea House, 2005. Print.
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a violent revolutionary, and...an extremist...who used emotionalism to obscure the issues... pg. 68
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Rummel, Jack, and Heather Lehr. Wagner. Malcolm X: Militant Black Leader. Philadelphia: Chelsea House, 2005. Print.
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Revolutions, he noted pointedly, are rarely bloodless. Pg 68
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Rummel, Jack, and Heather Lehr. Wagner. Malcolm X: Militant Black Leader. Philadelphia: Chelsea House, 2005. Print.
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\"urged blacks to stop trying to integrate themselves into white society... and instead establish an independent black nation in Africa.\" Pg 8
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Rummel, Jack, and Heather Lehr. Wagner. Malcolm X: Militant Black Leader. Philadelphia: Chelsea House, 2005. Print.
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found on a section of the trolley tracks in downtown East Lansing. One side of his head had been beaten in, and a trolley car had run him over, cutting him almost in half. Pg 11
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X, Malcolm, and Alex Haley. The Autobiography of Malcolm X. New York: One World/Ballantine, 1992. Print.
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, \"...Negroes in Lansing have always whispered that he was attacked...\" Pg 13
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X, Malcolm, and Alex Haley. The Autobiography of Malcolm X. New York: One World/Ballantine, 1992. Print.
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the more I began to stay away from home and visit and steal from stores, the more aggressive I became in my inclinations. I never wanted to wait for anything. Pg 19
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Rummel, Jack, and Heather Lehr. Wagner. Malcolm X: Militant Black Leader. Philadelphia: Chelsea House, 2005. Print.
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\"...He drifted up and down the streets of Lansing during the afternoons, stealing candy, fruit, and other items from stores. He was caught many times...\" pg 14
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Rummel, Jack, and Heather Lehr. Wagner. Malcolm X: Militant Black Leader. Philadelphia: Chelsea House, 2005. Print.
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\"...the state welfare department committed [Louise] to a mental hospital, where she was to remain for the next 26 years.\"
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Rummel, Jack, and Heather Lehr. Wagner. Malcolm X: Militant Black Leader. Philadelphia: Chelsea House, 2005. Print.
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\"He quickly became involved in Roxbury's gambling and numbers operations and also organized a burglary ring with Shorty.\" Pg 30
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X, Malcolm, and Alex Haley. The Autobiography of Malcolm X. New York: One World/Ballantine, 1992. Print.
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\"I had put a stolen watch into a jewelry shop...It was about to days later, when I went to pick up the watch, that things fell apart.\" Pg 171
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Rummel, Jack, and Heather Lehr. Wagner. Malcolm X: Militant Black Leader. Philadelphia: Chelsea House, 2005. Print.
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\"...his wild life had given him a bitter knowledge of the worst of human behavior.\" pg 31
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Temkin, Moshik. \"From Black Revolution to \"Radical Humanism\": Malcolm X between Biography and International History.\" Home. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 May 2014.
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After his release from prison, in 1952, a converted, well-read, bespectacled, and cleaned-up Little, now calling himself Malcolm X, threw himself into proselytizing activism and, while remaining subservient to Muhammad, steadily rose through the ranks of the NOI.
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Herbert Berg, Elijah Muhammad and Islam (New York: New York University Press, 2009)
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Muhammad, formerly Poole, self-proclaimed Messenger of God (and a former convict himself), preached worship of Allah, abstention from vice, self-improvement and discipline, segregation of the sexes outside marriage, and a bizarre cosmic theology that had at its center the superiority of the black man to the white man.
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Temkin, Moshik. \"From Black Revolution to \"Radical Humanism\": Malcolm X between Biography and International History.\" Home. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 May 2014.
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As he became a nationally prominent figure in the late 1950s and especially the early 1960s, he almost single-handedly catapulted the NOI to hitherto unknown levels of public visibility. His intelligence, magnetism, and wit, distinctive traits that neither Muhammad nor anyone else in the \"sect\" could hope to match, earned him a following among younger blacks in the northern cities, attention from the mainstream media, and the envy and resentment of many Black Muslims, including and especially Muhammad himself.
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X, Malcolm, and Alex Haley. The Autobiography of Malcolm X. New York: One World/Ballantine, 1992. Print.
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\"I said I had been told about him by my brothers and sisters, and I apologize for my poor letter.\" pg195
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Rummel, Jack, and Heather Lehr. Wagner. Malcolm X: Militant Black Leader. Philadelphia: Chelsea House, 2005. Print.
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\"...to help blacks discover their dual African and Islamic heritage.\" pg 39
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Rummel, Jack, and Heather Lehr. Wagner. Malcolm X: Militant Black Leader. Philadelphia: Chelsea House, 2005. Print.
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\"Fard and Muhammad roused growing support for the Nation of Islam during the early 1930's and established Islamic Temples.\"
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X, Malcolm, and Alex Haley. The Autobiography of Malcolm X. New York: One World/Ballantine, 1992. Print.
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\"I don't go for non-violence if it also means a delayed solution. To me a delayed solution is a non-solution.\" pg 423
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Rummel, Jack, and Heather Lehr. Wagner. Malcolm X: Militant Black Leader. Philadelphia: Chelsea House, 2005. Print.
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\"Malcolm X wanted to retaliate by attacking the police, but the Nation's leaders were unwilling to risk further trouble and forbade him to do anything more than make angry speeches.\" pg 71
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Rummel, Jack, and Heather Lehr. Wagner. Malcolm X: Militant Black Leader. Philadelphia: Chelsea House, 2005. Print.
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\"...many people would begin to question whether the Black Muslims deserved their militant reputation.\" pg71
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X, Malcolm, and Alex Haley. The Autobiography of Malcolm X. New York: One World/Ballantine, 1992. Print.
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\"...faced paternity suits from two former secretaries who charged he father their four children. pg 340
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X, Malcolm, and Alex Haley. The Autobiography of Malcolm X. New York: One World/Ballantine, 1992. Print.
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\"I felt as if something in nature had failed...Mr. Muhammad had...been willing to hide, to cover up what he had done. That was my major blow.\"
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http://www.kansaspress.ku.edu/abeico.html
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Malcolm X himself was keenly aware of the power of imagery to redefine identity and worked tirelessly to shape how he was represented to the public.
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http://works.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1061&context=abu_kashif
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...
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Rummel, Jack, and Heather Lehr. Wagner. Malcolm X: Militant Black Leader. Philadelphia: Chelsea House, 2005. Print.
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\"...did not deny the accusations but justified his actions by comparing himself with such biblical figures as David and Noah, who all had moral lapses.\"
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Rummel, Jack, and Heather Lehr. Wagner. Malcolm X: Militant Black Leader. Philadelphia: Chelsea House, 2005. Print.
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\"...meaning that whites were being repaid for establishing a climate of violence in America.\"
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Rummel, Jack, and Heather Lehr. Wagner. Malcolm X: Militant Black Leader. Philadelphia: Chelsea House, 2005. Print.
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\"...seize control of their communities and form armed resistance groups to protect themselves.\" pg 76
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Rummel, Jack, and Heather Lehr. Wagner. Malcolm X: Militant Black Leader. Philadelphia: Chelsea House, 2005. Print.
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\"...he began studying with Mahmoud Youssef Shawarbi, an Egyptian professor...He learned from Shawarbi that in the Islamic faith people were judged by their actions, not their skin color.\" pg 78
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Rummel, Jack, and Heather Lehr. Wagner. Malcolm X: Militant Black Leader. Philadelphia: Chelsea House, 2005. Print.
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\"...improving urban housing and rehabilitating drug addicts.\" pg 82
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http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1134&context=eandc
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\"As we have seen, Malcolm X went through a process of education, mis-education and re-education.\"
