M.E. Block 2

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1798-1801, Eygpt was conquered and occupied by a French military expedition commanded

commander under Bonaparte, left in charge when Bonaparte went back to France

Somali Egyptian Muslim scholar and chronicler who spent most of his life in Cairo.

reform minded Sultan of the Ottoman Empire 1787-1807

\"The New Order\" created by Selim III in 1797. conscription of Anatolia peasant youth

commander in Ottoman Army(Albanian) Founder of Modern Egypt, Reform.

30 Sultan of Ottoman Empire

1839, a statement of royal intent by the Ottoman Sultan to carry out certain admin reforms, the standardization of military conscription and the elimination of corruption. Extended reforms to all ottoman subject no matter what religion.

euro controlled org to collect payment thte ottomans owed the euro companies

1879-1883 egypt uprising

artificial sea leavel waterway in Egypt, connection the Mediterranean Sea and the Read Sea. Opened in Nov 1869 after 10 year of construction work. it allows ship transport between Europe and eastern Asia w.o nav around Africa.

British and Dishaway Villager, British soldiers went hunting and angered villagers. Protest 52 villagers conviected

person who exercises jihad-islamic law

Shi'a/ulema shah gave english company exclusive rights to sell tobacco, shi'a revolted

Also known as the Gallipoli campaign, it took place at the Gallipoli Peninsula in Turkey from April-January 1915-1916. It was a joint British and French operation meant to capture the capital city Constantinople and to secure a sea route to Russia. This failed, with nearly half a million casualties.

the Turkish government organized the department of the armenians in the Ottoman Empire and over a million were murdered or starved - one of the first genocides of the 20th centuries

or the Ottoman Civil War,[1] (20 July 1402 - 5 July 1413) (Turkish: Fetret Devri) began on 20 July 1402, when chaos reigned in the Ottoman Empire following the defeat of Sultan Bayezid I by the Central Asian warlord Timur. Although Mehmed Çelebi was confirmed as sultan by Timur, his brothers refused to recognize his authority.[2] Civil war was the result. The Interregnum lasted until 5 July 1413, when Mehmed Çelebi emerged as victor in the strife, crowned himself sultan Mehmed I, and restored the empire.

reform movement led by groups that had different ideas of what the gov should achieve

secret protest party

3 separatist groups that influence ottoman political life and restored Constitution of 1876

to the debate that is in progress on the nature and character of Israel. Modern Israel came into existence on 14 May 1948 as the homeland for the Jewish people

a British Royal Commission of Inquiry, headed by Lord Peel, appointed in 1936 to investigate the causes of unrest in British Mandate for Palestine following the six-month-long Arab general strike in Mandatory Palestine.

-\"The National Military Organization in the Land of Israel\", was a Zionist paramilitary group that operated in Mandate Palestine between 1931 and 1948. It was an offshoot of the earlier and larger Jewish paramilitary organization Haganah .

worked out by the Haganah, a Jewish paramilitary group, the main Zionist underground militia, in Mandatory Palestine in March 1948. Its name was from the fourth. Its purpose is much debated. The plan was a set of guidelines[1] the stated purpose of which was to take control of the territory of the Jewish state and to defend its borders and people, including the Jewish population outside of the borders, in expectation of an invasion by regular Arab armies

-created in 1920 The French Mandate for Syria and Lebanon was a League of Nations Mandate created at the end of World War I. When the Ottoman Empire was formally split up by the Treaty of Sèvres in 1920, it was decided that four of its territories in the Middle East should be League of Nations mandates temporarily governed by the United Kingdom and France on behalf of the League. The British were given Palestine and Iraq, while the French were given a mandate over Syria and Lebanon .

was an Ottoman and Syrian writer, educationalist and an influential Arab nationalist thinker in the 20th century

(father of Turks) Mustafa hamal Pache- battlefield commander- battle of Galipoli

At first a military leader, then Monarch of Iran-oppressive military dictatorship

Misak-al-milli-last session of parliament in Istaban, lead way for national assembly

wealthy landowners, tribal chiefs, and merchants, essentially the local power base of the outlying regions of the Ottoman Empire. The politics of the notables involved the Notables gaining access to power and patronage through their support for the local Ottoman governor, whose regime was in turn buttressed by Notable support. The Tanzimat reforms upset the balance between Notables and the Ottoman government; in particular the land code of 1858 caused a great increase in private estates. Even so, the Notables managed to maintain their power by sending their sons to Ottoman universities so that they could obtain indispensable jobs in the Ottoman bureaucracy.

educated at Mecca and Medina, and therein formulated a religious message centered on the oneness of God and the necessity for Muslims to follow the word and letter of the holy Quran. He argued that the Quran must be applied to all of life, and that the Muslim must struggle to live in purity before the Lord. His preaching was devotedly followed by the Arabian chieftain Muhammad ibn Saud, whose warriors turned the Wahhabi religious message into the cornerstone of a temporal kingdom. Although the Wahhabis were at first crushed by Muhammad Ali's troops, the religion persisted and remains one of the most influential of the Muslim sects.

The term quite literally means \"awakening\" or \"renaissance.\" It refers to resurgence in thought and culture among Arab Christians, especially in Syria and Lebanon, which later affected the Arab Muslims on the region. The Awakening was caused by the preaching of Christian missionaries in the country, especially in their emphasis on Western education in the language of Arabic. This caused a revived sense of nationalism and purpose among Arab Christians, who came to emphasize the importance of their Arab heritage and the necessity of finding ways to express it politically. Arab Muslims, especially those who had been educated at Western institutions, also began to join in the Awakening, wherein lay the seeds of a new definition of Arab-ness which could unify Christians and Muslims.

The Syrian Protestant College is one of the finest legacies of the Christian missionary endeavor in Syria and Lebanon during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The missionary effort, which began as an attempt to convert the local Muslims to Christianity, later shifted in emphasis to the education of local Christian Arabs and their conversion to mainstream Protestant or Catholic Christianity. The missionaries set up dozens of schools throughout the region in which the language of instruction was Arabic; this contributed to a revival of national consciousness among Christian Arabs. The educational institutions which the missionaries founded remain a force for liberalism and secularism in the Middle East, and have produced some of the regions finest professional and political talents.

The ideology of Turkism arose in reaction to the perceived failure of Ottomanism to address the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire. The revolt of the European provinces from the Ottoman Empire caused Turkish intellectuals to re-evaluate the nature of their country, causing them to emphasize the importance of the Turks to the history and direction of the Ottoman Empire. This breed of Turkish nationalism was exemplified by the writings of Ziya Gokalp and Mehmet Emin, who argued for the centrality of the Turkish people to world history and expounded upon the importance of the Turkish language and nationhood. Although the movement failed to organize itself into a political group, the Turkist ideology laid the foundations of the reemergence of Turkish nationalism after the First World War.

an Egyptian of peasant stock, was the leader of the liberal Wafd party and the greatest advocate for Egyptian independence. After the British refusal to include the Wafd in peace talks after the end of the First World War, Zaghlul and the Wafd went to the Egyptian people, touring the country advocating independence. The British finally agreed to allow Egypt limited and nominal freedom, electing Zaghlul the first of Egypt's prime ministers, but keeping troops stationed in Egypt and maintaining control of Egyptian foreign policy. Despite his courageous advocacy for Egyptian freedom, in parliament Zaghlul was an authoritarian, ensuring that the government was run by and for his supporters. His death in 1927 left the Wafd, and hence the Egyptian government, divided, corrupt, and in chaos.

first Arab political party. It was composed mainly of upper-class, Europeanized Egyptians, who sought to make Egypt a part of the civilized West. Nonetheless, because of its courageous advocacy of Egyptian independence, the Wafd had a wide following across Egyptian society, winning the country's first ever free elections in 1924 by an overwhelming margin. Thereafter the Wafd went into steady decline. It struggled to wisely and justly rule over Egypt, and eventually became divided and corrupt. Its agreement in 1936 to permanently allow British troops in the Suez Canal Zone tarnished forever its image among the Egyptian people, and the Wafd never regained its former power after this setback.

broke out when the Iraqi Army seized control of the government, appointing the pliable Rashid Ali to be prime minister. The new Iraqi government fiercely opposed Iraq's old political arrangements with Britain. The war began when Iraq attempted to forbid Britain from establishing a supply base at the point of Basra to further its efforts in the Second World War; the British crushed the revolt and brought Nuri al-Said and a pro-British government to power. The conflict exemplified Iraq's frustrations as a small country under the domination of another.

was the army of Transjordan, trained and led by British officers, notably the eccentric Arabist John Glubb Pasha. It was at first intended to be a small royal police force, upholding the authority of the Jordanian king Abdullah against his domestic enemies. Later it was made into the best-trained, most highly disciplined Arab fighting force. It played a prominent role in the 1948 war between Israel and the Arab nations, being the most successful Arab unit of the war

The term refers to the precarious identity politics of Lebanon from its creation in the 1920s to the present. Lebanon from its creation was not by majority Maronite Christian; however, the Maronites controlled Lebanese politics through their relationship with the French and also regarded Lebanon as their spiritual homeland. They looked primarily to the West for their example, seeing themselves as partakers of the greater Western civilization across the Mediterranean. Their tormented relationship with their Muslim Lebanese neighbors, who looked to Syria and Islam for their example, defines Lebanese politics down to the present.

promised land of Palestine to jews and arabs

Hatti-Sharif Ghulane: new double edged sword, no money for expensive army yet the had one to be more European, religious equality