LPN Medical Terminology Chapter 2 – Flashcards
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Anatomy
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the study of the structures of the body
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Physiology
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the study of the functions of the structures of the body
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Sagittal Plane
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A vertical plane that divides the body into unequal left and right portions
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midsagittal plane
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Also known as the midline, is the sagittal plane that divides the body into equal left and right halves
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Frontal Plane
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A vertical that divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions
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Transverse Plane
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A horizontal plane that divides the body into upper and lower portions
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Ventral
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refers to the front, or belly side, of the organ or body
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Dorsal
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Refers to the back of the organ or body
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Anterior
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Means situated in the front. The front part or forward part of an organ
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Posterior
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Means situated in the back. The back part of an organ
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Superior
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Means uppermost, above, or toward the head
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Inferior
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Means lowermost, below, or toward the feet
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Cephalic
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Means toward the head
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Caudal
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Means toward the lower part of the body - away from the head
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Proximal
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Means situated nearest the midline or the beginning of a body structure
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Distal
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Means situated farthest from the midline or beginning of a body structure
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Medial
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Means the direction toward, or nearer, the midline
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Lateral
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Means the direction away from the midline
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Dorsal Cavity
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Located along the back of the body and head, contains organs of the nervous system that coordinate body functions. Divided into two portions; cranial cavity and spinal cavity
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Spinal Cavity
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Located within the spinal column, surrounds and protects the spinal cord
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Cranial Cavity
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Located within the skull, surrounds and protects the brain
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Ventral Cavity
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Located along the front of the body, contains the body organs that sustain homeostasis
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Homeostasis
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The processes through which the body maintains a constant internal environment
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Thoracic Cavity
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Surrounds and protects the heart and lungs
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Abdominal Cavity
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Contains primarily the major organs of digestion
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Pelvic Cavity
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The space formed by the hip bones and contains primarily the organs of the reproductive and excretory systems
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Inguinal
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Means relating to the groin, refers to the entire lower area of the abdomen
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Right and Left Hypochondriac Regions
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Right and Left breast regions, covered by lower ribs
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Epigastric Region
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Located above the stomach
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Right and left lumbar regions
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Located near the inward curve of the spine
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Umbilical Region
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Surrounds the belly button
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Umbilicus
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belly button
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Right and left iliac regions
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Located over the hip bones
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Hypogastric region
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Located below the stomach
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Quadrant
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Divided into four
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Peritoneum
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A multilayered membrane that protects and holds the organs in place within the abdominal cavity
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Parietal Peritoneum
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The outer layer of the peritoneum that lines the interior of the abdominal wall
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Mesentery
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A fused double layer of the parietal peritoneum that attaches parts of the intestine to the interior abdominal wall
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Visceral Peritoneum
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The inner layer of the peritoneum that surrounds the organs of the abdominal cavity
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Retroperitoneum
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Located behind the peritoneum
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Peritonitis
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Inflammation of the peritoneum
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Cytology
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The study of the anatomy, physiology, and chemistry of the cell
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Cytologist
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A specialist in the study and analysis of cells
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Cell membrane
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The tissue that surrounds and protects the contents of the cell by separating them from its external environment
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Cytoplasm
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The material within the cell membrane that is not part of the nucleus
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Nucleus
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A structure within the cell that is surrounded by the nuclear membrane. Controls the activities of the cell, and it helps the cell divide
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Stem Cells
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Unspecialized cells that are able to renew themselves for long periods of time by cell division
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Adult stem cells
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Undifferentiated cells found among differentiated cells in a tissue or organ
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undifferentiated
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Not having a specialized function or structure
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Differentiated
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Having a specialized function or structure
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Hemopoietic
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Blood forming
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Graft-versus-host disease
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Rejection of a match between a donor's and a recipient's blood forming tissue of the bone marrow
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Embryonic stem cells
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Undifferentiated cells that are unlike any specific adult cells and have the ability to form any adult cell
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Cord blood
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Blood found in the umbilical cord and placenta of a newborn infant
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Gene
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A fundamental physical and functional unit of heredity
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Genetics
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The study of how genes are transferred from parents to their children and the role of genes in health and disease
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Geneticist
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A specialist in the field of genetics
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Dominant gene
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If Inherited from either parent, the offspring WILL inherit that genetic condition characteristic
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Recessive gene
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If inherited from both parents, the offspring will have that condition. If inherited by one parent, the offspring will not have the condition
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Sickle cell anemia
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A group of inherited red blood cell disorders that are transmitted by a recessive gene
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Genome
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The complete set of genetic information of an organism
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Chromosomes
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The genetic structures located within the nucleus of each cell. In somatic cells, there are 46 arranged in 23 pairs
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Somatic cell
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Any cell in the body except the gametes.
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Somatic
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Pertaining to the body in general
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Gamete
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Sex cell, the only type of cell that does not contain 46 chromosomes. Each has 23 chromosomes
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Genetic Mutation
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A change of the sequence of a DNA molecule
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Somatic cell mutation
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A change within the cells of the body. Will affect the individual but cannot be transmitted to the next generation
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Gamete cell mutation
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A change within a sex cell that can be transmitted by a parent to their children
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Genetic engineering
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The manipulating or splicing of genes for scientific or medical purposes
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Genetic disorder
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Also known as a hereditary disorder, is a pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene
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Cystic fibrosis
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A genetic disorder that is present at birth and affects both the respiratory and digestive systems
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Down syndrome
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A genetic variation that is associated with a characteristic facial appearance, learning disabilities, and physical abnormalities such as heart valve disease
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Hemophilia
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A group of hereditary bleeding disorders in which a blood-clotting factor is missing
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Huntington's Disease
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A genetic disorder that is passed from parent to child. The condition causes nerve degeneration with symptoms that most often appear in midlife
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Degeneration
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Worsening condition
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Muscular Dystrophy
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A group of genetic diseases that are characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of the skeletal muscles that control movement
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Phenylketonuria
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A genetic disorder in which the essential digestive enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase is missing that can cause severe mental retardation if no early detection
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Tay-Sachs disease
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A fatal genetic disorder in which harmful quantities of a fatty substance buildup in tissues and nerve cells in the brain
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Tissue
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A group or layer of similarly specialized cells that join together to perform certain specific functions
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Histology
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The study of the structure, composition, and function of tissues
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Epithelial Tissues
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Form a protective covering for all of the internal and external surfaces of the body
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Epithelium
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The specialized epithelial tissue that forms the epidermis of the skin and the surface layer of mucous membranes
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Endothelium
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The specialized epithelial tissue that lines the blood and lymph vessels, body cavities, glands, and organs
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Connective tissues
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Support and connect organs and other body tissues
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Dense connective tissues
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Form the joints and framework of the body, such as bone and cartilage
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Adipose tissue
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Also known as fat, provides protective padding, insulation, and support
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Loose connective tissue
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Surrounds various organs and supports both nerve cells and blood vessels
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Liquid connective tissue
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Blood and lymph, transport nutrients and waste products throughout the body
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Muscle tissue
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Contains cells with the specialized ability to contract and relax
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Nerve tissue
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Contains cells with the specialized ability to react to stimuli and to conduct electrical impulses
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Aplasia
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The defective development, or the congenital absence, of an organ or tissue
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Hypoplasia
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The incomplete development of an organ or tissue usually due to a deficiency in the number of cells
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Anaplasia
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A change in the structure of cells and in their orientation to each other
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Dysplasia
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The abnormal development or growth of cells, tissues, or organs
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Hyperplasia
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The enlargement of an organ or tissue because of an abnormal increase in the number of cells in the tissues
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Hypertrophy
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A general increase in the bulk of a body part or organ that is due to an increase in the size, but not the number, of cells in the tissues
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Gland
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A group of specialized epithelial cells that are capable of producing secretions
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Exocrine glands
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Secrete chemical substances into ducts that lead either to other organs or out of the body, such as sweat glands
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Endocrine Glands
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Produce hormones, and do not have ducts
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Adenitis
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The inflammation of a gland
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Adenocarcinoma
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A malignant tumor that originates in glandular tissue
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Adenoma
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A benign tumor that arises in or resembles glandular tissue
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Adenomalacia
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the abnormal softening of a gland
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Adenosis
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Any disease or condition of a gland
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Adenosclerosis
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The abnormal hardening of a gland
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Adenectomy
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The surgical removal of a gland
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Pathology
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The study of a disease
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Etiology
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The study of the causes of diseases
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Pathogen
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A disease-producing microorganism such as a virus
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Transmission
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the spread of a disease
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Contamination
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A pathogen is possibly present
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Communicable disease
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Also known as a contagious disease, it is transmitted from one person to another either by direct or indirect contact with contaminated objects
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Communicable
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Capable of being transmitted
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Indirect contact transmission
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Refers to situations in which a susceptible person is infected by contact with a contaminated surface
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Bloodborne transmission
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The spread of a disease through contact with blood or other body fluids
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Airborne transmission
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Occurs through contact with contaminated respiratory droplets spread by a cough or sneeze
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Food-borne and waterborne transmission
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Caused by eating or drinking contaminated food or water that has not been properly treated to remove contamination
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Vector-borne transmission
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The spread of a certain disease due to the bite of a vector
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Epidemiologist
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A specialist in the study of outbreaks of disease within a population group
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Endemic
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The ongoing presence of a disease within a population, group, or area
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Epidemic
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A sudden and widespread outbreak of a disease within a specific population, group, or area
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Pandemic
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An outbreak of a disease occurring over a large geographic area
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Functional disorder
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Produces symptoms for which no physiological or anatomical cause can be identified
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Iatrogenic illness
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an unfavorable response due to prescribed medical treatment
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idiopathic disorder
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an illness without known cause
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Idiopathic
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without known cause
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infectious disease
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an illness caused by living pathogenic organisms
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nosocomial infection
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a disease acquired in a hospital or a clinical setting
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organic disorder
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produces symptoms caused by detectable physical changes in the body
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Congenital disorder
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an abnormal condition that exists at birth
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Congenital
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existing at birth
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Developmental disorder
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Also known as a birth defect, can result in an anomaly or malformation such as the absence of a limb or the presence of an extra toe
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anomaly
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A deviation from what is regarded as normal
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atresia
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The congenital absence of a normal body opening or the failure of a structure to be tubular
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Prenatal influences
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The mother's health, behavior, and the prenatal medical care she does or does not receive before delivery
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Fetal alcohol syndrome
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Caused by the mother's consumption of alcohol during the pregnancy
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Premature birth
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A birth that occurs earlier than 37 weeks of development. Can cause serious health problems
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Birth injuries
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Congenital disorders that were not present before the events surrounding the time of birth
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Gerontology
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The study of the medical problems and care of older people
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Internist
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A physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the internal organs and related to body symptoms
