Lost Tools of Writing Level 1 Vocabulary – Flashcards
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What are the Three Canons?
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Invention, Arrangement, and Elocution
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What is the Invention Canon?
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coming up with ideas (also called Discovery)
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What is the Arrangement Canon?
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ordering the ideas (also called Disposition)
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What is the Elocution Canon?
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expressing the ideas appropriately (also called Style)
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How do you convert a statement into an issue?
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Add "whether" to the beginning of the statement and "should have" in front of the verb
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What is an Enumeration?
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The statement of the total number of proofs in the Introductory paragraph of the outline`
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What are the Five Common Topics?
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Topic 1: Definition Topic 2: Comparison Topic 3: Circumstances Topic 4: Relationships Topic 5: Authority
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What is parallelism?
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A scheme in which parts of speech are put in the same position in a series of words, phrases, or clauses.
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What is an Exordium?
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An opening that attempts to draw the reader's interest and set the tone for the rest of the essay.
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What are the five alternatives for an exordium?
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1: Question 2: Statistic 3: Challenge 4: Joke or Anecdote 5: Quotation
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What are the three verb errors?
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Passive, vague, and cliche
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What is an Amplification?
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A concluding statement that highlights, or amplifies, the main proofs of the essay. It states "Who cares" and "Why", and is found at the very end of the conclusion paragraph.
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What are the three subject errors?
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Non-particular, hidden, and missing
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What is a non-particular subject?
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A subject that is too general
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What is a hidden subject?
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a subject that is not - but should be - the main actor of the sentence, and is hidden elsewhere in the sentence
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What is a missing subject?
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a subject that does not appear in the sentence at all, but should be the main actor
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What is an antithesis?
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an arrangement of contrasting ideas in adjacent clauses that follow the same grammatical pattern
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What is Division?
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an identification of the point of agreement between the two theses (usually the statement itself), and the point at which they disagree
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What is Nominalization?
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The act of turning a word that is not a noun into a noun. This is a error.
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What is a Simile?
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a comparison between two things that are different yet vaguely similar using "like" or "as"
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What is a Refutation?
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where the writer states the counter-thesis and shows why it is wrong using proofs and sub-proofs from the other side of the ANI chart
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What is a Narratio?
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the "statement of facts," or the summary of the actions or events that led to the issue and its circumstances
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What is a Metaphor?
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a comparison between two things that are different yet somewhat similar, but not using "like" or "as"
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What is a Antecedent?
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an event or action that precedes the issue or term
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What is a Consequent?
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an event or action that follows the issue or term
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What is an Alliteration?
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the repetition of initial consonant sounds in a phrase or verse
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What is an Assonance?
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the repetition of vowel sounds in a phrase or verse.
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Three universal challenges to becoming a good writer?
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1. coming up with something to say; 2. ordering your thoughts; and 3. expressing your thoughts appropriately
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What is the solution to the 3 universal challenges?
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Canons
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What is the first canon?
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Invention
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What is the second canon?
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Arrangement
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What is the third canon?
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Elocution
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Discovery
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The art of discovering material for the text (aka: invention)
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disposition
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the art of selecting, sorting, and outlining ideas and subject matter (aka arrangement)
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ANI
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affirmative, negative, and interesting
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5 topics of invention
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Comparison, circumstances, authority, relationship, and definition
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Essay
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a short piece of writing on a particular subject
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Arrangement Template
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the pattern to imitate when outlining an essay (intro, body, conclusion)
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Introduction
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an opening of an essay
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Thesis
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statement of the proposition of an essay you are defending
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Proofs
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the reasons or arguments that defend the thesis
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Enumeration
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the number of reasons used to support the thesis
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Exposition
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the statement of the main reasons in an essay - main proofs
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Conclusion
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summary of an essay
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Elocution
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the art of expressing one's ideas appropriately (aka style)
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which part of speech is used in the TOPIC definition?
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hearing and seeing
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what are the steps (in order) which take you from the question to the essay?
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1. question; 2. issue; 3. ANI; 4. Sort; 5. Decide which side support/write 6. Thesis; 7. outline; 8. Essay
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proof
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the reasons or arguments that defend the thesis
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scheme
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an arrangement of words appealing to the senses
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Parallelism
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an order of two or more words, phrases, or clauses aligned in such a way that the parts of speech in each line up with the same parts of speech in the other words, phrases, or clauses
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Exordium
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the opening of an essay or speech, the first part of the introduction. (i.e. the hook). It connects the reader to the material in the essay
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Antithesis
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a scheme in which strongly contrasting (or opposite) concepts are expressed in a parallel form
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Issue
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A question beginning with 'whether'
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8 parts of speech
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noun, pronoun, verb, adverb, preposition, interjection, conjunction, adjective
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sub proofs
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reasons which support a main proof
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Trope
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an arrangement of words appealing to the mind or imagination
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4 parts of your introduction
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Exordium, thesis, enumeration, and exposition
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what is included in the body of your essay?
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Proof 1, 2, and 3. Each proof contains three sub proofs
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What does the conclusion include?
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thesis & summary of proofs (exposition)
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Amplification
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ending of the conclusion answering "to whom it matters" and "why"
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The Four Sentence Structures
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The four sentences structures are: simple, compound, complex, and compound-complex.
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The Four Sentence Purposes
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The four sentence purposes are: declarative, exclamatory, interrogative, and imperative.
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The Pattern of a Sentence
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The pattern of a sentence is one of seven specific arrangements of words in a sentence.
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The Sentence Part: Subject
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The subject is that part of a sentence about which something is being said.
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The Sentence Part: Predicate
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The predicate is that part of a sentence which says something about the subject.
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The Eight Parts of Speech
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The eight parts of speech are: nouns, pronouns, adverbs, conjunctions, interjections, prepositions, and adjectives.
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Verb
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A verb is a word that asserts an action, shows a state of being, links two words together, or helps another verb.
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Noun
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A noun names a person, place, thing, activity, or idea.
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Pronoun (P)
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A pronoun replaces a noun in order to avoid repetition.
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Interjection (I)
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An interjection is a word or phrase used as a strong expression of feeling or emotion.
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Interrogative Sentence (Int)
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An interrogative sentence asks a question and ends with a question mark.
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Conjunction (C)
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A conjunction is a word used to connect words, phrases, or clauses together.
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Compound Sentence (Cd)
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A compound sentence consists of at least two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction.
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Appositive (AP)
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An appositive is a noun (or pronoun) directly beside another noun which explains or identifies it.
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Verb Mood
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Mood is the manner in which a verb expresses its action or state of being.
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Nouns of Direct Address (NDA)
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A noun of direct address is used to call upon a person and is set off by one or more commas.
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Adverb (AV)
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An adverb modifies a verb, adjective, or another adverb and tells how, when, where, why, how often, how much, to what extent, or under what condition.
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Preposition (Pr)
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A preposition relates a noun or pronoun to another word.
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Prepositional Phrase
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A prepositional phrase consists of a preposition, its object, and any modifiers that may exist between them and functions as an adverb or an adjective in a sentence.
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Linking Verb (Vl)
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A linking verb makes an assertion by joining two words.
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Intransitive Verb (Vi)
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An intransitive verb does not transfer the action to an object.
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Transitive Verb (Vt)
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A transitive verb transfers the action from the subject to an object.
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Helping Verb (Vh)
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A helping verb helps another verb assert, action, being, or existence.
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Predicate Nominative (PN)
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A predicate nominative is a noun or pronoun that follows a linking verb and renames the subject.
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Verb Principal Parts
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The five principal parts are: infinitive, present, past, present participle, and past participle.
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Adjective (AJ)
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An adjective modifies a noun or a pronoun by describing, qualifying, or limiting.
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Predicate Adjective (PA)
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A predicate adjective follows a linking verb and describes the subject.
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What are terms?
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the things compared
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What are themes?
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the ideas that the terms share in common
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What are sub-ideas?
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details (differences) under each theme
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How many themes are there in a comparison essay?
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three
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How many sub-ideas are under each theme?
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three for one term and three for the other (six total)
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What is personification?
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When you give human qualities to inanimate objects
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What is apostrophe?
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When you address an imaginary person or abstract quality
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What is an anaphora?
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A repetition of words, phrases, or clauses at the beginning of successive sentences
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What is an Epistrophe?
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A repetition of words, phrases, or clauses at the end of successive sentences
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What is a hyberbole?
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an exaggerated statement
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What is a litote?
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an expression of an idea by denying its opposite
