question

science of human development

answer

seeks to understand how and why people--- all kinds of people, everywhere-- change or remain the same over time.

question

empirical

answer

means that it is based on data, on may experiences, on demonstrations and on facts.

question

dynamic systems theory

answer

a view of human development as always changing.

question

ecological systems approach

answer

a vision of how human development should be studied, with the person considered in all the contexts and interactions that constitute a life.

question

plasticity

answer

every individual and every trait within each individual, can be altered at any point in the life span. People can be molded yet they remain durable.

question

5 characteristics of development

answer

multi directional, multi contextual, multi cultural, multi disciplinary, plasticity

question

butterfly effect

answer

idea that a small effect or thing can have s large impact if it happens to tip the balance, causing other changes that create a major event.

question

cohort

answer

a group of people who were born at about the same time and thus move through life together, experiencing the same historical events and cultural shifts.

question

SES

answer

Socio economic status-- person's position in society as determined by income, wealth, occupation, education, place of residence and other factors.

question

ethnic group

answer

ancestral connection.

question

race

answer

genetic distinction based on physical appearance.

question

social construction

answer

an idea built more on shared perceptions than on objective reality. Many age related terms, such as childhood, adolescence, yuppies, and senior citizens are social constructions.

question

mirror neurons

answer

brain cells that respond to actions preformed by someone else as if they were doing it themselves.

question

scientific method

answer

a way to answer questions that require empirical research and data based conclusions.

question

hypothesis

answer

scientific prediction stated in a way that it can be tested and either confirmed or refuted.

question

replication

answer

repetition of scientific study, using the same procedures on a similar (but not identical) group of participants, in order to verify, refine or dispute the original study's conclusions.

question

scientific observation

answer

method of testing a hypothesis by unobtrusively watching and recording participants behavior in a systemic and objective manner, either in a laboratory or in a natural setting.

question

experiment

answer

a research method in which the researcher tries to determine the cause and effect relationship between 2 variable by manipulating independent variable and observing and recording results in dependent variable. ...

question

Independent variable

answer

variable introduced to see what effect it has on dependent variable

question

dependent variable

answer

variable that may change as a result of whatever new condition or situation the experimenter adds. Dependent variable depends on independent variable.

question

experimental group

answer

A group of participants in a research study who experience some special treatment or condition (the independent variable).

question

Comparison/control group

answer

similar group that DO NOT experience the independent variable.

question

developmental theory

answer

systematic statement of principles and generalizations that provides a coherent framework for studying and explaining development

question

grand theories

answer

Psychoanalytic, Behaviorism (learning theory), Cognitive -grand in that they are... -Comprehensive -- describe universal processes and development throughout the entire life span

question

mini theories

answer

focus on a specific topic

question

emergent theories

answer

Theories that bring together information from many disciplines in addition to psychology and that are becoming comprehensive and systematic in their interpretations of development but are not yet established and detailed enough to be considered grand theories.

question

psychoanalytic theory

answer

A theory developed by Freud that attempts to explain personality, motivation, and mental disorders by focusing on unconscious determinants of behavior

question

learning theory

answer

Proposes that all behaviour is learned rather than inborn. Learned either through classical or operant conditioning.

question

classical conditioning

answer

conditioning that pairs a neutral stimulus with a stimulus that evokes a reflex

question

the cognitive domains of development include:

answer

perception, thinking and language.

question

Changes in height weight and bone thickness are part of the ________ domain.

answer

biosocial

question

Pychosocial development focuses primarily on personality, emotions and:

answer

relationships with others.

question

The ecological model of developmental psychology focuses on the:

answer

overall environment of development.

question

Researchers who take a life span perspective on development focus on:

answer

sources of continuity, sources of discontinuity and non linear character of human development.

question

During the 60's american society tilted towards a youth culture. This is a vivid example of the effect of ______________ on society.

answer

the baby boom cohort

question

define hypothesis:

answer

prediction to be tested.

question

developmentalist who is interested in studying the influences of a person's immediate environment on his or her behavior is focusing on which system?

answer

microsystem.

question

determination of socio economic status is :

answer

income, education and occupation.

question

disadvantage of experiments can be:

answer

people may behave differently in the artificial environment than in the lab.

question

In an experiment testing the effects of group size on individual effort in a tug of war task, the number of people in each group is the:

answer

independent variable.

question

which research method would be most appropriate for investigating the relationship between parents religious beliefs and their attitudes towards middle school sex education class:

answer

the survey.

question

in which type of community are children generally valued most highly as economic assets:

answer

developing agricultural communities.

question

developmentalist who carefully observe the behavior of school children during recess are using what research method?

answer

naturalistic observation.

question

An individuals context of development refers to his or her:

answer

micro-sytem, meso-system, exo-system, and macro system.

question

3 DOMAINS OF DEVELOPEMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY:

answer

BIO-SOCIAL, COGNITIVE, PSYCHO-SOCIAL

question

Important fact of the 3 domains

answer

important at every age, interact in influencing developement.

question

People often mistakenly believe that most developmental changes

answer

originate within each indiviudual.

question

According to the ecological model the macrosystem would include:

answer

cultural values, political beliefs.

question

macro system

answer

· It includes the ideologies, attitudes, mores , customs, and laws of a particular culture which influences the child · It includes a core of educational , economic, religious, political and social values.

question

micro system

answer

Immediate everyday environment where there is face to face relationships (parents or school environment.

question

meso system

answer

in the ecological perspective on human development, the layer of he environment formed by two or more immediate settings, as in the home-school linkage.

question

exo system

answer

in the ecological perspective on human development the layer of the environment that does not direclty contain the devleoping person but that affects the settings in which the person lives.

question

The effects of a person's family life on his or her development would be classified as part of the:

answer

microsystem

question

A cohort is defined as a group of people:

answer

born within a few years of each other.

question

Lifespan view--- 5 decades ago the poorest people were the ______. Today the poorest are the____________.

answer

Old, young.

question

In differentiating ethnicity and culture we note that:

answer

people of many ethnic groups can share one culture yet maintain their ethnic identities.

question

If developementalist discovered that poor people are happier than wealthy people are, this would indicate that wealth and happiness are:

answer

negatively correlated

question

The plasticity of development refers to the fact that:

answer

human characteristics can be molded into different forms and shapes.

question

In an experiment testing the effects of noise level on mood, mood is the:

answer

The dependent variable.

question

Lifespan view---- An important factor in the impact of living in poverty on development is:

answer

The presence of supportive relationships with in the family.

question

What can be considered true in regards to race and ethnicity:

answer

ethnicity is determined genetically.

question

research study comparing people of different ages at the same time:

answer

cross-sectional

question

concerned with physical growth and development:

answer

bio-social domain

question

collection of people who share certain attributes like national origin:

answer

ethnic group

question

shared values attitudes and customs

answer

culture

question

concerned with thought process:

answer

cognitive domain

question

manipulated variable in an experiment:

answer

independent variable

question

concerned with emotions, personality traits and relationships:

answer

psycho-social domain

question

variable measured in an experiment:

answer

dependent variable.

question

retesting one group of people at several different times:

answer

longitudinal study

question

Dr. Wong conducts research on the psycho-social domain of development. She is most likely to be interested in a child's:

answer

emotions

question

A psychologist who focuses on the connection between a child's home and school environments is interested primarily in the child's:

answer

meso system

question

Jamal is writing a paper on the role of the social context in development. He would do well to consult the workings of

answer

Urie Bronfenbrenner.

question

Dr. Ramirez looks at human development in terms of the individuals supporting ecosystems. Evidently Dr. Ramirez subscribes to the _______model.

answer

ecological.

question

For her class project, Shelly decides to write a paper on how neighborhood and community structures influence the family. She cleverly titles her paper:

answer

"The exo-system in action"

question

When researchers find that the results of a study are statistically significant, this means that:

answer

it is unlikely they could have occurred by chance.

question

When we say that the idea of old age as we know it is a "social construction" we are saying that:

answer

the idea is built on the shared perceptions of members of society.

question

As compared with parents in developing countries, middle class american parents emphasize cognitive and social stimulation in their child rearing efforts because:

answer

they do not have to be as concerned with infant mortality.

question

Karen's mother is puzzled by the numerous discrepancies between the developmental psychology text book she used in 1976 and her daughters new text. The differences are a result of:

answer

changing social conditions and cohort effects.

question

If height and body weight are positively correlated this means that?

answer

knowing a person's height can predict his or her weight

question

An example of longitudinal research would be when an investigator compare the performance of:

answer

the same group of people, at different ages, on a test of memory.

question

For her developmental psychology research project Lakia decides she wants to focus primarily no qualitative data. You advise her to conduct what type of research:

answer

case study.

question

What is not a major controversy in the study of development?

answer

Individual vs. society

question

What would be a good description of the relationship between heredity and the environment in height determination?

answer

Heredity directs the individuals potential and environment determines whether and to what extent the potential is realized.

question

Research studies of mono zygotic twins who were raised apart suggests that:

answer

virtually every human trait id affected by both genes and environment.

question

Males with fragile x system are:

answer

frequently retarded.

question

disorders that are______ are most likely to pass undetected from generation to generation.

answer

recessive and multifactorial.

question

The effect of a gene on a particularly physical characteristic depends on whether the gene comes from the mother or the father this is called:

answer

genetic imprinting.

question

Dizygotic twins result when:

answer

two eggs are fertilized by different sperm.

question

Molecule in DNA that in humans are organized into 23 complementary pairs are called:

answer

chromosomes

question

Shortly after the Zygote is formed, it begins the process of duplication and division. Each resulting new cell has:

answer

the same number of chromosomes as was contained in the zygote.

question

If an ovum is fertilized by a sperm bearing a Y chromosome:

answer

a male will development.

question

When the male cells in the testes and the female cells in the ovaries divide to produce gametes, the process differs from that in the production of all other cells. As a result of the different process, the gametes have

answer

one rather than both members of each chromosome pair.

question

most human traits are:

answer

polygenic and multifactorial.

question

The genes that influence height and skin color interact according to the _____________ pattern.

answer

additive

question

genotype is to phenotype as________ is to ___________.

answer

genetic potential, physical expression.

question

X-linked recessive genes explain why some traits seem to be passed from:

answer

mother to son

question

The international effort to map the complete human genetic code is complicated by the fact that:

answer

some genes appear in several different versions.

question

Before their first child was born Jack and Diane decided that they should be karyotyped which means what:

answer

their chromosomes were photographed.

question

Which of the following is an inherited abnormality that quite possibly could develop into a recognizable syndrome.

answer

A person inherits an x- chromosome in which part of the chromosome is attached to the rest of it by a very slim string of molecules.

question

Some men are color blind because they inherit a particular recessive gene from their mother. That recessive gene is carried on the:

answer

X chromosome

question

If your mother is taller than your father, it is most likely that your height will be:

answer

between your mothers and fathers because of genetic imprinting.

question

If dizygotic twins develop schizophrenia the likelihood of the other twin experiencing mental illness is much lower than it is with monozygotic twins-- this suggests:

answer

schizophrenia is INFLUENCED by genes

question

A persons skin turns yellow orange as a result of a carrot juice diet, this is an example of:

answer

environmental influence

question

The personality trait of inhibition shyness seems to be partly genetic. A child who inherits the genes for shyness will be shy:

answer

if the environment does not encourage greater sociability.

question

If a man carries a recessive gene for cystic fibrosis and his wife does not, chance of having a child with this disease are:

answer

zero

question

One of the best ways to distinguish the relative influence of genetic and environmental factors on behavior is to compare children who have:

answer

same genes but different environments, i.e. monozygotic twins.

question

In the case of identical twins reared apart:

answer

most psychological characteristics and personal traits are genetically AND environmentally influenced

question

Lifespan view- Laurie and Brad, who both have a history of alcoholism in their families are concerned that the child they hope to have will inherit the genetic predisposition to alcoholism. Based on the text what info would you give them?

answer

Social influences such as family and peer environment play a critical role in determining whether alcoholism is expressed.

question

16 year old Joey experiences some mental slowness and hearing and heart problems, yet he is able to care for himself and is unusually sweet tempered. Joey probably has:

answer

down syndrome

question

Genetically Claude's height is 6 ft. He did not receive a balanced diet however he grew to 5'9". Claude's actual height is an example of:

answer

phenotype

question

Winona inherited a gene from her mother that, regardless of her Father's contribution to her genotype will be expressed in her phenotype. Evidently the gene Winona received from her mother is a____________ gene.

answer

dominant

question

Genotype

answer

A total of all genes a person inherits his or her genetic potential.

question

phenotype

answer

expression of said genes after interaction with the environment.

question

syndrome

answer

cluster of distinct characteristics that tend to occur together in a given disorder.

question

polygenetic

answer

affected by many genes

question

multifactorial

answer

affected by many factors

question

The purpose of developmental theory is to:

answer

provide abroad coherent view of development, guide parents teachers, therapists, generate testable hypothesis.

question

Which developmental theory emphasizes the influence of unconscious drives and motives on behavior?

answer

psychoanalytic

question

Erikson's psychosocial theory of human development describes:

answer

eight crisis all people are thought to face.

question

Which theory does not belong psychoanalytic sociocultural learning cognitive

answer

sociocultural the others are all grand theories.

question

explained complex human behavior in terms of ope rant conditioning:

answer

B.F. Skinner

question

Pavlov's dogs salivating at the sound of a bell

answer

classical conditioning

question

Nature vs. nurture considers:

answer

heredity vs. experience

question

Modeling is an integral part of learning theory because:

answer

involves peoples patterning their behaviors after that of others.

question

Which developmental theory suggests that each person is born with genetic possibilities that must be nurtured for growth?

answer

epigentic systems

question

Vygotsky's theory has been criticized for neglecting:

answer

the role of genes in guiding development.

question

Sequence of Piaget's stages of cognitive development:

answer

sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational

question

When an individual existing understanding no longer fits his or her present experiences the result is

answer

disequilibrium

question

in explaining the grand theories of of homosexuality what is emphasized:

answer

nurture over nature

question

Developmental theorists criticized for suggesting all children in every culture in every nation pass through certain fixed stages:

answer

Piaget, Freud and Erickson

question

Does not describe Freudian stage:

answer

Sensorimotor

question

We are most likely to imitate the behavior of others if we particularly admire and identify with them. This belief finds expression in:

answer

social learning theory

question

How do mini theories differ from grand theories?

answer

mini theories ARE NOT comprehensive they only explain part of development

question

According to Erikson an adult that has difficulty establishing a secure, mutual relation ship with a life partner might have never resolved the crisis of:

answer

trust vs. mistrust

question

Who would likely agree with the statement that "anything" can be learned?

answer

John Watson

question

Classical conditioning is to _________ as operrant conditioning is to _______________.

answer

Pavlov, Skinner

question

Learning theorists have found that they can often solve a person's seemingly complex psychological problem by

answer

altering the environment

question

According to Paiget, an infant 1st comes to know the world through:

answer

sucking and grasping

question

According to Paiget, the stage of cognitive development that generally characterizes pre-school children 2-6 is the:

answer

preoperational stage

question

Piagets theory cognitive equilibrium refers to:

answer

a state of mental balance

question

A child who must modify an old idea in order to incorporate a new experience is using the process of:

answer

accommodation

question

Which of the following is a common critisism of socio cultural theory?

answer

it negelcts developemental processes that are not primarily social

question

A major pioneer of sociocultural perspective was:

answer

Lev Vygotsky

question

Many songbirds inherit a genetically programmed species song that enhances their ability to mate and establish territory. The evolution of such a trait is an example of:

answer

selective adaptation

question

When a pigeon is rewarded for producing a particular response and so learns to produce that response to obtain rewards psychologist describe the chain of events as

answer

operant conditioning

question

Research studies have shown that humans handling rat pups makes them smarter as adults. This is because handling:

answer

increases mothers grooming, decreases stress hormones, leads to less brain degeneration

question

Dr. Ivey's research focuses on the biological forces that shape each child's characteristic way of reacting to environmental experiences. What perspective is Dr. Ivey working from?

answer

epigentic

question

An example of guided participation?

answer

To help her son learn to pour liquids, Sandra engages him in bathtub games involving pouring water from cups of different sizes.

question

A child who calls all furry animals "doggie"will experience cognitive ________ when she encounters a hairless breed for the first time. This may cause her to revamp her concept of "dog" in order to _____ the new experience.

answer

disequilibrium, accommodate

question

A confirmed neo-freudian, Dr. Thomas strongly endorses the views of Erik Erikson. She would be most likely to disagree with Freud regarding the importance of:

answer

sexual urges in development

question

After watching several older children climbing around a new jungle gym, 5 year old Jennie decides to try it herself. Which of the following best accounts for her behavior?

answer

modeling

question

I am 8 years old although I understand some logical principles, I have trouble thinking about hypothetical concepts. According to Paiget, I am in the _______ stage of development.

answer

concrete operational

question

Two year old jamal has a simple understanding for "Dad" and so he each time he encounters a man with a child he calls him "dad". When he learns that these men are not "dad" Jamal experiences:

answer

disequilibrium

question

Most adults become psychologically aroused at the sound a an infant's laughter. These interactive reactions, in which caregivers and babies elicit responses in each other.

answer

help ensure the survival of the next generation

question

The school psychologist believes that each child's developmental needs can be understood only by taking into consideration the child's broader social and cultural background. Evidently the school psychologist is working within the ___________perspective.

answer

sociocultural

question

Dr. Cleaver's developmental research draws upon insights from several theoretical perspectives. Evidently, Dr. Cleaver is working from and _________ perspective.

answer

eclectic

question

4 year old Bjorn takes great pride in successfully undertaking new activities. Erikson would probably say that Bjorn is capably meeting the psychosocial challenge of:

answer

initiative vs. guilt

question

Dr. Bazzi believes that development is a lifelong process of gradual and continuous growth. Based on this information which theory ifs Dr. Bazzi most likely to agree with?

answer

Learning theory

question

ethology

answer

the study of behavior as it relates to the evolution and survival of a species.

question

Which fetus is most likely to have serious prenatal damage?

answer

a male who was born to a 15 year old mother undergoing tremendous amount of stress.

question

An apgar score of _________________ might indicate structural and functional problems?

answer

3 or less

question

An infant born 266 days after conception weighing 4 lbs would be categorized.

answer

low birth weight and small for gestational age

question

germinal period

answer

1st two weeks

question

period of embroyo

answer

3rd -8th week

question

period of fetus

answer

9th through birth

Lifespan Development Berger Chap. 1-6

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards