question

Jean Piaget developed and proposed his theories of cognitive development during the

answer

mid 1990's

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Jean Piaget gathered the information for his theories about cognitive development by

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observing his own children

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Which of the following is an example of a cognitive scheme

answer

sorting by color

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According to Piaget, the incorporation of new information into existing schemes is called

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accomodation

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Tim likes to explore his parents' house through touch. One day he touches the oven and burns his hand. Tim learns that although some objects are safe to touch, ovens are not. According to Piaget, this is an example of:

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negative reinforcement

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How many stages of cognitive development did Piaget identify?

answer

four

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The Piagetian stage during which understanding of the world comes about through sensory experiences and motor actions is the:

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sensorimotor stage

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According to Piaget, during the first sensorimotor substage, infants is

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reflexive

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When D'Andre was 5 months old, he looked at a toy train, but when his view of the train was blocked, he did not search for it. Now that he is 9 months old, he does search for it, reflecting his development of

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object permance

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The first substage of preoperational thought is the

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symbolic function substage

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Piaget's most famous conservation task study involved:

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identical beakers of liquid

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Much of the new research on cognitive development in children suggests that Piaget's theory:

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needs to be modified

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The Piagetian concept in which an infant searches for a hidden object in a familiar location rather than looking for it in a new location is called:

answer

AB error

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In talking with Grandma on the phone, Jake suddenly exclaims, "Oh, look at that pretty red bird!" When his grandmother asks him to describe the bird, Jake says, "Out there, out there! Right there, Grandma!" He finally gets frustrated and says good

answer

egocentrism

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A young child might be heard saying, "The moon is smiling at me." The child's belief that the moon has "human" qualities and is capable of action is referred

answer

animism

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In Piaget's theory, "operations" refer to

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internalized mental actions

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A mechanism that Piaget proposed to explain how children shift from one stage of thought to the next is called:

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equlibration

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_______ is clearly evidenced in young children's lack of conservation when they focus their attention on one characteristic (such as height or length) to the exclusion of other characteristics.

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centration

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To understand the relationships among relatives on a family tree, children need to be able to use the skill of:

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classification.

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Tyrell understands that his father can also be a son and a brother, all at the same time. This suggests that Tyrell is in the:

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concrete operational stage.

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During what stage of development can a child take a pile of rocks and place them in order from largest to smallest?

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concrete operations

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Reversible mental actions are called:

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operations.

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According to Piaget, _______ operational thought comes into play between 11 and 15 years of age.

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formal

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In Piagetian terms, the cognitive ability to solve problems that develop in adolescence is called:

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hypothetical-deductive reasoning.

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Research suggests that the age at which individuals acquire conservation skills is associated with:

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the degree to which their culture provides relevant practices.

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According to David Elkind, personal fable and imaginary audience are parts of adolescent:

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egocentrism.

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Stephanie, a 15-year-old high school student, is afraid to go to school because of a small pimple on her forehead. This exemplifies the concept of:

answer

imaginary audience.

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Which of the following educational practices is supported by Piaget's theory of cognitive development?

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Classrooms should be less structured, allowing for discovery learning.

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Developmentalists who argue that Piaget got some things right but that his theory needs considerable revision are called:

answer

neo-Piagetians.

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Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development is similar to Piaget's theory in that it:

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emphasizes that children actively construct their knowledge and understanding.

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Tasks in the upper limit of the zone of proximal development (ZPD) are ones:

answer

that are too difficult for a child to perform without assistance.

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According to Lev Vygotsky's concept of the zone of proximal development (ZPD), learning is:

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a social activity between a less knowledgeable child and another adult or child who is more knowledgeable.

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A toddler is likely to learn something in the zone of proximal development if:

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the task is more difficult than the child can do alone.

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_____ occurs when a teacher adjusts his or her level of support and guidance to the level of skill of the student.

answer

Scaffolding

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Which of the following reflects Lev Vygotsky's beliefs about language and thought?

answer

All mental functions have social origins.

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Latoya talks to herself often, especially when she is trying to solve a difficult problem. Vygotsky would say Latoya is:

answer

using private speech to organize and regulate her thinking

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Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development best reflects a(n):

answer

social constructivist approach.

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With respect to adult cognitive processes, psychologist K. Warner Schaie (1977) concluded that:

answer

adults likely do not go beyond formal operational thought, but they do progress in how they use their intellect

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Life-span development students often complain, "Why do we have to learn all of these theories? Why don't you just teach us the right one?" This complaint reflects:

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absolute, dualistic thinking

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Postformal thought is considered to be:

answer

provisional

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The information-processing approach is primarily concerned with the processes of:

answer

attention, memory, and thinking.

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When analogies are drawn between computers and mental processes, the physical brain is referred to as the:

answer

hardware

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The process by which information gets into memory is called:

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encoding.

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Metacognition is:

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knowing about knowing.

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The information-processing approach differs from Piaget's theory of cognitive development in that it:

answer

does not see development as occurring abruptly in distinct stages.

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Hoyer and Roodin (2009) found that:

answer

strategies people learn through experience may compensate for any decline in professing speed that comes with age.

question

The ability to concentrate and focus mental resources is referred to as:

answer

reaction time.

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According to psychologists, vigilance is the same as:

answer

sustained attention.

question

Andrea shows her baby a colorful block several times. The baby looks carefully at the block at first but then turns her attention to a different toy after seeing the block a few times. The baby is demonstrating:

answer

habituation

question

Habituation involves _______, whereas dishabituation involves _______.

answer

decreased attention/increased attention

question

Which of the following is an example of dishabituation?

answer

Myra regains interest in a rattle after having put it down a few minutes earlier.

question

Jenny's earliest memory is of her baby brother being born when she was 3 years old. Her inability to remember anything before this is an example of:

answer

infantile amnesia.

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According to the schema theory of memory, people:

answer

change details according to their own schemas.

question

14.A common memory problem for older adults is:

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tip-of-the tongue (TOT) phenomenon.

question

Gabriel is a normal 4-month-old infant. Thus, we would expect him to have:

answer

implicit but not explicit memory.

question

In short-term memory, individuals retain information for up to:

answer

15 to 30 seconds.

question

Working memory is also called:

answer

short-term memory, but different to include a "workbench."

question

Why does memory span improve as children get older?

answer

They develop better strategies.

question

Which of the following children is most likely to be susceptible to misleading suggestions?

answer

Andrew, a 4-year-old preschooler

question

Which memory strategy works best for short-term memory?

answer

Rehearsal

question

_______ memory refers to memory of facts and experiences that individuals know and can state.

answer

Declarative

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Gail is typing on a computer keyboard without consciously searching for the correct keys. She is demonstrating:

answer

implicit memory.

question

The fact that older adults benefit from training in mnemonics indicates that they can learn to improve their:

answer

memory skills.

question

Categories that group objects, events, and characteristics on the basis of common properties are called:

answer

concepts

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Which disease has been lined to cognitive drop-offs in adults?

answer

Hypertension

question

Elliott is a student in a school where each student takes a turn leading small-group discussions. The students discuss complex passages, collaborate, and share their individual expertise and perspectives. This educational process is called:

answer

reciprocal teaching.

question

Which of the following tasks has been used by researchers to examine how children use rules to solve problems?

answer

Balance scale problem

question

Which of the following is not a characteristic that distinguishes experts from novices?

answer

Experts have better long-term memories.

question

Which of the following statements is false in regard to metamemory?

answer

It includes accurate recall of factual knowledge.

question

In terms of theory of mind, which of the following is not understood by 2- to 3-year-old children?

answer

false beliefs

question

_______ is the ability to solve problems and to adapt and learn from experience.

answer

intelligence

question

The intelligence test developed by Binet and Simon (1904) was designed to:

answer

determine which schoolchildren would not profit from typical school instruction.

question

Sally's mental age is 12, while her chronological age is 10. Sally's intelligence quotient is:

answer

120

question

When test scores are normally distributed around the average score, it means that:

answer

most people score in the average range and few people score very high or very low.

question

When compared to the Binet intelligence test, the Wechsler test offers the advantage of:

answer

both verbal and nonverbal scores.

question

In Spearman's two-factor theory of intelligence, "g" refers to:

answer

general intelligence.

question

A statistical procedure that correlates test scores to identify underlying clusters is called a(n):

answer

factor analysis.

question

Sternberg's triarchic theory and Gardner's theory of intelligence both emphasize that:

answer

there are different types of intelligence.

question

Indira grew up in poverty and first learned to care for herself and her younger brother by selling newspapers and developing "street smarts." Although she never went to school, she has become successful in business. In terms of Robert Sternberg's triarchic theory, which type of intelligence does Indira have?

answer

Practical

question

Juan is an architect. According to Howard Gardner's theory of intelligence, which type of intelligence does Juan have?

answer

Spatial

question

Howard Gardner has developed _______ types of intelligence.

answer

8

question

According to Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences:

answer

people have multiple intelligences.

question

Which of the following tests requires individuals to solve practical everyday problems?

answer

Sternberg Triarchic Abilities Test

question

A heritability index of 0.80 indicates:

answer

a strong genetic influence.

question

A performance standard for an IQ test is called a:

answer

norm

question

The Abecedarian Intervention program has demonstrated that:

answer

environment can have a powerful influence on intelligence.

question

Which researcher developed an intelligence assessment with a "developmental quotient" score?

answer

Gesell

question

Which intelligence assessment elicits similar performances from infants in different cultures and is correlated with measures of intelligence in older children?

answer

Fagan Test of Infant Intelligence

question

Jarod is an adolescent African American. When taking an intelligence test, he is anxious about possibly confirming the old stereotype that Blacks are "intellectually inferior." He is displaying the effects of:

answer

stereotype threat.

question

The Gesell test used to assess normal and abnormal infants has four categories of behavior. The four categories are:

answer

language, adaptive, personal-social, and motor.

question

Which assessment tool has a mental scale, a motor scale, and an infant behavior profile?

answer

Bayley Scales of Infant Development

question

Fluid intelligence is the ability to

answer

reason abstractly.

question

According to John Horn, in middle age:

answer

crystallized intelligence increases, while fluid intelligence begins to decline.

question

Data from the Seattle Longitudinal Study has shown that the highest level of functioning for four of the six intellectual abilities tested occurred in:

answer

middle adulthood.

question

The research on wisdom suggests that

answer

personality-related factors are better predictors of wisdom than cognitive factors.

question

Organic retardation is caused by:

answer

a genetic disorder or by brain damage.

question

Everett, a 10-year-old boy, has an IQ of 48 on the Stanford-Binet intelligence test and he has difficulty adapting in his everyday life, but his teachers expect he may be able to support himself as an adult through some type of labor. He would be classified as:

answer

mildly retarded.

question

Hyun-Joo is asked to come up with as many possible uses of a paper clip as possible. This task requires her to use:

answer

divergent thinking.

question

The step in the creative process which often covers the longest span of time and requires the hardest work is:

answer

elaboration.

question

Researchers have found that the age at which creativity declines:

answer

varies with the domain involved.

question

Language is most accurately defined as a system of _______ that allow for communication with others.

answer

symbols

question

Someone with a vocabulary of only 200 words can still combine the words in different ways to say thousands of different things. This aspect of language is referred to as:

answer

morphology

question

The word ending -ing is an example of a:

answer

morpheme

question

The sound system of a language is referred to as:

answer

phonology

question

Mary has difficulty sounding out words like "though" and "calendar." Her difficulties lie in which of the following aspects of language?

answer

phonology

question

Which aspect of language deals with the meaning of words and sentences?

answer

semantics

question

Pointing to a tree, young Ramal says, "bird flied away." Ramal's inaccurate use of the "ed" word ending shows that he is trying to learn the _______ rules of language.

answer

morphological

question

Yoshi is learning that there are many different ways to say "thank you" in Japanese. It depends on several things, such as the gender and social status of the recipient. This use of appropriate conversation demonstrates:

answer

pragmatics.

question

Which of the following is the correct sequence in which babies produce sounds and gestures during their first year?

answer

crying-cooing-babbling-gestures

question

An infant's first word is usually spoken, on average, at about ____ months of age.

answer

13

question

Compared to 50 years ago, children's first words today are:

answer

the same

question

A child's expansive vocabulary is directly correlated with:

answer

maternal language and literacy skills.

question

The ability to think about language is called:

answer

metalinguistic awareness.

question

Which approach to reading instruction includes learning complete words or entire sentences?

answer

whole language approach

question

In the debate over whether the whole language approach or the basic-skills-and-phonetics approach is the better one for teaching children to read:

answer

researchers have not been able to document that either approach is better.

question

Researchers have found that bilingual education programs:

answer

allow children to successfully learn academic subjects while slowly learning English.

question

The optimal time for learning a second language is:

answer

none of these

question

Edward says to his teacher, "All the world's a stage." He is using:

answer

metaphor

question

At what point do individuals begin to understand metaphors and satire?

answer

Adolescence

question

Caricatures are an example of:

answer

satire

question

A language disorder resulting from brain damage that involves a loss of the ability to use words is:

answer

aphasia

question

The concept of the language acquisition device is an example of how:

answer

biological evolution influenced human language acquisition.

question

Chomsky's theory of language development emphasizes:

answer

biological mechanisms.

question

_______ stresses that young children are intensely interested in their social world and that early in their development they can understand the intentions of other people.

answer

Michael Tomasello

question

Which of the following is not a criticism of the behaviorist view of language acquisition?

answer

Reinforcement is not effective with infants and very young children, therefore language must be acquired through some other process.

question

Aunt Alice is speaking in normal tones until she is handed her new baby niece. Aunt Alice's voice immediately changes into a higher pitch, and she begins using baby-talk phrases like "goo goo" and "ba ba." This change in Aunt Alice's language behavior is an example of:

answer

child-directed speech.

question

In a study conducted by Betty Hart and Todd Risley (1995), what was the main difference between the way middle-class parents and welfare parents interacted with their children?

answer

Parents on welfare talked much less to their young children than professional parents.

question

Little Lisa points to a ball and says "Color dat ball." Her father responds with "What color is the ball?" This is an example of:

answer

recasting.

question

Andrew sees a cat on the lawn and says to his mother, "Kitty run." His mother responds, "Yes, the kitty is running." This is an example of:

answer

expanding.

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