Lifeguard First Aid – Flashcards
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-itchiness -rash (red), hives -difficulty breathing -confusion -swelling of lips, tongue, face
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Symptoms of Anaphylaxis
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-pale, cool, clammy skin -restlessness, weakness -fear, anxiety -confusion, disorientation -weak, rapid pulse -shallow, rapid respiration -blue-coloured lips and fingernails
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Signs and symptoms of shock
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-WARTS -warmth: if in the sun provide shade, if body is cool provide warmth (blanket) -ABC's -Rest and assurance: pursed lip breathing, talk to them calmly, positively and personally -Treatment: treat the cause of the shock (their injury or illness) -Semi-Prone /recovery position... Put them in a comfortable position (spinals on their back immobilized, heart attack semi sitting)
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How to treat Shock
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-may have medication , help with it -assess responsiveness, maintain an open airway and assess breathing -Start CPR if necessary -Contact EMS -Treat for shock
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Treatment of anaphylaxis
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-coughing -raspy breathing -pain in chest -nausea -distress, anxiety
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Signs and Symptoms of aspiration
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When water or other liquids enter the airway
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What is aspiration
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-encourage to cough -assess responsiveness, maintain an open airway and assess breathing. start CPR if needed -advise them to seek medical help if they have difficulty breathing for the next 72 hours -treat for shock -get them to the hospital if coughing continues or breathing/level of consciousness is a problem
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Treatment for aspiration
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-difficulty breathing -anxiety -wheezing
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Signs and symptoms of asthma
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-assist victim to a comfortable position -help take their medication -loosen tight clothing -encourage purse lip breathing -treat for shock -if severe or continues call EMS
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Treatment for asthma
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-High rate of respiration, panting -lightheadedness, weakness, headache -tingling of hands, feet, and the area around the mouth -confusion, unconsciousness
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Signs and symptoms of hyperventilation
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-assess responsiveness, maintain an open airway, assess breathing. Start CPR if needed. -encourage pursed lip breathing -treat for shock -send to hospital if breathing problems are severe, continue or there is a decreased level of consciousness
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Treatment of hyperventilation
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Medical disorder caused by poor blood circulation to the heart, victims often have a bracelet, necklace, etc. EMS is always required.
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What is angina
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-pain, pressure or tightness in the chest or shoulder -trouble breathing -flushed face -sweating -anxiety, fear -shock
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Signs and symptoms of Angina
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-assess responsiveness, maintain an open airway and assess victims breathing. Start CPR if needed. -contact EMS -assist into comfortable positions -help take their medication.. Encourage to chew aspirin -loosen tight clothing -treat for shock
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Treatment of angina
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Circulation to the heart is severely affected.
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What is a heart attack
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-pain, pressure, tightness in chest or shoulders -pain in arms, neck, back or jaw -trouble breathing -flushed face -sweating -anxiety, fear -denial of symptoms -shock -confusion -nausea, weakness
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Signs and symptoms of heart attack
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-assess responsiveness, maintain an open airway and assess victims breathing. Start CPR if needed -contact EMS -assist victim into comfortable position -help victim take medication, encourage to chew aspirin -loosen tight clothing around neck/chest -treat for shock
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Treatment of heart attack
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It means the heart has stopped beating. Blood stops carrying oxygen to the brain, heart, lungs and vital organs. Tissue damage begins. Tissue damage becomes significant after about 4 minutes.
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What is cardiac arrest
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-unconsciousness, unresponsiveness -not breathing -shock -may have heart attack or angina previously... Or sudden
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Signs and Symptoms of Cardiac Arrest
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-contact EMS -initiate CPR -treat for shock
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Treatment of cardiac arrest
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Part of the brain has insufficient blood supply. Causes of the interruption are blockages or bleeding. If the left side of the brain is effected, the right side of the body will lose function and vice versa.
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What is a stroke
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-gradual or sudden onset -head pain -lack of strength or co-ordination in the muscles in the arm and leg on one side of the body -facial problem on one side of the body (facial muscle weakness, swallowing problems, drooling) -trouble understanding or speaking -unequal pupils -anxiety, agitation -decreased level of consciousness (confused, disoriented, unconscious) -loss of control of bowel or bladder -shock
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Signs and symptoms of a stroke
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-assess responsiveness, maintain an open airway and assess breathing. Start CPR if necessary. -contact EMS -assist victim into a comfortable position -loosen tight clothing around neck/chest -treat for shock
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Treatment of stroke
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-The two P's -position: have victim lay down to prevent further injury -pressure: apply firm, direct pressure over wound with clean bandage. Secure direct pressure with a tied bandage. If it leaks through apply another bandage over first bandage. -treat for shock -contact EMS if there is a lot of blood loss, if you cannot control the bleeding or shock becomes severe.
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Treatment of severe bleeding
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When securing the bandage tie the knot over the wound -if a bandage is too tight the part beyond the bandage will become pale, cold and lack a pulse -when there is a foreign object in the wound do not remove it, apply pressure around the object to avoid pushing it deeper.
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How to bandage a bleed
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-abdominal muscle spasm or rigid abdomen -pain in the abdomen -difficulty breathing -shock -decreased level of consciousness -anxiety
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Signs and symptoms of internal bleeding
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-assess responsiveness, maintain an open airway and assess victims breathing, start CPR if necessary. -contact EMS -Treat for shock
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Treatment of internal bleeding
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-get victim to pinch the middle boney part of the nose -keep their head down -treat for shock -apply Ice to forehead of back of neck -contact EMS if the victims shock is moderate or severe or if the bleeding won't stop
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How to treat a nose bleed
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-head pain -bleeding, swelling, or bruising at the site of trauma -nausea/vomit -decreased level of consciousness, confusion, disorientation, unconsciousness -anxiety -agitation -unequal, unreactive, fixed or dilated pupils (big) -shock -blood or clear fluid from eyes, ears, nose or mouth
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Signs and Symptoms of head injuries
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-immobilize head and neck in position found -assess responsiveness, maintain an open airway, assess breathing, start CPR if necessary -contact EMS -treat area of trauma for bleeding, bruising, or swelling -treat for shock
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Treatment of head injuries
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Occur when trauma affects the nerves in the spinal column. Spinal injuries of the upper neck are often related to head trauma/injuries.
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What are spinal injuries
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-pain at site of trauma -loss of co-ordination, sensation, or movement in parts beyond the injury. -weakness or altered sensation usually affecting both sides of the body (both feet, both arms -bruising, swelling or bleeding at site of trauma -shock
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Signs and symptoms of a spinal
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-if face down or partially submerged, roll over and immobilize -assess responsiveness, maintain an open airway (jaw thrust), assess breathing and start CPR if necessary -immobilize the head and body in proper alignment -immobilize on a spinal board -treat trauma site -contact EMS -treat for shock
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Treatment of a spinal
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-leave object in place -control bleeding, stabilize the object to prevent further damage and bandage wound around object -contact EMS -treat for shock -if it's really small like a splinter remove with a clean instrument like tweezers
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How to treat wounds with objects in them
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Only damaged the surface of the skin.
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What are fist degree burns
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-flush with cool clean water -repeat flushing until victim feels less burning or pain -treat for shock -contact EMS if severe area, small child or infant or if shock is severe
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Treatment of first degree burns
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Affect upper layers of the skin. Blisters, redness, pain and swelling.
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What are second degree burns
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-flush burned area with cool water -repeat flushing until heat stops -apply a dry sterile dressing -if hands or feet are affected, separate fingers and toes with dressings -treat for shock
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Treatment of second degree burns
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Affect all layers of tissues. Muscles, nerves and bones may be affected.
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What are third degree burns
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-Assess responsiveness, airway, and breathing, start CPR if necessary. -contact EMS -flush burned area with cool water -apply a dry sterile dressing to wound -separate fingers and toes with dressing if they are burned -treat for shock
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Treatment of third degree burns
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-assess responsiveness, maintain an open airway, assess breathing. Start CPR if necessary -get victim some sugary food or drink (chocolate bar, fruit juice) -treat for shock -contact EMS if unconscious or if they do not improve after eating sugar
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Treatment of diabetic emergencies
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-if in water hold their head out of the water during their seizure. Once their seizure is over remove from water -if on land clear objects from surrounding area, put a jacket or something soft under them, -contact EMS -after seizure is over Assess for injuries, responsiveness, breathing, circulation, start CPR if necessary -treat for shock
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Treatment of seizures
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-Assess responsiveness, maintain an open airway, assess breathing start CPR if necessary. -identify and control the cause of the fainting -treat for shock
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Treatment for fainting
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Caused by dehydration and salt depletion because of excessive sweating. Painful cramps in large muscles
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What are heat cramps
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-pain and spasms in muscles -cook clammy sweating skin -fatigue, dizziness, headache -nausea -shock
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Signs and symptoms of heat cramps
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-remove victim from the hot environment -give victim cool water or sport drink -stretch the cramp -advise to eat well to bring back lost body salt -treat for shock
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Treatment of heat cramps
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Occurs when a person is exposed to high temperatures for a long time. Water loss occurs through perspiration and can result in mineral and salt loss
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What is heat exhaustion
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-nausea -headache, dizziness -pale, cool, clammy, sweating skin -restlessness, weakness -fear, anxiety -confusion, disorientation -weak, rapid pulse -shallow, rapid respiration -cyanosis of the lips and fingernails
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Signs and symptoms of heat exhaustion
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-remove victim from Hot environment -if victim is alert and nausea is not a problem give them cool water or a sport drink -advise victim to eat well to restore depleted body salt -treat for shock -contact EMS if level of consciousness is decreased or shock is severe
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Treatment of heat exhaustion
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Rare but serious condition in which the body's cooling mechanisms have stopped working. The body's core temperature starts to rise. Most likely to suffer are young children, infants, elderly, and cardiac patients
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What is heatstroke
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-fever - hot dry skin, flushed face -nausea, vomiting -full, pounding pulse -decreased level of consciousness -seizures
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Signs and symptoms of heat stroke
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-assess responsiveness, maintain an open airway, assess breathing, start CPR if needed -contact EMS -remove victim from the hot environment -remove outer layer of victims clothing -cool victims body core (head, neck, chest, back and groin) by wrapping them in wet sheets, fanning the body, walk them into cool water up to the knees and ask to sit down so they are immersed up to the shoulders -treat for shock
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Treatment of heat stroke
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-assess responsiveness, maintain open airway, assess breathing, begin CPR if needed -contact EMS -remove victim from cold environment and wet clothing -warm victims body core (head, neck, chest, back and groin) By giving warm beverages if victim is alert, wrapping them in warm blankets or getting into huddle position -treat for shock
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Treatment of hypothermia
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Ice the injured part for 10-15 minutes every hour until swelling subsides
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Treatment of bruising/swelling
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RICE -rest: rest the injured part -immobilize: immobilize the injured part in a comfortable position (that it was found in), don't move it -cold: Ice the injured part for 10-15 minutes every hour until the swelling subsides. -elevate: elevate the injured part - it helps control swelling Contact EMS/send to hospital Treat for shock
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Treatment of sprains and strains
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RICE -rest the injured part -immobilize the injured part the way it was found -cold: ice the injury 10-15 minutes every hour till swelling dies -elevate the injured splitting part (not if it increases pain or discomfort) Contact EMS/send to hospital treat for shock
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Treatment of broken bones
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They are broken bones that have broken through the skin and are visible
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What are Open fractures
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Rest affected part, immobilize it as you found it do not move it. Place a bandage over exposed bone Ice injury for 10-15 minutes, avoid wetting the iron wound Contact EMS Treat for shock
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Treatment of open fractures
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-rest injured part, immobilize it in a comfortable position, don't move it. -ice the injured part for 10-15 minutes every hour -support the injured part in a position of comfort -contact EMS -treat for shock
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Treatment for dislocations
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-slowly stretch the muscle -Massage along the length of the muscle -apply mild heat
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Muscle cramps treatment
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Immobilizing collarbone, shoulder, upper arm injuries. The sling is wrapped to the persons body
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Slings are used for
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Forearm and wrist injuries
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Straight supportive splints are used for
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Buddy taped to the finger beside it, or splinted
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How to treat a broken or sprained finger
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Wrapped alone, figure of 8 pattern, (top of food, bottom of foot, back of ankle, top of foot, etc) , a splint can also be used to immobilize it at the back or sides of the ankles.
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Splinting of ankle and foot injuries
