Level 1 Genetics NCEA Genetics – Flashcards
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a map showing elevation
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physical map
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DNA
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The molecule which genes are made out of
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Chromosome
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A thread-like structure made of thousands of genes
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Gene
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A section of chromosome/DNA that codes for a particular trait
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Bases
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The building blocks of DNA: Adenine
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Double Helix
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The twisted ladder shape of DNA
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Nucleus
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The structure in a cell which contains chromosomes
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Cytosine
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The base that pairs with Guanine
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Thymine
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The base which pairs with Adenine
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Guanine
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The base that pairs with Cytosine
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Adenine
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The base that pairs with Thymine
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Gamete
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The sex cells e.g. sperm or eggs
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Testes
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Where the sperm are made
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Ovaries
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Where eggs are produced
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Mitosis
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Cell division that occurs in the body for growth and repair
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Meiosis
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Cell division to produce gametes (sex cells)
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Phosphate
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A chemical that alternates with a sugar to form the sides of DNA
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Sugar
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A chemical that alternates with phosphate to form the sides of DNA
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Allele
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Different Version of a gene
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Asexual reproduction
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Reproduction involving only one parent. All offspring are genetically identical
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Complemantary base pairing
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Used to describe how the bases A always pairs with T and G always pairs with C
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Continuous Variation
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Variation that shows a range of values For example skin colour
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Diploid
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Cell with a full compliment of chromosomes
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Discontinuous variation
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Variation that is either / or eg blood group
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Dominent Allele
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This allele will be expressed in the phenotype if only one of the alleles is in the genotype
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Genotype
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This is what genes you carry e.g. BB
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haploid
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cell with half the number of chromosomes eg in the sex cells
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Heterozygous
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Two diffeerent alleles
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Homozygous
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The same alleles eg BB or bb
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Karotype
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A photograph of the chromosomes of a cell arranged in an orderly fashion
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monohybrid cross
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A straight forward cross involving only one pair of alleles
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Mutation
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A change in a gene or chromosome
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Natural selection
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Organisms with characterisitics best suited for their environment become more successful and pass these traits to their offspring.
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Nucleotide
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A unit of DNA made up of one phosphate
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Phenotype
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The expression of the genotype. This is what you look like if it is a visable trait eg brown eyes.
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Punnett square
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Grid of squares showing the range of combinations of genes.
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Pure breeding
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A group of individuals that always produce offspring of the same phenotype when interbreed. They are homozygous
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recessive
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This allele can only be expressed if the two alleles are present. eg bb
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Sexual reproduction
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Reproduction involving two parents
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Trait
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Another word for characteristic.
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Triplet code
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genetic code made up by a sequence of three bases. Each triplet codes for an amino acid.
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Variation
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Differenaces amongst individuals. Vital for the survival of species.
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Zygote
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Fertilised egg cell
