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1 - 500 AD time frame

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time frame in which the organization of care was in the hands of bishops and deaconesses, financing of care was through the wealthy patrons and the provision of care was from untrained women and men

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Middle Ages (500 - 1500 AD) time frame

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time frame in which there was little interest in health, medical knowledge stagnated, church thought spiritual life was what mattered, men were the caregivers and women were only midwives or wet nurses, monks and nuns controlled the hospitals, at which there was only the most basic care like bathing and feeding

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Crusades (1095 - 1291) time frame

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time within Middle Ages in which military nursing orders arose to care for soldiers, included the Knights Hospitalers, made up of exclusively of men, took care of poor and pilgrims who traveled with the troops

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Renaissance (1300 - 1600) time frame

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time frame in which more focused was on education of scientists and medical practitioners, research began to investigate the nature of the human body and its inflictions, didn't have an obvious effect on health care though until later, hospitals were still the place you went to die

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Reformation (1500 - 1600) time frame

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a lower period of time for nursing, Catholic Church lost power so monks and nuns disappeared as caregivers, public image of "nurse" was not respectable, care of poor and sick was delegated to untrained women, men disappeared from nursing roles at this time

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Medical Knowledge Revolution (19th century)

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time frame built on the scientific curiosity of Renaissance, advances in scientific investigation of illness and causes, rise of vaccines, morphine, thermometer, stethoscope, anesthesia, x-ray, germ theory, recognition of medicine as a professional discipline

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Johns Hopkins University

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first hospital to formally train physicians, started in 1893

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Florence Nightingale

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(1820 - 1910) pioneer who started the rise of nursing to professional status, transformed care of injured soldiers, used applied statistics to develop policy and developed novel ways of displaying them, recruited nuns, took them to the hospital, dropped the mortality rate from 60% to 1%, established first formal educational program, improved civilian and military hospitals

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Nightingale Training School

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established in London 1860, focused on standards and training, only accepted women of high moral character and ability, was used as a model for other training schools, elevated the status of nurses

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The Civil War (1961- 1873) time frame

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time frame in which (in beginning) there were no professional nurses to tend the wounded (since changes were being made in Europe not US), no organized system of medical care in Union or in Confederacy, Dorothea Dix, Clara Barton, and Sally Tompkins advanced nursing during this time though and made dramatic improvements in care, moved toward formal education and training

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Dorothea Dix

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superintendent of Women Nurses of the Union, developed a month long training program for women who wished to serve during the Civil War, accepted African American women

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Clara Barton

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tended to Union soldiers in the Civil War, considered the Angel of the Battlefield, instrumental in acquiring needed supplies, later founded the American Red Cross

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Sally Tompkins

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superintendent, head of nursing for Confederacy, only woman to hold military rank

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Mary Mahoney

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first trained African American nurse in the US, graduated from New England Hospital for Women in 1879, knew the importance of nurses working together to improve the role, member of the ANA and opens the door for other African American nurses, co-founded National Association of Colored Graduate Nurses

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Mary Adelaide Nutting

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instrumental in improving nursing education, expanded the nursing program at Johns Hopkins University from 2 to 3 years, emphasized importance of spending less time working in hospitals and increasing hours in classroom, first woman to hold professorship at Columbia, helped establish the "American Journal of Nursing" in 1900

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International Council of Nurses (1899)

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council to unite nursing organizations of all nations, first discussion of registration of nurses, but Nightingale actually disagreed with this and believed that nursing should be a "calling"

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Spanish American War (1898) time frame

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time in which there was the first attempt to use only trained nurses in war, army surgeons initially preferred male "nurses" so medical department tried to enlarge its hospital corps, untrained caregivers spread disease, men wanted to be on battlefield instead of hospital, led to women being forerunners, set the stage for Army Nurse Corps and Navy Nurse Corps

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Lillian Wald

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founded the Henry Street Settlement in NYC, healthcare education, health promotion, and disease prevention, demanded that the nurses working here must be formally trained, provided care for poor and immigrants, developed school nurses, insurance reimbursement for home nursing care, Town and Country Nursing Service (in rural communities) and founded National Organization for Public Health

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WWI time frame

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during this time, the Army School of Nursing was established, consisted of women, since flu epidemic happened during this time, nurses were provided benefits and given "relative rank" giving nurses the title but not the pay

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permissive licensure

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developed in 1903 in NC, NJ, NY, and VA, means you couldn't call yourself a registered nurse without this license, but you could still be a nurse (license to practice was still not required), by 1923 all states had this

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Mary Breckinridge

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established Frontier Nursing Service, was a trained midwife and would only use other trained midwives, sometimes her care was superior to physician deliveries, during the 1920s

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Margaret Sanger

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opened the first birth control clinic in the US, founded Planned Parenthood, went to jail many times, original goal was to eliminate self-abortion and consequent deaths that it caused, in 1920s

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Sheppard-Towner Act (1921)

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provided federal aid for maternal and child healthcare

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Goldmark Report (1923)

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recommended increased educational standards based on the inadequacies of hospital based education for nurses

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The Great Depression

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time frame in which hospitals were staffed by students and if they needed more nurses they just enrolled more students, graduates worked as private duty nurses, families could no longer afford nurses though so there was lots of unemployment for nurses

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1935 Social Security Act

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created national system for old-age insurance, federal grants to states for maternal child services, medical care for people with disabilities, nursing jobs created, public health jobs, hospital jobs

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WWII time frame

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time frame in which, again, the military did not have enough nurses, but congress provided $1 million for nursing education and military and collegiate programs formed an alliance which brought forth the Cadet Nurse Corps, still not males

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1946 Hill Burton Act

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funds to construct new hospitals, led to acute shortage of nurses, difficult working conditions

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1947 main events

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year that military nurses were awarded full commissioned officer status in both the Army and Navy Nurse corps, GI bill became available to them too, segregation of African American nurses ended too

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1954 main events

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year men allowed to enter military nursing corps

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1965 Social Security Act Amendments

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medicare and medicaid were introduced and attracted to hospitals, hospitals were providing majority of care and occupancy increases, hospitals became preferred place of employment for nurses

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mobile hospitals

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introduced during Vietnam War, improved trauma care, nurses often worked without direct supervision of physicians, performed emergency procedures, were established clinics and gave care to orphanages

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Murillo-Rohde

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pioneer for hispanic nurses, psychiatric nurse who worked with WHO and UNICEG and established national Association of Hispanic Nurses

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Walt Whitman

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during Civil War, wasn't an actual nurse but a volunteer "nurse", wrote the poem "Wound Dresser", brought nursing into the public eye

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Luther Christman

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dean at Vanderbilt SON in 1972, instituted Rush Model in which all faculty would spend 2/3 of time in clinical and 1/3 time teaching since he wanted all faculty to be clinically proficient, founded National Male Nurse Association which alter became American Assembly for Men in Nursing

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Woodhull Study (1997)

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by Sigma Theta Tau, brought about idea that nursing was invisible to the media and consequently the public, people don't know what we do and therefore we have no say

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Linda Richards

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Graduated in 1873 from the New England Hospital for Women and Children in Boston, Massachusetts, as the first trained nurse in the United States; became the night superintendent of Bellevue Hospital in 1874 and began the practice of keeping records and writing orders

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Louise Schuyler

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A nurse during the Civil War; returned to New York and organized the New York Charities Aid Association to improve care of the sick in Bellevue Hospital; recommended standards for nursing education

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Jane Addams

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Provided social services within a neighborhood setting; a leader for women's rights; recipient of the 1931 Nobel Peace prize

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Nora Gertrude Livingston

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Established a training program for nurses at the Montreal General Hospital (the first 3-year program in North America)

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Mary Agnes Snively

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Director of the nursing school at Toronto General Hospital and one of the founders of the Canadian Nurses Association

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Sojourner Truth

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Provided nursing care to soldiers during the Civil War and worked for the women's movement

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Isabel Hampton Robb

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A leader in nursing and nursing education; organized the nursing school at Johns Hopkins Hospital; initiated policies that included limiting the number of hours in a day's work and wrote a textbook to help student learning; the first president of the Nurses Associated Alumnae of the United States and Canada (which later became the American Nurses Association)

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Elizabeth Smellie

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A member of the original Victorian Order of Nurses for Canada (a group that provided public health nursing); organized the Canadian Women's Army Corps during World War II

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Lavinia Dock

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A nursing leader and women's rights activist; instrumental in the Constitutional amendment giving women the right to vote

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Mary Ann Bickerdyke

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Organized diet kitchens, laundries, and an ambulance service, and supervised nursing staff during the Civil War

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Harriet Tubman

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A nurse and an abolitionist; active in the underground railroad movement before joining the Union Army during the Civil War

Lecture 3 – Nursing History – Flashcards

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