question

The quotation, \"Change is the only constant,\" is attributed to ______.

answer

Lucretius

question

Work on selective breeding in ___________ over a period of 40 years shows that behavioral characteristics can be selectively bred so that the descendants behave more like a different species than like their own ancestors.

answer

foxes

question

Darwin was influenced by the book, An Essay on the Principle of Population, by

answer

Thomas Malthus

question

Variation and natural selection are the foundations of _______.

answer

evolution

question

Darwin suggested that natural selection is analogous to

answer

breeding

question

Evolution is widely accepted except in

answer

America

question

Natural selection is illustrated by changes in the coloration of the Peppered Moth resulting from _______.

answer

industrial pollution

question

The gollypod, a fictitious aquatic animal, breaks out in a cold sweat whenever exposed to the sun. This reaction is most likely ______.

answer

a reflex

question

A reflex is ________.

answer

a relationship between an event and a simple response

question

Modal action patterns are induced by events called ______.

answer

releasers

question

The person who demonstrated that the marching of tropical army ants is not intelligent behavior is ______.

answer

Schneirla

question

The cowbird deposits its eggs in the nests of other birds. This is most likely a ________.

answer

modal action pattern

question

The rooting of pigs (for worms, larvae, and truffles) is an example of a

answer

MAP

question

The list of alleged human instincts ______.

answer

has gotten shorter over the years

question

The best title for the figure below is _________.

answer

fearfulness and heredity

question

The chief advantage of learning over natural selection as a means of adapting to change is that learning _______.

answer

is faster

question

Lee Cronk wrote an article on how evolved behavior can prove nonadaptive when the environment changes. The article was called ________.

answer

Old Dogs, Old Tricks

question

Natural selection is often _______.

answer

behind the times

question

Most mutations _______.

answer

are not helpful to survival

question

Learning is evolved _________.

answer

modifiability

question

The author of your text evidently believes that _______.

answer

learning is a way of adapting to change

question

_____ changes when learning occurs.

answer

Behavior

question

Behavior refers to anything a person or animal does that can be

answer

measured

question

Steven says that he was very nervous when he first attended college classes, but now he feels quite relaxed. Steven's loss of anxiety is most likely an example of _______.

answer

learning

question

Teenagerus Americanus, a two-legged ape indigenous to North America, breaks out in a cold sweat whenever exposed to elevator music. This reaction is most likely ______.

answer

learned behavior

question

Experience refers to ________.

answer

changes in the environment

question

A thumbtack stuck in a bulletin board several feet away is less likely to affect your behavior than a thumbtack placed on the chair on which you are sitting. Even though both examples involve a thumbtack, the second is more likely to qualify as a ________.

answer

stimulus

question

The figure below most likely illustrates _______.

answer

habituation

question

Zing Yang Kuo found that 86% of kittens that saw their mothers kill rats later killed rats themselves. He found that _____ of kittens that never saw their mothers kill rats later killed rats themselves.

answer

45%

question

Hart and Risley did a longitudinal study of the influence of the home verbal environment on children from different socioeconomic backgrounds. They found that _______.

answer

children whose parents talked to them a lot later scored higher on IQ tests

question

Learning is a biological mechanism.

answer

True

question

Malthus' book, An Essay on the Principle of Population, had a strong influence on Darwin.

answer

True

question

In Darwin's day, the laws governing inheritance were not generally known.

answer

True

question

The evolution of most species is now complete.

answer

False

question

All reflexes contribute to survival.

answer

False

question

Reflexes are generally less variable than modal action patterns.

answer

True

question

Darwin believed that there were no human instincts.

answer

False

question

A major problem with natural selection as an adaptive mechanism is that it is slow.

answer

True

question

Natural selection helps the individual adapt to changes in its environment.

answer

False

question

Natural selection helps the species adapt to change, not the individual.

answer

True

question

The cross-breeding of closely related species is called hybridization.

answer

True

question

Some people have genes from Homo neanderthalensis.

answer

True

question

Your text views learning as a change in the brain that is represented in behavior.

answer

False

question

It is sometimes difficult to say whether an event is behavior or physiology.

answer

True

question

The author of your text excludes thoughts and feelings from the realm of behavior.

answer

False

question

The word stimulus always refers to events in an organism's surroundings

answer

False

question

Learning always involves the acquisition of new behaviors.

answer

False

question

The evidence from biology suggests that the first \"eyes\" were not eyes at all, but_______.

answer

light-sensitive cells

question

The brown-headed cowbird puts its eggs in other birds's nests. This is an example of a ______.

answer

modal action pattern/fixed action pattern/instinct

question

The chief limitation of natural selection as a means of adapting to change is that ___________.

answer

it is slow/takes place over generations/helps the species but not the individual

question

_______, like natural selection, is a biological mechanism for adapting to change.

answer

Learning

question

Learning is a change in behavior due to ________.

answer

Experience

question

A stimulus is an environmental event that is capable of affecting _______.

answer

Behavior

question

Repeated exposure to a stimulus that evokes a reflex response results in ________.

answer

Habituation

question

The dispute over the relative importance of genetics and learning is often called the ________ debate.

answer

nature-nurture

question

The person who suggested that to learn how nature works, we must \"sit down before fact as a little child,\" and \"be prepared to give up every preconceived notion\" was ______.

answer

T. H. Huxley

question

Harry teaches an advanced painting class. His goal is to teach students to paint more creatively. Harry will probably measure learning as a change in response _________.

answer

topography

question

Marjorie drives a school bus. Sometimes the kids get rather noisy. She decides to play music the kids like through speakers on the bus, but whenever the kids get too noisy she turns the music off. When they quiet down, she turns the music back on. In this way, she hopes to get the kids to make less noise. Marjorie is probably going to measure learning as a change in response _________.

answer

intensity

question

The figure below shows learning as a change in ___________.

answer

topography

question

The figure below shows learning as a change in __________.

answer

intensity

question

In a cumulative record, learning is indicated by a change in response _______.

answer

rate

question

A teacher who looks for an increase in the number of correct performances per minute is using _______ as a measure of learning.

answer

fluency

question

In the cumulative record below, the rate of behavior is ________.

answer

decreasing

question

A person who says, \"Everyone knows that....\" is referring to _______.

answer

anecdotal evidence

question

The figure below shows the results of an experiment comparing the effects of two teaching methods. Phyllis was taught by method A; Gertrude was taught by method B. This study is an example of _______.

answer

a between-subjects design

question

Any variable an experimenter manipulates is a(n) ________ variable.

answer

independent

question

Any variable that is allowed to vary freely is a(n) __________ variable.

answer

dependent

question

The figure below shows the results of an experiment on the effects of heat on aggressive social behavior. Each rat experienced three temperatures. There was a sharp increase in the rate of aggressive behavior in all rats when the temperature went above 90. This study is best described as ________.

answer

a within-subject experiment

question

The kind of experiment that is most likely to require statistical analysis is a(n) _______.

answer

between-subjects experiment

question

In within-subject experiments, each subject's performance is compared with his or her performance during a ______.

answer

baseline period

question

In group-design experiments, researchers often use _________ to reduce differences among participants.

answer

matched sampling

question

The kind of study that is most likely to involve a large number of subjects is one with a ________.

answer

between-subjects design

question

Using an ABA reversal design is rather like using a ______.

answer

light switch

question

The first person to use a single-subject reversal design was probably ____________.

answer

Galen

question

Experiments done in natural settings are called _______.

answer

field experiments

question

Experimental research on behavior is often said to be artificial. To compensate for this problem, researchers do ________ .

answer

field experiments

question

An _____________ is something an organism tries to escape or avoid.

answer

aversive

question

One problem with computer simulations as a substitute for animal research is that ___________.

answer

no one knows what behavior to program until the research has been done

question

Balster suggests that inhumane treatment of research animals is __________.

answer

bad science

question

A computer simulation that is useful for teaching certain principles of learning is called _________.

answer

Sniffy the Virtual Rat

question

One highly readable little book on research methods mentioned in your text is called _________.

answer

Psychological Research: An Introduction

question

The natural science approach assumes that things are caused only by natural events.

answer

True

question

Speed and rate are different terms for the same measure of learning.

answer

False

question

A cumulative record shows the total number of responses that have occurred in a given period of time as well as the rate at which they occurred.

answer

True

question

B. F. Skinner was the first person to record data cumulatively.

answer

False

question

Research results with humans usually parallel those with animals.

answer

True

question

A change in the form that behavior takes is called a change in ________.

answer

topography

question

Response _______ refers to the time that passes before a response occurs.

answer

latency

question

Your text describes four basic sources of evidence: anecdotal, case study, descriptive study, experimental study. The least reliable of these is ______.

answer

anecdotal

question

A flat cumulative record indicates that the behavior is ________.

answer

not occurring

question

One thing researchers can control better with animal subjects than with human subjects is _________.

answer

genetic history/environmental history/learning experiences

question

Pavlov became interested in psychic reflexes around ________.

answer

1900

question

Pavlov's main interest initially was ______.

answer

physiology

question

Pavlov was a ________.

answer

Russian

question

________ said that Pavlov was one of the greatest geniuses of all time.

answer

H G Wells

question

George Bernard Shaw said that Pavlov was __________.

answer

the biggest fool he knew

question

Many people think of scientists as dull people without feelings, but Pavlov said that science requires ______________.

answer

supreme passion

question

Pavlov is best described as ________.

answer

an experimenter from head to foot

question

Ivan Pavlov is best known for his research on the ________.

answer

psychic reflex

question

The author of your text uses the terms unconditional reflex and conditional reflex, but he notes that most authors use the terms _______ and _______ reflexes.

answer

conditioned and unconditioned

question

Pavlov said that the salivary glands behaved as though they had ________.

answer

intelligence

question

What fascinated Pavlov most about his salivating dogs was that _________.

answer

the dogs began to salivate before receiving food

question

In studying \"psychic secretions,\" Pavlov focused his attention on the ________.

answer

events in the dog's environment

question

Pavlov called reflexes present at birth ________.

answer

unconditional

question

The term ___________ response refers to an innate reflex response to a stimulus.

answer

unconditional

question

__________ stimuli are typically events that are important to survival.

answer

unconditional

question

The notation that best describes the Pavlovian procedure is _______

answer

CS-->US

question

John, \"Mr. Anxiety,\" finally musters up the courage to ask the beautiful and popular Carole to go to the movies. She finds the idea so ridiculous that she laughs out loud the instant he has gotten the question out. John's face turns the color of a steamed lobster. In classical conditioning terms, John's experience is an example of ________.

answer

trace conditioning

question

A week later John (see above item) bumps into Carole on campus, feels his face turn red and recalls with embarrassment their earlier encounter. Carole has become a _______.

answer

CS for blushing

question

Pavlovian conditioning is also called ________ conditioning.

answer

Classical

question

J. M. Graham and Claude Desjardins established a(n) ______ as a CS for sexual arousal in rats.

answer

odor

question

The experiment in which a dog learned to salivate at the sight of a black square after it had been paired with a CS for salivating is an example of _________ conditioning.

answer

higher-order

question

The experiments of Staats and Staats with nonsense syllables are examples of ____________ conditioning.

answer

higher-order

question

Higher-order conditioning is probably most important to ___________.

answer

humans

question

One way to determine if conditioning has occurred is to present the CS alone. Each such presentation is called a(n) ______ trial.

answer

test

question

Of the following conditioning procedures, the one that is least like the others is ________.

answer

backward

question

Oafish Bill (John's twin brother; see items above) has heard nothing of John's unfortunate encounter with Carole, and he decides to ask her out. Just as he approaches her she bursts into laughter, apparently in response to a joke someone just told. Bill immediately pops the question and she politely declines, having decided to join a convent at the end of the semester. A week later Bill bumps into Carole on campus but feels no particular embarrassment. The pairing of Bill's request for a date and Carole's laughter is most likely an example of ________.

answer

backward conditioning

question

Two students, Edward and Edwina, serve as subjects in a conditioning experiment. The CS is a buzzer; the US is a mild electric shock; the UR is a change in the electrical conductivity of their skin called the Galvanic Skin Response. Both subjects undergo 50 trials, but the experimenter feels sorry for Edwina so periodically he lets her off without a shock. The results will indicate that _______.

answer

the CR is stronger in Edward

question

The rate of conditioning is affected by the degree to which the US is ___________ the occurrence of the CS.

answer

contingent on

question

In Pavlovian conditioning, ISI refers to ______.

answer

interstimulus interval

question

A _________ stimulus is one that consists of two or more stimuli presented simultaneously.

answer

compound

question

In general, the more intense a US, the __________.

answer

faster conditioning proceeds

question

An experimenter presents a flash of light and a bell simultaneously followed by food. Conditioning proceeds satisfactorily, but when the experimenter presents the light and bell separately, he finds that the bell is an effective CS, but the light is not. The experimenter has demonstrated _______

answer

overshadowing

question

When exposure to a stimulus prior to pairing with a US interferes with conditioning, the phenomenon is called ________.

answer

latent inhibition

question

Of the following, the one that does not belong with the others is ________.

answer

higher-order conditioning

question

In so far as the rate of learning is concerned, the most important pairings of the CS and US are those that come _________.

answer

at the beginning of training

question

The time between conditioning trials is called the _______.

answer

intertrial interval

question

Braun and Geiselhart found that eyelid conditioning generally proceeded slowly with _______.

answer

older adults

question

If, following conditioning, a CS is repeatedly presented without the US, the procedure is called ________.

answer

extinction

question

In the figure below, the data point at the extreme right illustrates _________.

answer

spontaneous recovery

question

Spontaneous recovery is associated with _______.

answer

extinction

question

Each time a buzzer sounds, a puff of air makes a rabbit blink. Soon the rabbit blinks when it hears the buzzer. George believes that this means the buzzer takes the place of the air puff. George is an advocate of ________.

answer

stimulus substitution theory

question

The equation, ΔVn = c (λ- Vn -1), is associated with the _______________ of Pavlovian conditioning.

answer

Rescorla-Wagner model

question

Pavlov won the Nobel Prize for his research on conditioning.

answer

False

question

Pavlov's work paved the way for Darwin's theory of evolution

answer

False

question

A key feature of Pavlovian conditioning is that the CS and US appear together regardless of what the animal or person does.

answer

True

question

The procedure of pairing a neutral stimulus with a well-established CS is called higher-order conditioning.

answer

True

question

One way to test for the effects of conditioning is to use test trials.

answer

True

question

If a CS is presented several times alone, and is then repeatedly paired with a US, conditioning proceeds more rapidly than if the CS had never been presented alone.

answer

False

question

According to the Rescorla-Wagner model, blocking occurs because when the second (blocked) CS is presented, most of the learning that can occur has already been \"used up\" by the first CS.

answer

True

question

The Rescorla-Wagner model has been very influential, but it does not explain latent inhibition.

answer

True

question

Conditional reflexes are so named because they ____________.

answer

depend on many conditions

question

Each pairing of a CS and US is one _______.

answer

trial

question

In _______ conditioning the CS and US overlap

answer

delayed

question

. In ____________ conditioning, the CS and US occur at the same time.

answer

simultaneous

question

A CS that consists of two or more stimuli is called a _________ stimulus.

answer

compound

question

Generally, the _____ (more/less) intense a stimulus, the faster conditioning occurs.

answer

more

question

If two stimuli are paired and then one becomes a CS, the other will become a CS more rapidly than it otherwise would have, a phenomenon called sensory ________.

answer

preconditioning

question

The first conditioning trials are typically _____ (more/less) effective than later trials.

answer

more

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