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Certain verbs govern a [a] object instead of an accusative. Verbs of pleasing, [b], [c], [d], resisting, [e], [f], [g] and [h] generally take a [i] object.

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[a] dative [b] trusting [c] believing [d] persuading [e] commanding [f] obeying [g] serving [h] sparing [i] dative

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The [a] is used to express [b] when it is a property or [c] of the subject of the [d] verb. When the [e] is external to the subject, the prepositions [f] or [g] are preferred.

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[a] ablative [b] cause [c] characteristic [d] main [e] cause [f] propter [g] ob

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The phrase belli atque fortitudinis offers an example of [a], a rhetorical [b] of [c] in which two [d] linked by a [e] express [f] idea. The [g] enhances the thought here by giving equal emphasis to [h] and [i].

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[a] hendiadys [b] figure [c] speech [d] nouns [e] conjunction [f] one [g] hendiadys [h] bravery [i] war

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The word mille, "[a]," is an indeclinable [b]. A [c] genitive (genitive of the [d]) follows this noun.

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[a] thousand [b] adjective [c] partitive [d] whole

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Certain first and second declension adjectives have an -[a] ending in the genitive singular in [b] genders and an -[c] ending in the dative singular in all genders.

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[a] ius [b] all [c] i

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List the nine adjectives that take -ius in the genitive and -i in the dative.

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[u] nus [n] euter [u] ter [s] olus [n] ullus [a] lter [u] llus [t] otus [a] lius

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CUM Cum can be either a [a] mearning "with" or a conjunction meaning "[b], [c], [d]." The preposition cum takes the [e] case while the conjuction cum takes a [f]. The presence of an [g] or a [h] in the vicinity of cum will help you determine the word's [i], and therefore which [j] to use.

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[a] preposition [b] when [c] since [d] although [e] ablative [f] verb [g] ablative [h] verb [i] function [j] meaning

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Predicate nominatives and predicate adjectives [a], [b], or [c] the [d] of the sentence. They are in the [e] case and are seen with a form of the verb [f], or with other intransitive verbs such as those that mean "[g]," "[h]," and "[i]." The final verb of the first sentence, "[j]," "are named," sets up the predicate nominatives Celtae and Galli.

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[a] rename [b] define [c] describe [d] subject [e] nominative [f] sum [g] appear [h] be made [i] be named [j] appellantur

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The genitive of the relative pronoun qui, quae, quod is most commonly translated "[a]." Sometimes, however, English usage dictates that the genitive be translated "[b]."

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[a] whose [b] of which

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Latin employs the subjunctive uch more [a] than English, in a wide variety of [b] types, and it uses special subjunctive verb forms rather than [c].

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[a] frequently [b] clause [c] auxiliaries

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PURPOSE CLAUSES: A purpose clause is a [a] clause indicating the [b] or objective of the action in the [c] clause.

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[a] subordinate [b] purpose [c] main

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In contrast to the [a], the mood of actuality and factuality, the subjunctive is in general (though not always) the mood of [b], tentative, [c], ideal, or even [d] action.

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[a] indicative [b] potential [c] hypothetical [d] unreal

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[a] verbs like orior (in line 14 of the textbook), although [b] in form, translate [c] in all [d] and [e] tenses.

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[a] Deponent [b] passive [c] active [d] indicative [e] subjunctive

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ILLE, ILLA, ILLUD As an adjective, ille means "[a]" or "[b]," but as a pronoun means "[c], [d], it, [e]." ADJECTIVE: pertinent ad illam partem fluminis Rheni. "They stretch to [f] part of the Rhine river." PRONOUN: Proximī sunt illīs, quī trāns Rhēnum incolunt "They are next to [g] (men) who live across the Rhine."

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[a] that [b] those [c] he [d] she [e] they [f] that [g] those

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In line 6 of Caesar's text in the book, [a] indicates the outward characteristics of [b] ([c], [d] of life, etc.). [e] indicates the [f] characteristics (refinement of [g] and [h], [i]).

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[a] cultus [b] civilization [c] dress [d] habits [e] humanitas [f] moral [g] thought [h] feeling [i] education

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PURPOSE CLAUSE You should have no difficulty recognizing a purpose clause: look for a [a] clause, introduced by [b] or [c], ending with a [d] verb, and answering the question "[e]?" or "[f]?"

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[a] subordinate [b] ut [c] ne [d] subjunctive [e] why [f] for what purpose

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In English conditional sentences that imagine actions that are contrary to the actual facts use the auxiliaries "[a]" and "[b]" to indicate the action described is only idea.

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[a] were [b] would

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The names of rivers in Latin are usually [a], including those that belong to the first declension, such as the Garumna, [b], and [c]. The [d] River forms the boundary between [e] and the Gaul Caesar calls [f]. The [g] River flows across [h] Gaul and with the [i] River forms a boundary with the [j].

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[a] masculine [b] Matrona [c] Sequana [d] Garonne [e] Aquitania [f] Celtic [g] Seine [h] northern [i] Marne [j] Belgians

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An ablative of [a] shows "in respect to" what something ir or is done. In Caesar's first sentence, lingua, institutis, legibus are ablatives of [b].

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[a] respect [b] respect

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Subjunctive Clauses List the subjunctive clauses in the order provided on page 187: [a] [b] [c] [d] [e] [f] [g] [h] noun clauses [i] [j]

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[a] jussive [b] purpose clause [c] result clause [d] indirect questions [e] cum clauses [f] proviso clauses [g] conditions [h] jussive [i] relative clauses of characteristic [j] fear

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PURPOSE CLAUSES English often employs an [a] to express purpose, but that use of the infinitive is [b] in Latin prose. Instead, Latin uses a subjunctive [c] introduced by "[d]" or, for a negative purpose, "[e]." The auxiliary "[f]" is frequently used in translating the present [g] in a purpose clause, but we can also translate with an [h].

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[a] infinitive [b] rare [c] clause [d] ut [e] ne [f] may [g] tense [h]infinitive

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There are only [a] tenses in the subjunctive mood. Is one of the tenses a future tense? (yes, no) [b].

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[a] four [b] no

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HIC, HAEC, HOC The adjective forms of hic, meaning "[a]" or "[b]," can modify a [c] or serve as [d] meaning "[e], [f], it, [g]." ADJECTIVE: āb hōc cultū atque hūmānitāte prōvinciae longissimē absunt "They are very far away from [h] civilization and refinement." PRONOUN: Hī omnēs linguā, īnstitūtīs, lēgibus inter sē differunt. "All [i] (men inferred) differ from one another in language, customs, and laws." PRONOUN: Hōs ab Aquītānīs Garumna flūmen dīvidit. "The Garonne river divides [j] from the Aquitanians."

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[a] this [b] these [c] noun [d] pronouns [e] he [f] she [g] they [h] this [i] these [j] them

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What three details should you learn systematically for each of the subjunctive clause types? 1. [a] 2. [b] 3. [c].

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[a] definition [b] recognize [c] translate

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There are two tasks involved in mastering the subjunctive: first, learning the new [a], which is a relatively [b] matter; second, learning to [c] and [d] the various subjunctive [e] types, which is also quite easily done, if your approach is [f]

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[a] forms [b] simple [c] recognize [d] translate [e] clause [f] systematic

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Adjectives like proximus, and others that mean "dear, near, kind, friendly" and the like, take the [a] and, in English, are often followed by "[b]" or "[c]." In sentence 5 (line 8 in the textbook). Germanis is in the [d] case.

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[a] dative [b] to [c] for [d] dative

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Among the other auxiliaries used in English to describe potential or hypothetical actions are: [a] [b] [c] [d] [e] [f]

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[a] may [b] might [c] should [d] would [e] may have [f] would have

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The subjunctive may be used in certain types of main, or [a] clauses. The "[b]" subjunctive expresses a [c] or exhortation, especially in the [d] or [e] person. [f] is employed for negative commands. TRANSLATING JUSSIVE SUBJUNCTIVE While "[g]" and "[h]" can sometimes be used to translate the jussive subjunctive, "[i]" is the English auciliary verb most often used.

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[a] independent [b] jussive [c] command [d] first [e] third [f] ne [g] may [h] should [i] let

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Putant se fortes esse.

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They think that they are brave

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Clamaverunt se fortes futuros esse. clamo, clamare, clamavi, clamatus to proclaim

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They proclaimed they are strong

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Which speech verb does not take an indirect statement?

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inquit

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Credunt magistram sapientem veritatem patefacturam esse.

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They believe the wise teacher will reveal truth

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The participles forming part of the perfect passive and future active infinitives function rather like predicate adjectives with esse and thus must agree with the infinitive's [a] in [b], [c], and [d].

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(A) subject number gender case

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Which verb does not take an indirect statement?

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suscipiō

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An indirect statement follows a main verb of [a], [b] activity, or [c] perception, has its subject in the [d] case, and an [e] instead of a finite verb.

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speech mental sense accusative infinitive

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Vidi eos remanisse et nobiscum esse

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I saw that they had remained and were with us

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Dicunt eum errare. erro, errare, erravi, erratus to make a mistake

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they say that he is making a mistake

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Sperant Ciceronem orationem scripturum esse. spero, sperare, speravi, speratus V [XXXAX] to hope

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They hope that Cicero will write a speech

Latin III Caesar de bello Gallico Grammar Notes – Flashcards

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