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Late 19th Century / Pre war culture

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change brought about the industrial revolution and production of goods also railroads and telegraph had made travel and communication faster and easier

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changes in Medicine

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look at human body and discovered how organs work

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Pasteur

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comes up with pasteurization

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Joseph Lister

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discovered anti septics

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Technological Advancement

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new knowledge

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Thomas Edison

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electricity

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Alexander Graham Bell

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invented the phone

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Marconi

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invented radio and things we still don't understand

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Catholic Church's involvement in advances

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Pope Leo XIII issued the papal bull, Rarem Novarum, "concerning new things", that warned of the dangers possible in materialism and agnosticism -- worships other things than God like money and material items This inspired the Oxford movement of Cardinal Newman

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Revolutions in Transportation

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biggest change in the 19th century was the invention and expansion of railroads, they dominated the era It made the final stage of industrial revolution possible, change from rural world to urban world first time ever it opened up passenger travel to middle and lower classes; now people can see more of the world; vacations are made possible for not rich

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Turn of the Century Innovations

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several new revolutions began taking place. drawback of railroads was its precise schedule and all the stops it had to make the bicycle and automobile became a focus of new innovations then hot air balloon, Zeppelin, and Airplane

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Electrical Revolution

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stage 4 of industrialized powers electrical phase hydro electric power more stable than bio- fuels machinery began to convert to electric power from steam also camera appeared for the first time, very popular everyone had one, then the light bulb and then movie production radically changed society Germany, ALps, and Switzerland dominated these areas

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Communications Revolution

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speed of communication rapidly change and advance communication invention of the typewriter made writing and printing more convenient Semaphore was quickly replaced by the telegraph in the 1840s and by the 1880s telephones were appearing

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Effect of mass education

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educate boys so soldiers can read the emphasis of reading in Europe meant thy were much more literate than others

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La Belle Epoque

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use new technology - modernity , The period of European History that lasted from the late 19th century until the beginning of World War I. It literally means "golden age" and was named for the many advancements that occurred during this era. Many changes took place in politics, social structure, art, literature, science, and technology. These innovations forever changed the course of European history and the face of European society. -happy people, shopping, cafes, restaurants all pop up more because people have more luxuries

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Changes in Society

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family sizes drop, from 6 kids to 4 kids because city dwellers had to purchase food key trends change way of living for common people - high standard of living - safer water - safer sanitation - indoor plumbing - increased contraception - keep families small

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Changing gender roles

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increase number of working women - taking white collar jobs sports and physical activities became very popular at turn of the century - loss of outdoor and vigorous work changing gender roles led to a more frank look at sex and gender roles and this was reflected by the popularity of Freudian psychology also homosexually was more open at this time than in previous times

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New politics

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idealism, conservationism, and utilitarianism, spread through out European middle classes among the european lower classes, marxism, communism, and socialism,

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Growth of working class

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more blue collar factory workers union movement grows social democratic party grows

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Philosophy

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Fredrich Nietzche - modernism "reality is an illusion" says - God is Dead also says that doesn't no kill us makes us stronger

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Modernism

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practices typical of contemporary life or thought

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Max Weber

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invented discipline of sociology and how people acted in modern society

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Sigmund Freud

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invented psychology

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Realism

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america's first cultural contribution can be seen as the synthesis of classicism and romanticism realists believe romanticism went to far, with the emotional emphasis get rid of emotional and ghosts and stuff and emphasis on nature and reality believed in the exactness and realness rejected good vs. evil and believed things were not that simple

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Realism in Literature

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Moby Dick written by Herman Melville - 300 pages on how to gut a whale Uncle Tom's Cabin Huckleberry Finn - captures realism with language and accents but also discussed several moral dilemmas

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Pessimism

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idea that things aren't improving - humans still screw up - evil is still present - people are still bad - Thomas Hardy a norwegian playwright

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Louis Sullivan

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creates skyscraper emphasis on shape and function

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Frank Lloyd - Wright

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incorporate functionality into his skyscrapers - building horizontal

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Gustave Eiffel

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showed reality by leaving his tower without an outer shell - eiffel tower

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Art

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competing with camera so through impressionism and post impressionism emphasis on movement and motion

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Academie des Beaux Arts

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school of fine arts is an academic way to view art, like history paintings

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Realism in poetry

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Alfred Lord Tennyson free verse more popular poems about everyday things more common true during WWI poems use of flowers disappears

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New genres and art forms invented

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science fiction - comparing current day with future Naturalism - compare the current reality to the reality of nature

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Imperialism

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new wave of conquests, again led by European powers much like colonialism, european powers exerted their political will on other nations and set up colonies colonialism had focused on conquering the new world and trading with the east, with india eventually

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difference between imperialism and mercantilism

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...

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nationalism

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a movement by people did not exist during colonialism, monarchs and governments expressed the desire to expand imperialism is a manifestation of nationalism and a will to express dominance, especially culturally and it was accepted by the people of the nation

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industrialization

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colonialism was a search for goods to be self sufficient and imperialism was a search for raw materials to exploit one's advantages through capitalism plantations is still there but now it is as a raw material rather than a luxury commodity mining becomes even more important - gold copper diamonds and zinc fuel becomes important for the first time - oil coal

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Cutural Imperialism

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colonialism did not seek to culturally change native peoples, it was a goal of imperialism as nations sought to export their own culture to their own colonies - export your culture because you believe it to be the best - you have a right to dominate because you're the best habits and sports: tea, wine or soda?

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Social Darwinism

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the idea of applying "survival of the fittest" to human society

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Capitalism

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need for markets to sell goods drove Europeans to look for "captive markets" mercantilism was not about supply but demand and imperialism was all about supply

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Transplantation of Labor

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move people to were work is needed US = immigration UK= irish Africa = indians and Chinese

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Religion and Imperialism

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christianity followed imperialism islam became popular as a resistance to imperialism

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The British Empire

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all the advantages in building imperial empire british have pre existing empire that include canada and india both with vast resources great britian controls key choke points - cape town , india, falklands take more choke points, hong kong, suez, malta only one they didn't have was panama - signed thing with US if you guys are allowed to have it if we can always use it ppulation continued to blow up

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British models

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dominions crown colonies companies corporate colonies protectorates sphere of influence

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Dominions

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major of colony is white best colony only Britain can make these became "New Englands" they had home rule women's suffrage Secret ballot introduced in Australia

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Crown Colonies

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Step below dominions relied on local leaders to rule their own people but had British colonial administration to run the colony they act as a puppet for the british monarch governed by the crown and parliament

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Companies, Corporate Colonies

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The entire colony is owned by a private corporation or citizen - british east indies co, hudson bay co, british south Africa company citizens made contracts with local leaders to develop them tax hell out of people to build everything need, railroads, army eventually military cannot be trusted all were eventually made into crown colonies when they became hard to defend

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Protectorates

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nominally independent "states" ran by a local leader but "protested" by british military eventually administered by british citizens

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Sphere of Influence

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actually independent states granting special economic conditions to a European nation no political or military control but economic domination

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Key events in imperialism

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-Britain keeps South Africa after Napoleonic wars and moves 25000 soldiers there -French Invasion of Algiers begins the new era -Suez Canal built and Africa is explored -Sepoy Rebellion in India example of cultural ignorance and of british power -Leopold and the scramble for africa -Berlin Conference partitions Africa

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Orange Free State & Transvaal

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Orange Free State was an independent Boer republic in southern Africa during the second half of the 19th century, and later became a British colony and a province of the Union of South Africa; South African Republic (often known as the Transvaal Republic), was an independent Boer-ruled country in Southern Africa during the 2nd half of the 19th century

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Zulu

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largest tribe in Africa

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Cecil Rhodes

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British colonial financier and statesman in South Africa made a fortune in gold and diamond mining; helped colonize the territory now known as Zimbabwe

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Boer War

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Guerilla activity until 1902

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Union of South Africa

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becomes a dominion in 1910 dutch

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Egypt

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important because of suez canal - bought from europe

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Mahdi Revolt

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Began in Northern Sudan as a revolt against British/Egyptian encroachment. They wanted to establish a Muslim state for themselves separate from the British/Egyptians. A military revolt.

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Khartoum

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Nile River town that was administrative center of Egyptian authority in Sudan.

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French Empire

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concentrated in north west Africa added madagascar and indochina Algeria became a settlement colony as did old caribbean colonies 1867 - failed to keep mexico due to rebellion and US intervention 1880 - foreign legion was able to defeat Samori tour and gain FWA missionary work in Vietnam led to protection of converts

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Italian Empire

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take libya and eritea targeted ottoman empire lost abyssina at Adowa in 1896

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German Empire

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Only real value they take is Tanganyika but the port there is UK controlled

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Beligian Empire

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gained the congo under leopold on the basis of ending slavery was an excellent supplier of colonial produce and mineral wealth resorted to "forced labor" rather than slavery maybe as many as 1,000,000

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Holdover Empires

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Spanish - very little left Portuguese - concentrate on getting Africa Dutch - hold on to colonies is asia - have oil and rubber

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Russia involement

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used its army to annex nearby regions in south central and east asia

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America's involvment

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expansion into the pacific to sell Asia commerce created rivalry with UK and Germany

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Dollar Diplomacy

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eventually allowed US to surpass UK in latin america

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Roosevelt Corollary

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US prevent intervention of Europe

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War with Spain

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US takes Philippines, puerto rico, Guam taken cuba becomes a protectorate

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Japan

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most successful resistance to Europeans

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Matthew Perry

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Commodore of the US Navy who opened up Japan with the Treaty of Kanagawa

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Meiji Restoration

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The restoration of the Emperor Meiji to power in Japan, overthrowing the Tokugawa Shogunate in 1868. 1) copy US transport and navy and production 2) copy french law, economy, social structure 3) secure raw materials

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Sino-Japanese War

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(1894-1895) Japan's imperialistic war against China to gain control of natural resources and markets for their goods. It ended with the Treaty of Portsmouth which granted Japan Chinese port city trading rights, control of Manchuria, the annexation of the island of Sakhalin, and Korea became its protectorate.

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Russo- Japanese War

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War between Russia and Japan; Japan wins and takes parts of Manchuria under its control.

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WWI and Japan

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japan seize german possessions in pacific

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Manchu Dynasty in Trouble

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opium war vs. british trade - trying to stop opium in china they fight british and british wins Taiping Rebellion vs. monarch and westerners - more than 20000 killed same number of refuges - across pacific rim, including US Tzu-his the Dowager Empress, "tranquilty" - ultimately ends

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Ottoman Empire under fire

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-failed to take vienna -north african states get away -napoleon invades egypt -serbian indepence -greek indepence -france conquers algeria -crimean war - Suez canal completed, giving UK & france inroads -i give up

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imperialism

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the policy of extending the rule or authority of an empire or nation over foreign countries, or of acquiring and holding colonies and dependencies.

Late 19th Century Europe – Jan 16th – Flashcards

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