Kinn’s Medical Assisting Ch. 42 Pediatrics – Flashcards
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Growth
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measurable changes such as height and weight
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Development
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qualitative maturation in motor, mental, social and language skills
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BMI (body mass index)
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used to detect childhood obesity-assessing the relationship between weight and height
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DDST (Denver II Developmental Screening Test)
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a standardized tool to screen for developmental delays, to investigate concerns about an infant's development, or to monitor high-risk children for potential problems. To monitor childhood milestones
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Colic
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During an attack, the infant draws up the legs, clenches fists and cries inconsolably
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Diarrhea
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bacterial, viral, or parasite cause. Child has 2 or more watery or apparently abnormal stools with in 24 hours
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What is the main concern with diarrhea?
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medical intervention is needed because it can cause dehydration and electrolyte imbalance
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what is the typical treatment for diarrhea?
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rehydrate, BRAT diet, replenish electrolytes (pedialyte, infalyte)
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Failure to Thrive
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child whose weight is consistently below the 3rd percentile on standardized growth charts
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Obesity
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BMI is at or greater than the 95th percentile
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Common Cold (rhinitis)
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viral infection causing nasal congestion, low grade fever and general malaise
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what are some secondary infections that can occur from the common cold?
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strep throat, otitis media
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Strep throat
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bacterial infection that causes severe sore throat, fever, HA, lymphadenopathy/ throat appears bright red and pustules may be present on tonsils
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What happens if strep throat isn't treated
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scarlet or rheumatic fever; infections of skin, bloodstream, or ears and pneumonia
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scarlet fever
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characterized by a bright red, rough textured rash that spreads over body
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otitis media
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inflammation of middle ear with fluid buildup behind tympanic membrane
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what is a common sign that child has otitis media?
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tugging at the ear, crying persistently
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serous
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thin, watery, serum-like drainage
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suppurative
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formation and or discharge of pus
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myringotomy
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treatment performed if fluid in middle ear persists for longer than 3 months and/or child experiences hearing loss; making a small incision in tympanic membrane and a tube is inserted to drain fluid and balance pressure
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what are the 2 classifications of otitis media?
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serous, suppurative
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croup
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viral infection of the larynx and trachea that causes edema and spasm of vocal cords
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classic symptoms of croup
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harsh barking cough and stridor
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stridor
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shrill, harsh sound during inhalation
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laryngoscopy
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visual exam of the voice box with an endoscope
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bronchiolitis
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viral infection of the small bronchi and bronchioles...can be caused by exposure to cigarette smoke
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what are 2 specific reactions that cause asthma?
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bronchospasm, inflammation
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asthma attack
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the bronchiole tubes begin to spasm (decreases amount of air that can pass through them), and tissue lining the bronchioles become edematous and secretes mucus
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what is the classic sign of asthma
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non productive cough with expiratory wheezing (ronchi) and SOB
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Influenza
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acute, highly contagious viral infection of the respiratory tract that can range from very mild to life threatening
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What can influenza cause?
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pneumonia
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Can medication cure influenza?
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no
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Conjunctivitis
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"pinkeye", bacterial or viral infection that produces white or yellowish pus that may cause the eyelids to stick shut in the morning
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When can a child go back to school if they have conjunctivitis?
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child should be treated with antibiotics for at least 24 hours before returning
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Tonsilitis
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bacterial, sudden onset that can cause intense pain with in a short time, fever, general malaise, tonsils appear enlarged and inflamed and may be covered with pustules
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5th Disease
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erythema infectiosum/ slapped cheek disease/ caused by parvovirus B19
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What are some symptoms of erythema infectiosum
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mild fever and general malaise, cheeks take on a flushed appearance, lacy rash seen on trunk, arms and legs
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Hand-foot-mouth disease
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caused by coxsakievirus; develops painful red blisters on tongue, mouth, palms and soles
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Can Hand-foot-mouth disease be treated with medication?
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no, it must run it's course
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varicella
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aka chickenpox; cause by a member of the Herpes Virus group skin eruption occur
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what is the main Sx of varicella
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intense itching
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What is the name of the varicella vaccine?
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Varivax
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What are some serious illnesses that varicella can cause?
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encephalitis, pneumonia
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Meningitis
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bacterial, viral or fungal infection of the membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord
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What is the most serious types of meningitis?
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bacterial meningitis (aka spinal meningitis), sometimes leads to permanent brain damage or death
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Sx of bacterial meningitis
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sudden onset of fever, HA, neck pain or stiffness, vomiting (often without abdominal complaint) and irritability
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What is the vaccine to prevent bacterial meningitis?
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HiB vaccine (haemophilus influenzae sereotype B)
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Hepatitis B
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can lead to serious, chronic infection of the liver and can be transmitted through the placenta or during birth, sexually, blood transfusion, or direct contact with infected person
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Reye's Syndrome
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linked to the use of Aspirin during viral illnesses; causes fatty invasion of inner organs, especially the liver, and swelling of the brain
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Cystic Fibrosis
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chronic progressive disease that prevents normal movement of sodium chloride into and out of cells. The lungs and pancreas are primarily affected due to abnormally thick secretions in lungs and blockage of pancreatic duct leading to malabsorption problems.
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What are some symptoms of Cystic Fibrosis and a test to diagnose it?
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There is a salty taste to the skin, steatorrhea, abdominal distention, failure to thrive, chronic cough, and frequent respiratory infections. Sweat Test to detect a high chlorine level for diagnosis
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Is there a cure for cystic fibrosis?
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no
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Duchenne's Muscular Dystrophy
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X linked genetic disease that causes progressive muscular degeneration; as it progresses, the necrotic skeletal muscles are replaced with fat and fibrous connective tissue, muscle fxn is gradually lost
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What level is tested in a blood test to diagnose Duchenne's Muscular Dystrophy? is there a cure?
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testing for increased CPK levels (creatine phosphokinase); no cure for this disorder-death usually occurs in early 20s
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Attenuated
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weakened or changed
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Booster
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usually are equivalent to a single dose of the initial immunization to maintain immune levels
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What vaccinations should a child NOT receive if allergic to eggs?
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MMR, Varicella and IPV
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DtaP
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diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis
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pertussis
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whooping cough
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tetanus
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lock jaw
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HAV
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hepatitis A; 2 doses
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HBV
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Hepatitis B; YEAST allergy; 3 injections
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HiB
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Haemophilus influenzae serotype B (meningitis)
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HPV
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human papilloma virus; 3 doses
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Influenza
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Trivalent...use live vaccine. EGG allergy
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IPV
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Inactive poliovirus for polio; EGG allergy; 4 doses
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MMR
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measles, mumps, rubella; EGG allergy; first administered at 12 months of age because mom transfers antibodies in utero that last 12 months
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Pneumococcal
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pneumococcal pneumonia
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Rotavirus (Rota)
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Rota Teq for prevention of rotavirus gastroenteritis; 3 doses ORALLY
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Varicella
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chickenpox; EGG allergy; no salicylates for 6weeks afterward to prevent risk of Reye's Syndrome
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Apgar score
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a system for evaluating an infant's physical condition at 1 and 5 minutes after birth
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A in APGAR (first A)
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appearance (color)
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P in APGAR
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pulse (heart rate)
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G in APGAR
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grimace (reflex; response to stimuli)
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A in APGAR (second A)
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activity (muscle tone)
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R in APGAR
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respiration (breathing)
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well child visits
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focus on maintaining the child's health through basic system exams, immunization and upgrading child's medical history record
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sick child visits
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occur whenever needed, usually on short notice
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what vitals does an MA need to take for a child's appointment?
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height, weight, head circumference, temperature, respiration, pulse
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hydrocephaly
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increased growth of head because of CSF build up
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microcephaly
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small size of head compared to rest of body
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What are considered more accurate in taking temperature in infants?
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rectal and temporal temp.
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how do you measure pulse in a child younger than 2?
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apically; placing the stethescope on left side of chest medial to nipple)/ alternative method: brachial artery in upper arm
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how do you measure pulse in a child over 2?
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radial pulse site
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Is blood pressure measured in pediatric exams?
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NO, unless there's a heart or kidney anomaly)
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How do you measure level of pain for a child who can communicate?
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Wong-Baker Faces Pain Scale
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Is putting a catheter in a child a sterile procedure?
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yes
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What is the leading cause of death and disability in children in the United States?
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Unintentional injuries (auto accident, drowning, burns, falls, poisoning, aspiration with airway obstruction, and firearm accident)
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What are some health problems frequently seen in adolescents?
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eating disorders (anorexia nervosa and bulimia), obesity, injury related problems
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Embryo
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first 3 months in uterus
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Fetus
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till time of delivery
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neonate
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up to 1 month of age
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infant
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up to 1 year of age
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toddler
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2-3 years
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preschool
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up to 5 years
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does DDST asses intelligence?
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NO
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What can tonsilitis cause if untreated?
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affects the heart and kidneys (valves of heart and make them incompetent/ heart and kidney diseases)
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What is pneumonia
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inflammation of lungs resulting in an increased pulse rate
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Infant respiration rate
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30-35rpm
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Otitis Externa
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inflammation of outer ear; swimmer's ear
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Otitis Interna
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inflammation of inner ear
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What is the treatment for chronic myringitis?
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myringotomy
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What are the 5 stages of Reye's Syndrome
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restlessness, vomiting, liver malfunction; elevated respiratory rate, hyperactive reflexes, increased liver dysfunction; internal organ tissue changes, coma; loss of brain function, deepening coma; seizures, respiratory arrest, death.
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what is the cause of autism
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cause of this developmental disorder is unknown, maybe due to a combo of genetic errors and environmental factors, perhaps a problem with fetal brain development
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do vaccines cause autism?
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no, there is no link between the two
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what are some sx of autism
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impaired social interaction, don't respond to name, avoid eye contact, and show limited interest in surroundings. They rarely communicate with others and display repetitive movements or mannerisms such as rocking or twirling; may have self-abusive behaviors like biting or head banging; very high pain tolerance but extremely sensitive to noise, touch, or other sensory stimulation
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what is the ideal location to administer a vaccination for an infant
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vastus lateralis
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what is the ideal location to administer a vaccination for older children?
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deltoid
