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biomechanics

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the application of the mechanical laws of physics and engineering to the motion, structure, and functioning of all living systems, including plants and animals

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biomechanics of physical activity

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the subdiscipline of kinesiology in which we use mechanical laws to determine how we move during physical activity and how forces act on our bodies to affect the structure and functioning of our bodies

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human movement biomechanics

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the study of the structure and function of human beings using the principles and methods of mechanics of physics and engineering

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structure of human beings

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anatomy

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function of human beings

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how we move to accomplish some purpose

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physical function of runners is

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running technique

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function for hip replacement is

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rising from a chair

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function for bone

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support the body weight when standing, protecting internal tissues (brain) from injury, and providing rigid surface for our muscles to pull against

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function

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how we produce forces to generate, maintain, or slow down movement during physical activity/how we move

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structure

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how forces (such as gravity) affect our body tissues

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when working with clients in your profession, you may use knowledge to

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understand how people use and are affected by the fundamental principles of mechanical physics and engineering that explain how forces influence our structure and function (first major goal of human movement biomechanics)

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if you become a practitioner, you may use knowledge to

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apply to our theoretical understanding to determine how best to improve performance effectiveness (improve function) or increase safety and health of those body tissues that are affected by forces or those tissues involved in physical activity (improve structure)

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function

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uses mechanical physics, such as Newton's laws, and engineering to understand how we produce movement

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Newton's 1st Law of motion

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we won't move, or stop moving if already moving, unless a force acts on us

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Newton's 3rd Law of motion

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for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction

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Wolff's law

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if we apply enough force to bones and do it rapidly, then we can stimulate bone to increase mass; also, if we are sedentary and thus do not apply sufficient force to our bones, we will lose bone mass

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nanobiomechanics

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biomechanics applied to the smallest end of the spectrum of biological structures

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goals of biomechanics

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to understand how the basic laws of physics affect and shape the structure and function of the human body; applying this understanding in order to improve the outcomes of our movements (performance effectiveness/function) and increase or maintain the safety and health of tissues (improve structure)

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biomechanics

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deals with applying the laws of physics, engineering, and biology to human beings or other living organisms

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branches of engineering closely allied to biomechanics (biological engineering)

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investigate problems focused on the design of objects, such as computer furniture, artificial body parts, prostheses, and exercise devices

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tissue biomechanics

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an area of investigation that uses engineering techniques to investigate the properties of human and animal tissues, such as tendons, ligaments, muscles, and cartilage

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biomechanics

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comes from subdisciplines of mechanical physics, mechanical and biological engineering, and biology

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career opportunities in biomechanics

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researcher, clinical biomechanist, sport performance specialist, ergonomist, forensic biomechanist, and university professor; certified orthotist or prosthetist

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biomechanics researcher

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work in biomechanics laboratories, performing experiments on problems of interest to various industries or assisting with product development; example: designing footwear (anatomy) or help therapists understand how best to aid patients to walk again

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performance enhancement biomechanist

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might work with elite athletes or professional teams or their coaching staff to improve performance; example: national level athletic teams or dance companies to analyze skill levels for performance or detect injury-related errors

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ergonomists

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experts in improving the efficiency and safety of employees; work in research and development departments that design equipment and analysis: gardening equipment, commercial airplanes, factory equipment, and sport equipment; human factors engineers are tied closely with this

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human factors engineers

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design technology based on how people process information and respond to the information when performing a task; build things knowing how people will naturally react that correlates with their knowledge

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Meister

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defines human factors and ergonomics as "everything relating the human to technology"

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forensic biomechanists

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use biomechanical knowledge and principles to answer questions involving civil and criminal law; example: determine If work related injury is plausible or the individuals fault after reviewing the data

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clinical biomechanists

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perform biomechanical analyses of patients or research participants in research hospitals that include biomechanic laboratories, so that physical therapists and physicians can determine treatment; example: determined cerebral palsy individual needs surgery for gait improvement and wrote analysis for walking research

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orthotists and prosthetists

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not biomechanists, use many biomechanical concepts and methods; select and adjust appropriate devices and help clients function optimally during daily life and physical activity

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orthotists

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assess a client's anatomical structure to understand how the client's anatomy shapes his or her ability to complete tasks effectively; then fits patient with an orthosis, device that supports limb, then reassess the effectiveness of client's movements and watches for potential problems

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prosthetists

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help a person obtain and use a replacement limb; usually certified orthotists; example: artificial hand

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university or college departments of kinesiology, engineering, medicine, etc.: biomechanists professor

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teaches biomechanics to a variety of students interested in becoming a physical activity or allied-health professional; conducts research to examine how the concepts related to generating and absorbing forces help us move and influence the health and structure of our tissues

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human movement biomechanics

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relatively young subdiscipline despite biomechanics has been around since humans began to make tools (long time)

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Aristotle

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one of the earliest known scientist who investigated biomechanical questions, who observed animal motion and the walking pattern of humans

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Leonardo DaVinci

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credited with developing the first systematic examination of mechanical principles of human and animal movement; influenced the scientific awakening in the European Renaissance

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industrial revolution (last quarter of 19th century and first quarter of 20th century)

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brought many new inventions, were objective instruments such as cameras developed for measuring movements; also, development of biomechanics and kinesiology in physical education, sport, and dance began

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kinesiology

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two Swedish men (Posse and Skarstrom) interested in gymnastics were among the first in the US to apply this term to the analysis of muscles and movements in a physical education setting

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1920s; locomotion

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during this time, researchers had the tools and interest to investigate the mechanics of __________, which is the efficiency of human movement in sport and industrial settings and energetics of running

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Ruth Glassow and her students at the University of Illinois

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In 1923, __________ aided the emphasis of mechanical analyes of basic movements in formal training of dance and physical educators and began classifying activities into categories: locomotion, throwing, striking, and balance and applied fundamental principles of mechanics and physics to the skills in each category; expanded at the University of Wisconsin

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Thomas Cureton

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a professor of applied physics and mechanics at the YMCA College in Springfield, Massachusetts, taught the mechanics of sport and physical activities, wrote articles to support the application of mechanical principles to movement, and performed research in swimming

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Charles McCloy

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leading researcher in many areas of physical activity, identified specific mechanical principles that influence movement

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Arthur Steindler

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profoundly influenced the study of kinesiology; their legacy: coin and define the word "biomechanics" according to Atwater, although Nelson believes Europeans may have coined the word first

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World War I in the United Kingdom

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during this time, there was a high demand for ergonomic and human factors design analyses to asses the effectiveness of military industries

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WWI; prosthetic devices; physical therapy

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Following __________, researchers in France and Germany applied biomechanics to improve __________ for war veterans who lost limbs; this effort stimulated the beginning of physical medicine in areas such as__________

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the polio epidemics

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Besides helping war victims of WWII, physical medicine research regarding pathological gait was used to aid victims of __________

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Europe after WWII

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the rebuilding of industry in __________ after __________ involved many ergonomic and human factors design analyses of work movements

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In the 1950s

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anthropometry (study of physical dimensions of people) became more important as the new, transport industries and armed services needed to know the measurements of people to design seats, cockpits, and instrument panels that fit these users during this time

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1960s

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during this time, biomechanics grew in college physical education programs, conferences organized, and graduate-level university programs created

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AAHPERD--American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance

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biomechanists and kinesiologists promoted the study of human movement within the primary physical activity organization: __________; the Kinesiology section finally received recognition in 1965, which provided this with theoretical framework

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1970s

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during this time, saw a rapid expansion in the number and scope of nation and international professional organizations related to biomechanics

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qualitative analysis

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a movement specialist who observes the movement technique of a performer is doing this

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quantitative analysis

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if a tool is used to measure and evaluate quantities related to space, time, motion, force, or energy during a performance, it is termed __________

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motion measurement

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use of digital cameras and other motion-detection technology for recording motion in biomechanics

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digital high-speed cameras

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trace the motion of reflective markers placed on points on the body to track motion of various body segments

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light emitting diodes (LEDs)

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emit signals that are captured by a sensor to track movement by markers on body

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force transducers

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measures force (aid explanation of injury/motion) on a joint, ligament, or object by attaching to tissues or implants in the body

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force platform

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metal plate with force transducers attached to the beams that hold up the plate

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pressure

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amount of force applied to a given amount of surface area

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pressure device

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spreads force evenly over body part to minimize pressure

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electromyography (EMG)

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method of estimating muscle forces involves measuring the electrical activity of the membranes of the muscle cells (fibers) when nerve cells stimulate them to contract; requires placing electrodes on the bellies of muscles where the muscle fiber membranes are most likely to be stimulated by nerve cells

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mathematical techniques

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required to calculate what cannot be directly measured with instrumentation

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computer simulation

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based on mathematical modeling and data from instrumentation that help us understand basic mechanics at the cellular, molecular, and whole-body level

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