question

How much does obesity reduce life expectancy by?

answer

10-12 years

question

How much more likely are obese individuals to develop type 2 diabetes?

answer

3x more likely

question

Height and Weight Change between 1960 and 2002

answer

Little height change but large weight change

question

Apple shaped

answer

Body fat stored in men in the abdominal region

question

Pear shaped

answer

Fat stored in hips, thighs, buttocks in women

question

Excessive fat in the abdominal region increases risk for what diseases

answer

diabetes, heart disease, stroke, certain cancers, early mortality

question

Subfascial Fat area

answer

intermuscular fat, fatty infiltration, fatty replacement, "marbeling"

question

Percent of subfascial fat represented in thigh fat

answer

10%

question

BMI

answer

kg/m2

question

Advantages to using BMI

answer

quick, very minimal measurements required, non invasive, cheap, reliable, related to disease risk factors

question

Disadvantages to using BMI

answer

does not account for differences in tissue fat/muscle, only slightly better than height and weight charts, no ability to examine location of fat

question

Estimating % Body Fat

answer

Larger readings correlate to more adipose tissue Storage similar for whole group Measured correctly-location/technique Regression Error (3.5-5%)

question

Advantages of Estimating % Body Fat

answer

Quick, non invasive, cheap, and reliable

question

Disadvantages to Estimating % Body Fat

answer

Technique dependent, differential storage, may be better for measuring muscle that fat, may be better for tracking than actual value +/- error

question

Factors Affecting Body Mass Assessment

answer

Previous Meals- increase after meal consumption Time of day-lowest first thing in the morning, increase in afternoon and evening Hydration status-decreases when dehydrated and decreases post exercise due to sweat loss

question

Skin fold Measurements

answer

Folds of skins measured with caliper measurements are used in equations that link the thickness of skin folds to % body fat calculations made from more accurate measures

question

Assumptions for Skin Fold Measurements

answer

50% of fat right under skin Storage similar for whole group Measured Correctly-location/technique Still have regression error ~3.5%

question

Advantages of Skin Fold Measurements

answer

Quick, non invasive, cheap, and reliable

question

Disadvantages of skin Fold measurements

answer

technique dependent, differential storage of fat, may be better for tracking that actual value +/- error

question

Percent of Americans that have high BP

answer

33%

question

Race with the highest rate of hypertension

answer

African Americans - 41%

question

Diabetes in men and women

answer

doubles the risk of CVD in men triples the risk for CVD in women

question

Controllable Risk Factors for CVD

answer

High Triglyceride Levels Reliable predictor of heart disease Psychological and Social Factors Stress Chronic hostility and anger Suppressing psychological distress Depression Anxiety Social isolation Low socioeconomic status Alcohol and Drugs

question

Uncontrollable Risk Factors for CVD

answer

Heredity CVD has genetic component which leads to increases in cholesterol levels, blood clotting and obesity Risk is modifiable by lifestyle factors Aging Over the age of 65 Being male Men have higher risk earlier in life Ethnicity African Americans have higher risk of hypertension, heart disease, and stroke than other groups; Inflammation and C Reactive Protein

question

Insulin Resistance and Metabolic Syndrome

answer

Possible CVD risk factor - being studied, With weight gain and lack of activity, the body becomes less sensitive to insulin, causing insulin resistance (pre-diabetes) Metabolic syndrome (or insulin resistance syndrome) is the term for a cluster of abnormalities About 34% of American adults have metabolic syndrome To reduce risk of metabolic syndrome, choose a healthy diet and get plenty of exercise, amount and type of carbohydrate intake matters

question

Homocysteine

answer

Possible CVD risk factor- being studied, Amino acid circulating in the blood Appears to damage the lining of blood vessels, resulting in inflammation and the development of fatty deposits Can lead to heart attacks, strokes, memory loss

question

Atherosclerosis

answer

Coronary arteries become blocked with plaque buildup: Coronary heart disease (CHD) or Coronary artery disease (CAD)

question

Major Forms of CVD

answer

atherosclerosis, heart attack, myocardial infarction

question

Heart Attack Symptoms

answer

Chest pain or pressure Arm, neck, or jaw pain Difficulty breathing Excessive sweating Nausea and vomiting Loss of consciousness 1/3 of victims don't feel chest pain: especially women, ethnic minorities, older adults, and people with diabetes

question

Angina

answer

During times of stress or exertion, heart doesn't receive enough oxygen Angina pectoris (chest pain) Usually felt as an extreme tightness in the chest and heavy pressure behind the breastbone or in the shoulder, neck, arm, hand, or back

question

Arrhythmia and Sudden Cardiac Death

answer

Electrical conduction system is disrupted

question

Helping a Heart Attack Victim

answer

,Most people who die from a heart attack expire within 2 hours of the onset of initial symptoms Victim should chew and swallow one adult aspirin Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)

question

Detecting and Treating Heart Disease

answer

Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) Positron emission tomography (PET) Angiogram Balloon angioplasty Coronary bypass surgery

question

Stroke

answer

Also called cerebro-vascular accident (CVA) ischemic or hemorrhagic

question

Ischemic Stroke

answer

blockage in a blood vessel two types are Thrombotic and Embolic

question

Thrombotic Stroke

answer

clot forms in a cerebral artery that has been narrowed or damaged by atherosclerosis

question

Embolic Stroke

answer

wandering blood clot, linked to atrial fibrillation

question

Hemorrhagic Stroke

answer

blood vessel ruptures in the brain, intracerebral hemorrhage, subarachnoid hemorrhage, aneurysm

question

Effects of Stroke

answer

Interruption of the blood supply to any area of the brain prevents the nerve cells there from functioning - in some cases causing death Those who survive a stroke usually have some lasting disability Paralysis Walking disability Speech impairment Memory loss Changes in behavior

question

Detecting and Treating Stroke

answer

Prompt recognition of symptoms Sudden numbness or weakness of face, arm, leg or one side of the body Loss of speech or difficulty speaking Dizziness Symptoms may be brief and temporary

question

Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)

answer

Temporary stroke-like symptoms

question

Treating Stroke

answer

Computed tomography (CT) MRI Ultrasound Clot-dissolving drugs Rehabilitation Nerve cells in the brain can make new pathways Some functions can be taken over by other parts of the brain

question

Congestive Heart Failure

answer

Heart is damaged by high blood pressure or other disease conditions and cannot maintain regular pumping rate and force, causing fluids to back up into body tissue

question

Edema

answer

accumulation of fluid

question

Pulmonary fluid

answer

accumulation of fluid in the lungs

question

Edema Treatment

answer

Reducing cardiac workload Modifying salt intake Drug therapy to help the body eliminate excess fluid Heart transplant

question

Congenital Heart Defects

answer

Malformation of the heart or major blood vessels 36,000 children born each year in the U.S. with defects About 3,600 deaths a year

question

Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM)

answer

1 out of every 500 people Most common cause of sudden death in athletes younger than 35 Can be identified by a murmur

question

Heart Valve Disorders

answer

Congenital heart defects and certain types of infections Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) - occurs in about 3% of the population

question

Protection Against Heart Disease

answer

Eat heart-healthy diet Fat and cholesterol Total fats should be less than 30% of total calories Low intake of saturated fats Limit dietary cholesterol to less than 300 mg per day Fiber 25-38 grams of dietary fiber per day Sodium and potassium No more than 1500 mg sodium per day Increase potassium Alcohol Exercise regularly Avoid tobacco Know and manage your blood pressure Get it monitored at least once every 2 years Know and manage your cholesterol levels Get it checked at least once every 5 years Develop effective ways to handle stress and anger

question

Cancer

answer

An abnormal and uncontrolled multiplication of cells , which, if left untreated can lead to death

question

Tumor

answer

A mass of tissue that serves no physiological purpose Benign (non-cancerous) tumor: Malignant (cancerous) tumor:

question

Metastasis

answer

The spreading of cancer cells Primary tumor is original location of cancer Metastasizing - The traveling and seeding process of cancerous cells New tumors are called secondary tumors or metastases Can invade nearby tissue or spread to different parts of the body

question

Types of Cancer

answer

The behavior of tumors arising in different body organs is characteristic of the tissue of origin Classified according to types of cells that give rise to them Carcinomas Sarcomas Lymphomas Leukemias

question

Incidence of Cancer

answer

1.5 million Americans are diagnosed yearly American Cancer Society Estimates that the 5-year survival rate for all cancers diagnosed between 1995 and 2005 is 68% Nearly 1 in 2 men and more than 1 in 3 women will develop cancer during their lifetime 90% of skin cancer could have been prevented 87% of lung cancer could have been prevented Regular screening and self-examinations could save an additional 100,000 lives per year

question

Lung Cancer

answer

Most common cause of cancer death in the U.S. 157,000 deaths per year Risk factors Tobacco contributes to 30% of all cancer deaths and 90% of lung cancer deaths Detection Difficult to detect Symptoms do not usually appear until cancer has reached the invasive stage Persistent cough, chest pain, or recurring bronchitis Diagnosis: CT scan, chest x-ray, or sputum examination

question

Treatment of Lung Cancer

answer

If caught early, can be treated with surgery Only 15% are detected prior to spreading Radiation and chemotherapy are used in addition to surgery Detected early, 53% of patients are alive 5 years post-diagnosis Overall, the 5-year survival rate is only 15%

question

Colon and Rectal Cancer

answer

Third most common type of cancer Risk factors Directly linked to age, genetic predisposition, lifestyle habits, diet 91% of cases occur after 50 years of age Excessive alcohol use and smoking may increase risk Obesity and diets rich in red and processed meats increases risk Regular physical exercise and diets rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains may lower risk Research mixed on high-fiber diets Oral contraceptives and hormone replacement may increase risk in women

question

Detection and Treatment of Colon and Rectal Cancer

answer

Detection and treatment Regular screening Surgery is primary treatment Radiation and chemotherapy can be used Survival 91% if detected early, 65% overall

question

Breast Cancer

answer

Most common cancer in women 1 in 8 American women will develop it during her lifetime About 200,000 American women are diagnosed each year 1 in 30 women will die from the disease About 41,000 women die from it each year Risk factors Incidents rise quickly with age, about 50% occurring in women ages 45-65 Genetic predisposition/family history Early onset of menstruation Late onset of menopause Having first child after 30 Having no children Hormone replacement therapy

question

Detection of Breast Cancer

answer

Early detection - cure most likely when cancer is detected early Monthly breast self-exam for all women over 20 Clinical breast exam by a physician every 3 years (every year for women over 40) Mammography- Every 1 year for women over 40 MRIs

question

Treatment of Breast Cancer

answer

Ultrasonography Biopsy Lump found to be harmless growth in 90% of cases Surgery: lumpectomy or masectomy

question

Colon and Rectal Cancer

answer

Third most common type of cancer, directly linked to age, genetic predisposition, lifestyle, diet, habit, excessive alcohol and smoking may increase risk, high intake of red and processed meats may increase risk, physical activity and diets with vegetables may reduce risk

question

Percent of colon and rectal cancer cases that occur after age 50?

answer

91%

question

Detection and Treatment of Colon and Rectal Cancer

answer

Regular screening, surgery for treatment, radiation and chemotherapy can be used if detected early

question

Colon and Rectal Cancer Survival

answer

91% if detected early and 65% overall

question

number of women who die from breast cancer each year

answer

41,000 women

question

Breast Cancer survival rate

answer

98% if the cells haven't metastasized 90% for all stages at 5 years

question

New Strategies for treatment and detection of breast cancer

answer

SERMs (tamoxifen, raloxifene) Monoclonal antibodies (trastuzumab): Antibodies designed to bind to specific cancer-related targets

question

Prostate cancer

answer

most leading cause of cancer in men, second leading death of cancer in men

question

Deaths in prostate cancer

answer

>32,000 deaths per year and 218,000 new cases per year

question

Prostate Cancer risk factors

answer

age, genetics, diet, lifestyle, STD history, type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance

question

Detection of Prostate Cancer

answer

Prostate specific antigen (PSA) blood test, digital rectal examination, yearly screening between ages 40-50

question

Treatment of Prostate Cancer

answer

Surgical removal of the prostate and radiation, implantation of radioactive seeds

question

Survival rate of prostate cancer

answer

5 year survival rate is nearly 100%

question

Cervical Cancer

answer

Most cases stem from infection by the human papillomavirus (HPV)- transmitted by unprotected sex Smoking, immunosuppression, and prolonged use of oral contraceptives may contribute to incidence most common in women in there 20s and 30s

question

Prevention of Cervical Cancer

answer

PAP test, sexually active individuals between 18-65 should be tested regularly, two HPV vaccines

question

Cancers of the Reproductive Tract

answer

uterine, or endometrial cancer, normally occurs after age 55

question

Risk factors for cancer of the reproductive tract

answer

Prolonged exposure to estrogen Early menstruation Late menopause No pregnancies Obesity Type 2 diabetes

question

Treatment for Cancers of the Reproductive tract

answer

Treatment is surgery, often times hysterectomy, radiation, hormones, and chemotherapy may be used

question

Survival Rate for Cancers of the reproductive tract

answer

96% survivability after 5 years if detected early, less than 68% if cancer has spread

question

Ovarian Cancer

answer

Causes more deaths than cervical and uterine cancer combined, though it is rarer than both Difficult to detect and diagnose, often no warning signs, sometimes increased abdominal size and bloating, urinary urgency, and pelvic pain are early clues, often diagnosed too late

question

Risk factors for ovarian cancer

answer

age, no pregnancy, genetics, family history, obesity, mutations, high number of ovulations during lifespan

question

Treatment of Ovarian Cancer

answer

surgical removal of the ovaries, the fallopian tubes, and the uterus, radiation and chemotherapy are sometimes used

question

Skin Cancer

answer

Most common form of cancer, more than 1 million cases per year, most easily treated, 68,000 cases of melanoma each year

question

Melanoma

answer

Most deadly of skin cancers Cancer of melanocytes Metastasizes rapidly to lymph and blood vessels Detection uses ABCD rule

question

Risk factors for skin cancer

answer

Excessive exposure to ultraviolet rays (UVA and UVB) Common causes are sunburns and suntans (including those produced by sunlamps and tanning beds), especially severe sunburns in childhood Risk doubles for those who've had 5 or more sunburns in their life Caucasians are 10X more likely than African Americans to develop melanoma

question

Types of Skin Cancer

answer

Basal cell carcinomas, squamous cell carcinomas, melanoma

question

Prevention of Skin cancer

answer

avoid lifelong exposure to sunlight, use sunscreens and protective clothing

question

Detection and treatment of skin cancer

answer

examine your skin regularly using the ABCD test, check moles, treatment usually surgical removal under local anesthetic

question

Encapsulated

answer

cancer does not spread

question

Basal cell carcinoma

answer

Least malignant Most common type Arises from stratum basale

question

Squamous cell carcinoma

answer

Metastasizes to lymph nodes if not removed Early removal allows a good chance of cure, believe to be sun induced, arises from stratum spinosum

question

ABCD Rule

answer

Asymmetry, border irregularity, color, diameter

question

Asymmetry

answer

two sides of pigmented mole do not match

question

Border irregularity

answer

borders of mole are not smooth

question

Color

answer

different colors in pigmented area

question

Diameter

answer

spot is larger than 6mm in diameter

question

Head and Neck Cancers

answer

Cancers of the oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, and nasal cavity Primarily caused by tobacco use and excessive alcohol consumption Incidence 2x greater in men than in women Chemotherapy, radiation, and surgery are primary methods of treatment Can cause disfigurement, lead to other primary cancers of the head and neck 61% survival rate after 5 years

question

Cancer causes

answer

DNA, tobacco, diet, alcohol, ingested chemicals, radiation, environmental and industrial pollution,

question

Tobacco

answer

Responsible for nearly 30% of all cancer deaths, responsible for 1-5 deaths and nearly 444,000 premature deaths each year

question

Tobacco is a direct cause of which cancers

answer

lung, bronchial, larynx, mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, kidney, pancreas, bladder, and cervical cancers

question

Dietary Factors for cancer

answer

Food choices affect your cancer risk by exposing you to potentially dangerous compounds and depriving you of protective compounds Dietary fat and meat Diets high in "bad" fats and meat may contribute to colon, stomach, and prostate cancers Omega-3 fats are healthier for body Fried foods

question

Ingested Chemicals

answer

Nitrosamines, Salt and smoke-cured foods

question

Nitrosamines

answer

Nitrates and nitrites found in processed meats that combine with dietary substances and become highly potent carcinogens

question

Detecting, Diagnosing, and Treating Cancer

answer

Detecting cancer Self-monitoring Routine checkups and screenings Diagnosing and treating cancer Biopsy MRIs, CT scanning, and ultrasonography Surgery Chemotherapy Radiation New and experimental techniques

question

Number of Americans who die each year from injuries

answer

175,000 people

question

The economic cost for injuries per year

answer

> $700 billion

question

Two different types of injuries

answer

intentional injury and unintentional injury

question

Causes of an injury

answer

Combination of human and environmental factors

question

Human factors in injuries

answer

include inner conditions or attitudes that lead to an unsafe state, whether physical, emotional, or psychological

question

Environmental Factors in injuries

answer

include external conditions or circumstances

question

Motor vehicle injuries

answer

More than 43,000 Americans were killed and nearly 2.5 million injured in motor vehicle crashes in 2008 Factors contributing to motor vehicle injuries

question

Preventing Motor vehicle injuries

answer

Obey the speed limit Always were a safety belt Never drive under the influence Keep your car in good working condition Allow for plenty of following distance Increase your following distance and slow down if weather is bad Choose interstate highways versus rural roads Always signal Stop completely at stop signs and follow all traffic laws Take special care at intersections Don't pass on two-lane roads unless you're in a designated passing area and have a clear view of the road

question

Motorcycles and Motorized Scooters

answer

afety strategies: Wear light colored clothing, drive with headlights on, correctly position yourself in traffic Develop the necessary skills Wear a helmet Protect your eyes Drive defensively and never assume that other drivers can see you

question

Bicycles

answer

Bicycles are considered vehicles; bicyclists must obey all traffic laws Head injuries common, helmets important

question

Safety Strategies for Bicycles

answer

Safety strategies: Wear safety equipment Wear light-colored, reflective clothing, and use lights Ride with flow of traffic Ride defensively Stop at all traffic lights and stop signs Continue pedaling at all times

question

Home injuries

answer

falls, fires, poisoning, suffocating and choking, firearms

question

National poison hotline

answer

800.222.1222.

question

Leisure injuries

answer

Don't swim alone or under the influence Use personal flotation devices when on a boat Make sure facilities are safe when playing sports Check all equipment and wear safety gear Drink plenty of fluids Do not use alcohol or drugs during recreational activities

question

Number of Americans that suffered injuries on the job in 2006

answer

4.1 million Americans

question

Repetitive Strain Injuries (RSI)

answer

carpal tunnel syndrome

question

Working Injuries

answer

Many back injuries could be prevented through proper lifting techniques, RSI's

question

Factors contributing to violence

answer

Social factors Violence in the media Gender Interpersonal factors Alcohol and other drugs Firearms

question

Assault

answer

Men, teens, young adults, and members of minority groups, especially African Americans and Latinos, are most likely to be murder victims

question

Homicide

answer

2011 4.7 per 100,000 people

question

Gang related violence

answer

More than 1 million Americans belong to a gang

question

Violence and Intentional injuries

answer

assault, homicide, gang-related violence, hate crimes, school violence and bullying, workplace violence, terrorism

question

Family and Intimate Violence

answer

Battering, stalking and cyberstalking, violence against children, elderly abuse

question

Battering

answer

95% of victims female

question

Stalking and cyberstalking

answer

Harassing behaviors such as following or spying on a person and making verbal, written, or implied threats Cyberstalking can occur on the Internet, via e-mail, chat rooms, and electronic communication devices

question

Violence against children

answer

Every year, at least 1 million children are abused by parents Another 1 to 2 million are victims of neglect

question

Elder abuse

answer

Each year, 1 to 2 million older adults are abused, exploited, or mistreated Most abusers are family members who are serving as caregivers

question

Sexual Violence

answer

Sexual assault, rape, date rape, date rape drugs, child sexual abuse, sexual harrassment

question

Gender at greater risk

answer

Women are at greater risk of being assaulted by a man they know than by a stranger

question

Date Rape Drugs

answer

Rohypnol GHB "Special K"

question

Organization for sexual assault

answer

Women Organized Against Rape (WOAR) recommendations

question

Child Sexual Abuse

answer

Incest Surveys suggest that as many as 27% of women and 16% of men were sexually abused as children An estimated 150,000 to 200,000 new cases of child sexual abuse occur each year

question

Sexual harrassment

answer

Unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, and other verbal, visual, or physical conduct of a sexual nature Affects academic or employment decisions or evaluations Interferes with an individual's academic or work performance Creates an intimidating, hostile, or offensive academic, work, or student living environment

question

Things to do about violence

answer

Training for conflict resolution Educating people to encourage tolerance and understanding Reducing gun-related injuries: May require changes in availability, possession, and lethality Adoption of consumer safety standards for guns

question

Providing Emergency Care

answer

First aid Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) Emergency medical services (EMS) system Check the situation Check the victim Call for help: Call 9-1-1 in most areas Care for the victim

question

Number of aMericans CVD affect

answer

81 million Americans

question

Basal Metabolic Rate

answer

Minimum energy (kcal) required to maintain bodily functions in waking state

question

Resting Metabolic Rate

answer

maintenance of normal body functions and regulatory processes during rest

question

DEE Components

answer

RMR, TEF, and physical activity

question

Percentage of RMR for DEE

answer

60-75%

question

Percentage of TEF for DEE

answer

10%

question

Percentage of PA for DEE

answer

15-30%

question

Protein ingestion elicits a thermic effect of how much?

answer

nearly 25% of the meal's total calories

question

REsting metabolisms of people in tropical climates

answer

5-20% higher than those in temperate

question

VO2 increase in heat

answer

5% increase, caused by increase in core temperature, sweat gland activity,

question

Cold

answer

effects of cold are more evident due to difficulty maintaing body temperature

question

Surface Area and DREE

answer

studies indicate that there is a correlation between energy expenditure and body surface area (m2)

question

Leptin

answer

hormone that is involved in the regulation of appetite and metabolic rate

question

Consumption Norms

answer

"Benchmarks" are used to remind people of how much to eat Thus, don't need to pay constant attention

question

Consumption Monitoring

answer

Paying attention to what you are eating In the absence of attention, people use the "empty bowl" technique Major determinant of how much one eats is how much attention is paid to food.*

question

Eating atmospheres

answer

Atmospherics refers to ambient characteristics, odor influences food consumption through taste enhancement or suppression, music impacts restaurant behavior

question

Eating with others

answer

increases food intake by 33% to possibly up to 40%

question

Salience of food

answer

popcorn(larger buckets people eat more despite freshness) and hershey kisses example(eat 46% less in opaque jar)

question

Variety of food assortments

answer

more variety perceived, more one will consume- yogurt 23% increase with3 flavors vs 1

question

Size of food packages and portions

answer

The more that is there, the more you will eat When packages are doubled in size, consumption increases 18-25% for meal related foods and 30-45% for snack related foods.* Larger consumption norms "Appropriate" amount has changed

question

Stockpiling of food

answer

If it is there, we will eat it. Homes were stockpiled with large or moderate quantities of eight different foods* Convenient, ready to eat foods were eaten at nearly twice the rate of non-stockpiled foods Salience

question

Percentage of caloric intake consumed using bowls, plates, glasses, utensisl

answer

71% caloric intake- 24 oz bowls vs 16z bowls 23% increase in consumption

question

Recent Environment Study

answer

Chance of obesity rose 57% if had a friend who became obese In adults, if one sibling became obese, the other sibling's risk increased by 40% If one spouse became obese, the likelihood of the other spouse would become obese increased by 37%.

question

Average AMount of time americans spend on exercising

answer

15 min

question

Average amount of time americans spend on watching tv and movies

answer

170 min

question

Adopting a healthy lifestyle for weight management

answer

Diet and eating habits Physical activity and exercise Thoughts and emotions Coping strategies

question

Low carb diets

answer

have not been proven safe over the long term

question

Low fat diets

answer

should focus on nutrient dense foods especially whole grains, fruits, and vegetables

question

diets with many restrictions have what kind of drop out rates?

answer

high drop out rates

question

Dietary Supplements

answer

subject to fewer regulations than OTC drugs, not been proven safe and effective

question

Advertisements for weight loss

answer

more than half are false

question

Weight loss problems

answer

Noncommercial weight-loss programs Commercial weight-loss programs Partnership for Healthy Weight Management Online weight-loss programs Clinical weight-loss programs

question

Appetite suppressants

answer

phentermine, diethylpropion, and sibutramine

question

Orlistat

answer

drug that blocks fat absorption

question

Prescription weight loss drugs

answer

cause moderate weight loss, but all have risks and side effects only prescribed to people with BMIs over 30 and who have been unable to lose weight with lifestyle changes

question

Surgery

answer

Surgical intervention may be recommended for some people who have a BMI of 40 or higher or who are 100 or more pounds overweight

question

Gastric Bypass

answer

Gastric bypass surgery modifies the gastrointestinal tract by changing the size of the stomach or how the intestine drains Thereby restricting the amount of food that can be eaten

question

Body image

answer

It consists of perceptions, images, thoughts, attitudes, and emotions Media images are linked to negative body image Different cultures have different ideas of the "ideal" body type

question

Body dysmorphic disorder

answer

Related to obsessive-compulsive disorder Can lead to depression, social phobia, and suicide Treated with medication and psychotherapy

question

Muscle dysmorphia

answer

Affected people inaccurately perceive themselves as small, with underdeveloped muscles

question

Eating disorder

answer

a serious disturbance in eating pattern or behavior, characterized by a negative body image and concerns about body weight or body fat

question

Anorexia nervosa

answer

Affects 1-3 million Americans, 95% female Distorted body image Severe medical complications, including death

question

Bulimia nervosa

answer

Begins in adolescence or young adulthood During a binge, a person may consume 1,000 to 60,000 calories Binge-purge cycle places tremendous stress on the body

question

Binge eating disorder

answer

Eating very rapidly Eating until uncomfortably full Eating when not hungry Eating alone Feelings of guilt, shame, and depression

question

Treating Eating disorders

answer

Must address both problematic eating behaviors and the misuse of food to manage stress and emotions Averting a medical crisis Dealing with psychological aspects Stabilizing eating habits Changing behavior patterns and thoughts Possibly involving medication and/or hospitalization

question

Essential Fat

answer

Consists of fat stored in major organs, muscles, and central nervous system Important for childbearing and hormone-related functions Required for normal physiological functioning

question

Storage Fat

answer

accumulates mainly in adipose tissues

question

Storage Fat in men

answer

12%

question

storage fat in women

answer

15%

question

Common anatomic sites for subcutaneous fat

answer

triceps, subscapula, iliac, mid-abdomen, and upper thigh

question

Minimal weight

answer

Lowest one can weigh before compromising FFM stores

question

Minimal weight in males

answer

3-5% essential body fat- runners, gymnasts, jockeys

question

minmal weight in females

answer

8-12% essential fat

question

Female Athlete Triad

answer

A condition consisting of three interrelated disorders abnormal eating and excessive exercise, amenorrhea, premature osteoporosis

question

Health consequences of thinness

answer

amenorrhea and oligomenorrhea

question

Can physically active females fall below the 17% essential fat mark and still have regular periods?

answer

yes it is possible

question

Factors AFfecting Body Mass measurement

answer

Previous meals (↑after meal consumption) Time of day (↓ first thing in the morning, ↑ during afternoon and evening) Hydration Status ( ↓ when dehydrated; BM will ↓ postexercise due to sweat loss)

question

Skinfolds General considerations

answer

All measurements on the right side of the body Body should be dry and free of lotion Should always be taken before exercise Identify and mark skinfold site(s) Grasp firmly between thumb and fingers (at least 1 cm away from the site to be measured) Fingers should perpendicular to the long axis of the skinfold Keep fold elevated while measuring Jaws of caliper should be perpendicular to the fold, 1 cm away from the thumb and index finger Record measurement after 1 - 2 sec (but within 4 sec) after the jaw has been released

question

Tricep skinfold site

answer

Vertical fold Posterior midline of the upper arm Halfway between the acromion (shoulder) and olecranon processes (elbow) Arm held freely to the side of the body

question

Chest skinfold site

answer

Chest Diagonal fold Men: one-half the distance between the anterior axillary line (crease of the underarm) and the nipple Women: one-third of the distance between the anterior axillary line and the nipple

question

Midaxillary skinfold site

answer

Vertical or Horizontal fold Midaxillary line at the level of the xiphoid process of the sternum

question

Subscapular skinfold site

answer

Diagonal fold 1 to 2 cm below the inferior angle of the scapula

question

Suprailiac skin fold site

answer

Diagonal fold Anterior axillary line (modern technique) immediately superior to the iliac crest in line with the natural angle of the iliac crest taken Mid-axillary line (traditional technique) Superior to the iliac crest

question

Abdomen skin fold site

answer

Vertical (modern technique) 2 cm or 1" to the right side of the umbilicus Horizontal fold (traditional) 2 cm to the right side of the umbilicus

question

Thigh skinfold site

answer

Vertical fold Anterior midline of the thigh Midway between the proximal border of the patella (upper knee) and the inguinal crease (hip)

question

Hydrostatic weighing

answer

Considered the "(old) gold standard" Displacement of water Differences in tissue density Minimal error (≈1.2-2.9%)

question

Advantages of hydrostatic weighing

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reliable and widely accepted

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Disadvantages of hydrostatic weighing

answer

Based on cadaver studies Comfortable under water? Multiple trials 6-10 Hydration changes? Population density differences Account for lung "residual volume"

Kin 123 Unit 3 – Flashcards

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