KAPLAN NURSING ENTRANCE EXAM-HEMATOLOGICAL SYSTEM – Flashcards
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The Hematologic System is?
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made up of the Blood, the Spleen, Bone Marrow, and the Liver
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Hematology is
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the study of blood. and all its components
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The principal component of the hematologic system is
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The blood
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Blood is made up of three main components:
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red blood cells, white blood cells and plasma
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erythrocytes are
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the most common blood cells
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White Blood Cells, or leukocytes, are?
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one of the body's defenses
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There are two types of WBC's:
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granulocytes and agranulocytes
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There are three types of granulocytes:
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neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils
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Agranulocytes include?
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lymphocytes, monocytes and macrophages
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what defend against bacterial or fungal infection?
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Neutrophils
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this wbc primarily deal with parasitic infections?
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Eosinophils
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WBC chiefly responsible for allergic and antigen response by releasing the chemical histamine?
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Basophils
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Agranulocytes contain?
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lysosomes which are small vesicles containing digestive enzymes
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Lymphocytes come in three types;
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B-lymphocytes, T-lymphocytes, and NK cells; cytotoxic cells that participate in the innate immune response.
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which WBC produce antibodies in the humoral immune response?
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B-lymphocytes,
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which WBC participate in the cell-mediated immune response?
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T-lymphocytes
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WBC that participate in the innate immune response?
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NK cells; cytotoxic cells
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What present pieces of pathogens to T cells so that the pathogens may be recognized again and killed?
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Monocytes
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WBC that are monocytes that have migrated out of the blood stream and into the body tissues?
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Macrophages
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components of blood?
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Plasma, Red Blood Cells, White Blood Cells and platelets
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what is Hematocrit?
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The percentage of blood volume taken up by RBCs
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plasma PH?
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7.35-7.45
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Functions of blood?
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Transportation, regulation and protection
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plasma composition
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90% water, 9% Proteins 1% minerals.
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Where is albumin produced?
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The liver
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what is most important for osmotic pressure?
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albumin
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transports materials through the blood and are produced in the liver?
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Globulins
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Very important for clotting and is produced in the liver?
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Fibrinogen
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RBC requires?
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Protein, iron, folic acid, and B12
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stem cells that give rise to all the formed elements in the blood
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hemocytoblast
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What blood cell is the only true cell?
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White blood cell because it has a nucleus
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Androgen stimulate?
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RBC production
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what is the function of white blood cells?
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phagocytosis and immunity
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what part of blood is important for hemostasis?
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Plasma
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events of hemostasis are?
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Vascular spasms, platelet adhesion, platelet release of chemicals, coagulation
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what is the clotting cascade?
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clotting factor X, prothrobin (converts to thrombin), fibrinogen.
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list anticoagulants
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antithrombin III, heprin,
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what are Thrombocytes?
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Blood platelets
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there are 3 steps in platelet plug formation
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platelet adhesion, release reaction and platelet aggregation.
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Most common anemia
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Iron Deficiency Anemia
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Polycythemia is?
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too many RBC
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What is a platelet disorder?
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Hemophilia
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Chemicals involved in clot formation?
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tissue factor, prothrombinase, thrombin, fibrinogen, fibrin
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Plasmin does what?
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breaks down clots
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hemoglobin has?
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4 heme and 4 globin
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kidneys regulate what?
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Blood volume
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What does Angiotensin II do?
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-Increases aldosterone production in adrenal cortex
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When is renin secreted?
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Low BP, low blood volume, low HCO3. (Metabolic acidosis)
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what is pernicious anemia?
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most common cause of B12 deficiency
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3 conditions that decrease hemoglobin?
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anemia, hemorrhage, fluid volume excess
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2 Conditions that increase hemoglobin levels
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dehydration and polycthemia
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what is hemolysis?
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Destruction of red blood cells
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What enzyme breaks down blood clots?
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Plasmin
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Universal blood recipient?
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type AB blood
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what is produced by the hemolysis of RBC?
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bilirubin-pigment released by the liver
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what is included in the hematological system?
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bone marrow, blood, spleen and lymph system
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hematopoiesis occurs?
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in the red bone marrow, flat and irregular bone
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where is ferritin and hemosiderin stored?
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liver, spleen, bone marrow and macrophages
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the majority of the bodies iron is stored as?
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Heme
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what causes blood pressure?
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hydrostatic pressure (created by the heart) forces blood to move through the arteries
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what two mechanisms assist in returning blood to the heart?
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muscular pump and respiratory pump
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what is hyperglycemia?
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High blood sugar
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what is hypoglycemia?
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Low Blood Sugar
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the artery that supplies blood to the small intestine and upper portion of the colon?
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superior mesenteric artery
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as blood flows through a capillary what causes fluid to leave the capillary?
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Blood pressure
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What causes fluid to enter the capillary?
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osmosis
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To determine mean aterial pressure (MAP), cardiac output is multiplied by?
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Peripheral resistance
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in this system the heart pumps blood out to the lungs from the right ventricle so that gas exchange can occur.
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pulmonary system
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in this system the flow of blood travels through the system of blood vessels that carries blood from the left ventricle of the heart to the tissues of the body and back to the right atrium
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systemic system
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the largest percentage of plasma is?
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water
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the most important function of albumin in the plasma is?
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transport other substances
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what type of tissue is blood considered?
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connective tissue
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the liquid component of blood with clotting factors removed is?
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serum
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albumin, globulins, fibrinogen are all?
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plasma proteins
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the form of hemoglobin that has carbon dioxide attached is called?
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carbaminohemoglobin
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In addition to transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide, hemoglobin also transports?
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Nitric oxide
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Globin breaks down into what?
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amino acids
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old damaged or defective erythrocytes are removed from the blood by?
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macrophages
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jaundice buildup comes from too much?
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bilirubin
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which leukocytes main function is phagocytosis?
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neutrophils
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for someone having a coronary thrombosis, which chemical is most effective to dissolve the clot?
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TPA
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People with type O blood are known as?
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universal blood donors
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A-negative blood can probably donated to a person with?
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A + positive blood
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Which condition causes leukocytosis?
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leukemia
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the neutrophil count is often greatly increased in a patient with?
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a bacterial infection
