question

The primary agent of socialization in the United States is the _______. A.) Peer Group B.) School C.) Media D.) Church

answer

B.) School

question

Today, more than 90% of the school-age population attends school, compared with _______% in 1890. A.) 7 B.) 17 C.) 27 D.) 37

answer

A.) 7

question

According to the text, the latest data tells us that more than ______% of school-aged children report being bullied at least once in the past year. A.) 30 B.) 50 C.) 60 D.) 70

answer

C.) 60

question

According to the text, it is now estimated that one out of _____ children are unprepared when they enter kindergarten. A.) 4 B.) 5 C.) 8 D.) 10

answer

B.) 5

question

Since 1972, dropout rates have remained the highest for ______. A.) Whites B.) African Americans C.) Hispanics D.) Asians

answer

C.) Hispanics

question

Students living in low-income families are approximately ________ times more likely to drop out than their peers from high-income families. A.) 2 B.) 4 C.) 6 D.) 8

answer

B.) 4

question

Those who fail to meet expected levels of school achievement are referred to as ______. A.) Failures B.) Truants C.) Underachievers D.) Latch-key kids

answer

C.) Underachievers

question

In Wolfgang's chronic offenders study, what percent graduated from high school? A.) 9% B.) 29% C.) 39% D.) 49%

answer

A.) 9%

question

Researchers commonly find that ______ is a stronger predictor of delinquency than such personal variables as economic class membership or peer group relations. A.) Heredity B.) School Failure C.) Race D.) IQ

answer

B.) School Failure

question

During the 1950s, research by Albert Cohen indicated that delinquency was a phenomenon of working-class students who were poorly equipped to function academically. Cohen referred to this phenomenon as a failure to live up to ______. A.) State standards B.) Parental expectations C.) Middle-class measuring rods D.) National academic standards

answer

C.) Middle-class measuring rods

question

________ refers to dividing students into groups according to their ability and achievement levels. A.) Labeling B.) Identifying C.) Testing D.) Tracking

answer

D.) Tracking

question

In a few mostly inner-city neighborhood high schools, the high schools completion rate is ______% or less. A.) 30 B.) 35 C.) 40 D.) 50

answer

C.) 40%

question

Research shows that the _____ is one of the most important predictors of campus crime and violence. A.) School climate B.) Lack of parental involvement C.) Gang membership D.) Standardized testing

answer

A.) School climate

question

As indicated in the text, upwards of _____% of students report bringing weapons to school on a regular basis. A.) 10 B.) 6 C.) 3 D.) 1

answer

A.) 10

question

The first, and best-known intervention program to reduce bullying among schoolchildren was launched in ________. A.) Germany B.) Norway C.) England D.) Japan

answer

B.) Norway

question

Surveys indicate that ______% of teachers have been victims of crimes in schools. A.) 3 B.) 7 C.) 17 D.) 30

answer

B.) 7

question

Which federal agency has developed a profile of school shootings and school shooters? A.) FBI B.) Homeland Security C.) DEA D.) US Secret Service

answer

D.) US Secret Service

question

Used in a number of school systems nationwide, _______ is a program focused on social and emotional development. A.) PATHS B.) Teachers for Change C.) Big Brothers D.) Positive Action

answer

D.) Positive Action

question

Surveys show that about _____% of schools use one or more security cameras. A.) 10 B.) 20 C.) 35 D.) 50

answer

D.) 50

question

Crime in schools reflect the patterns of antisocial behavior existing _________. A.) At the state level B.) Within the school district C.) In the surrounding neighborhood D.) Such a pattern does not exist

answer

C.) In the surrounding neighborhood

question

The case of New Jersey v. TLO, the court dealt with the issue of ________. A.) Search and seizure B.) School prayer C.) Free speech D.) Corporal punishment

answer

A.) Search and seizure

question

In _________ the courts held that schools were allowed to administer drug testing programs to students athletes. A.) New Jersey v. TLO B.) Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District C.) Vernonia School District 47J v. Acton D.) Wisconsin v. Yoder

answer

C.) Vernonia School District 47J v. Acton

question

The most important Supreme Court case concerning a student's right to passive speech was the 1969 case of ________. A.) New Jersey v. TLO B.) Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District C.) Vernonia School District 47J v. Acton D.) Wisconsin v. Yoder

answer

B.) Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District

question

In Ingraham v. Wright, the courts ruled on the issue of _______. A.) Search and seizure B.) School prayer C.) Free speech D.) Corporal punishment

answer

D.) Corporal punishment

question

Justice _____ said, "Young people do not shed their constitutional rights at the schoolhouse door." A.) Sandra Day O'Connor B.) Hugo Black C.) Abe Fortas D.) Thurgood Marshall

answer

C.) Abe Fortas

question

The courts upheld a school system's right to suspend a student who uses obscene or profane language and gestures in ______. A.) Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier B.) Wisconsin v. Yoder C.) Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District D.) Bethel School District No. 403 v. Fraser

answer

D.) Bethel School District No. 403 v. Fraser

question

In, _______, the court extended the right of school officials to censor "active speech" when it ruled that the principal could censor articles in a student publication. A.) Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier B.) Wisconsin v. Yoder C.) Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District D.) Bethel School District No. 403 v. Fraser

answer

A.) Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier

question

In Santa Fe Independent School District, Petitioner v. Jane Doe the Supreme Court ruled that ________. A.) School prayers conducted by the faculty are legal at all times B.) Prayers led by an elected student undermine the protection of minority viewpoints C.) School prayers are allowed at football games but not in the classroom D.) Prayer in school is a constitutional right regardless of who leads them

answer

B.) Prayers led by an elected student undermine the protection of the minority viewpoints

question

Of the following, which required a school district to provide space for an after-school Bible club for elementary students? A.) Good News Club v. Milford Central School B.) Wisconsin v. Yoder C.) Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School D.) Bethel School District No. 403 v. Fraser

answer

A.) Good News Club v. Milford Central School

question

Repeated, negative acts committed by one or more children against another is defined as:

answer

Bullying

question

______ may be the function of students' inability to see the relevance of what they are taught.

answer

Student alienation

question

_____ policies mandate specific consequences for delinquent acts and do not follow anyone to avoid these consequences.

answer

Zero tolerance

question

New Jersey v. TLO was concerned with issues surrounds the ______ Amendment.

answer

4th

question

Jackson Toby contends that the disadvantages lower-class children have in school (i.e., lack of verbal skills), are a result of their:

answer

position in the social structure

question

The norms of the peer culture are often at odds with those of adult society, and a _______ with a distinct social system develops.

answer

pseudo-culture

question

_____ speech is a form of expression not associated with actually speaking words.

answer

Passive

question

T/F: The Court has ruled that school officials have the right to censor "active speech" when that speech is disruptive of the learning environment.

answer

True

question

T/F: The school experience is not a significant factor in shaping the direction of an adolescent's life course.

answer

False

question

T/F: The relationship between school failure and persistent offending is unclear.

answer

False

question

T/F: Safe Harbor is a bullying intervention program.

answer

False

question

T/F: Student alienation has also been identified as a link between school failure and delinquency.

answer

True

question

T/F: Police need probable cause before they can conduct a search, but educators can legally search students when there are reasonable grounds to believe the students have violated the law or broken school rules.

answer

True

question

T/F: In regard to the drug testing of student athletes, the only consequence of a failed drug test is to limit the student's privilege of participating the extracurricular activities.

answer

True

question

T/F: In general, students have the right to expect that their records will be kept private.

answer

True

question

T/F: There is no real difference in criminal behaviors found in urban schools and those found in rural schools.

answer

False

question

T/F: Poverty and economic marginality may directly impact learning and consequently a child's future chances of success.

answer

True

question

On average, ______ juvenile delinquency cases are adjudicated annually. A.) 875,000 B.) 1 million C.) 1.2 million D.) 1.7 million

answer

D.) 1.7 million

question

African American youth make up ______% of the juvenile court population. A.) 13 B.) 33 C.) 45 D.) 58

answer

B.) 33

question

A _______ refers to a court appointed individual who protects the interests of the child in cases involving the child's welfare. A.) Court appointed defense attorney B.) Social worker C.) Social attorney D.) Guardian ad litem

answer

D.) Guardian ad litem

question

The typical status offense detainee is a female charged with _______. A.) Curfew violation B.) Indecent exposure C.) Liquor law violation D.) Tobacco law violation

answer

C.) Liquor law violation

question

The juvenile court did not include a prosecutor in its first 60 years of existence because _______. A.) The court followed a social service helping model B.) There was no constitutional right to legal counsel, so a prosecutor was unnecessary C.) The judge acted as the prosecutor D.) The child was always presumed guilty

answer

A.) The court followed a social service helping model

question

The typical delinquent detainee is a ______. A.) male between the ages of 13 and 15, charged with a property crime B.) Female under the age of 16, who is a runaway C.) Male over the age of 16, charged with a violent crime D.) Female over the age of 16 charged with substance abuse

answer

C.) Male over the age of 16, charged with a violent crime

question

In a more legalistic juvenile court, almost all jurisdictions require by law that a ______ be present in the juvenile court. A.) Sheriff B.) Court counselor C.) Social worker D.) Prosecutor

answer

D.) Prosecutor

question

Project Confirm in New York is one example of an effort to reduce the detention of _________ who have been arrested. A.) Intellectually disable offenders B.) Foster care youth C.) Status offenders D.) Female offenders

answer

B.) Foster care youth

question

What is the purpose of the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act of 1974? A.) It prohibits the placement of status offenders in secure detention facilities. B.) It mandates that juveniles must have a hearing within 24 hours of placement at a secure detention facility. C.) It mandates that any juvenile placed at a secure detention facility must have an attorney appointed to represent him or her. D.) It provides for the mandatory education and health care of the youth while in the detention facility.

answer

A.) It prohibits the placement of status offenders in secure detention facilities.

question

The U.S. Supreme Court case, ______, upheld the concept of preventive detention for juveniles. A.) In re Gault B.) In re Kemmler C.) Schall v. Martin D.) Miranda v. Arizona

answer

C.) Schall v. Martin

question

Knowledge of a defendant's juvenile record may assist prosecutors and judges in determining appropriate sentencing for offenders ages _______, the age group most likely to be involved in violent crime. A.) 18-24 B.) 14-18 C.) 15-19 D.) 20-24

answer

A.) 18-24

question

Waivers are attractive to _______ because they are consistent with the get-tough policy that is currently popular. A.) Conservatives B.) Juvenile judges C.) Prosecutors D.) Liberals

answer

A.) Conservatives

question

The formal complaint that initiates judicial actions against a juvenile charged with delinquency or a status offense is called the _______. A.) Complaint B.) Indictment C.) Petition D.) Trial information

answer

C.) Petition

question

The ________ gives the juvenile the opportunity to have the case brought before a reviewing court after it has been heard in juvenile or family court. A.) Final order B.) Adjudication review committee C.) Writ of habeas corpus D.) Appellate process

answer

D.) Appellate process

question

On average, ________% of juvenile cases are waived to adult court by the juvenile court each year. A.) Less than .5 B.) Approximately 2 C.) Approximately 9 D.) Approximately 15

answer

D.) Approximately 15

question

Of the states listed below, ______ does NOT offer any provisions for juvenile waivers. A.) Iowa B.) California C.) New York D.) Vermont

answer

C.) New York

question

In _______, the U.S. Supreme Court ruling prevented a juvenile from being tried in 2 courts (adult and juvenile), holding that to do so is a violation of the double jeopardy clause. A.) In re Gault B.) Breed v. Jones C.) Schall v. Martin D.) Miranda v. Arizona

answer

B.) Breed v. Jones

question

According to the text, ______% of African American youths are waived to adult court. A.) 12 B.) 25 C.) 38 D.) 55

answer

C.) 38

question

According to the most recent study of waivers, ________% of juveniles tried in adult criminal court are actually sent to prison. A.) 13 B.) 27 C.) 40 D.) 52

answer

B.) 27

question

The hearing held in juvenile court to determine the merits of the petition claiming that a child is either a delinquent youth or in need of court supervision is referred to as ______. A.) Adjudication B.) Disposition C.) Transfer D.) Review

answer

A.) Adjudication

question

_________ refers to the hearing held in juvenile court to determine the "sentence" of the juvenile. A.) Adjudication B.) Disposition C.) Transfer D.) Review

answer

B.) Disposition

question

The amount of proof required in a juvenile delinquency adjudication is beyond a reasonable doubt was the holding of the court in _______. A.) In re Gault B.) McKeiver v. Pennslyvania C.) In re Winship D.) Kent v. US

answer

C.) In re Winship

question

What is the basic philosophy at the disposition hearing? A.) Dispositions should be made in the best interest of the child. B.) Dispositions should use retribution as the determination of the sentence. C.) Under the doctrine of parens patriae, the parent should choose the ultimate disposition. D.) Dispositions should only look at the evidence presented at the adjudication hearing.

answer

A.) Dispositions should be made in the best interest of the child.

question

______ afforded juveniles the right to counsel. A.) In re Gault B.) McKeiver v. Pennsylvania C.) Graham v. Florida D.) Kent v. US

answer

D.) Kent v. US

question

_______ mandated that juveniles have a right to notice of the allegation made against them. A.) In re Gault B.) McKeiver v. Pennsylvania C.) Graham v. Florida D.) Kent v. US

answer

A.) In re Gault

question

Due process is addressed in the 5th and _____ Amendments to the US Constitution. A.) 14th B.) 2nd C.) 8th D.) 4th

answer

A.) 14th

question

The type of sentence that specifies a fixed term of detention that must be served is referred to as a/an ________ sentence. A.) Indeterminate B.) Mandatory C.) Determinate D.) Individualized

answer

C.) Determinate

question

In __________, the US Supreme Court held that the death penalty for juveniles was unconstitutional. A.) Graham v. Florida B.) In re Gault C.) Atkins v. Virginia D.) Roper v. Simmons

answer

D.) Roper v. Simmons

question

Judges follow the probation department recommendations ______% of the time. A.) 25 B.) 60 C.) 75 D.) 90

answer

D.) 90

question

A _______ is a judicial order requesting that a person detaining another produce the body of the prisoner and give reasons for his or her capture and detention.

answer

writ of habeas corpus

question

In ________, the US Supreme Court put an end to the practice of life sentences without the possibility of parole of juveniles convicted of non-homicide crimes in _______.

answer

2010, Graham v. Florida

question

In _______, the Court held that any injury resulting from the disclosure of a juvenile's record is outweighed by the right to completely cross-examine an adverse witness.

answer

Davis v. Alaska

question

Some states allow a juvenile adjudication for a criminal act to be used as evidence in an adult criminal proceeding for the same act to show _______.

answer

predisposition or criminal nature

question

T/F: Juveniles do not have a constitutional right to counsel.

answer

False

question

T/F: In some jurisdictions, juvenile court judges handle family-related cases exclusively.

answer

True

question

T/F: Juveniles are detained in approximately 22% of delinquency cases.

answer

True

question

T/F: A low percentage of juvenile offenders enter guilty pleas.

answer

False

question

T/F: Youths who are diagnosed with a psychological disorder may be required to undergo therapy at a local mental health clinic; this disposition is considered to be a commitment to a residential community program.

answer

False

question

T/F: All states consider 18 to be the age of release from juvenile correctional facilities.

answer

False

question

T/F: Public schools can gain access to juvenile records.

answer

True

question

T/F: Recent studies found that the mental competency of youths under the age of 16 to stand trial is about the same as similarly charged adults.

answer

False

question

T/F: At the end of the adjudication hearing, most juvenile court statues require the judge to make a factual finding on the legal issues and evidence.

answer

True

question

T/F: Studies have found that many transferred juveniles were not violent offenders but repeat property offenders.

answer

True

question

The process and experience of the transition of juveniles and adult correctional settings back into schools, families, communities, and society at large is referred to as ______. A.) Parole B.) Integration C.) Probation D.) Reentry

answer

D.) Reentry

question

Correctional centers designed especially for juveniles by federal, state, and county governments are called _____________. A.) Juvenile jails B.) Institutional treatment facilities C.) Community treatment facilities D.) Community prisons

answer

C.) Community treatment facilities

question

Currently some critics believe _______ has improved conditions in training schools. A.) Federal mandates B.) Public scrutiny C.) Shorter confinements D.) Professionalism among staff

answer

B.) Public scrutiny

question

________ is one of the most common treatment approaches and virtually all juvenile institutions use it to some degree. A.) Behavior modification B.) Milieu therapy C.) Positive peer culture D.) Individual counseling

answer

A.) Behavior modification

question

______ is credited with taking the first step toward juvenile probation. A.) Massachusetts B.) Illinois C.) New York D.) Iowa

answer

A.) Massachusetts

question

______ seeks to make all aspects of the inmates' environment part of their treatment and to minimize differences between custodial staff and treatment personnel. A.) Milieu therapy B.) Community treatment C.) Guided group interactions D.) Behavior modification

answer

A.) Milieu therapy

question

By ______, probation had become a mandatory part of the court system. A.) 1875 B.) 1890 C.) 1910 D.) 1930

answer

B.) 1890

question

In ______, the court held that all juveniles confined in training schools in Texas have the right to treatment, including development of educational skills, delivery of vocational education, medical and psychiatric treatment, and adequate living. A.) Pena v. New York States Division for Youth B.) Ralstan v. Robinson C.) Roper v. Simmons D.) Morales v. Turman

answer

D.) Morales v. Turman

question

The ____ prepares the predisposition report for the court. A.) Judge B.) Juvenile probation officer C.) Prosecutor D.) Juvenile's parents/guardians

answer

B.) Juvenile probation officer

question

In _________, the US Supreme Court held that the offender's proven dangerousness outweighed the possible effects of rehabilitation. A.) Ralston v. Robinson B.) Santana v. Callazo C.) Morales v. Turman D.) Nelson v. Heyne

answer

A.) Ralston v. Robinson

question

A non-punitive strategy for delinquency control that attempts to address the issues that produce conflict between two parties and reconcile the parties is referred to as _______. A.) Step programming B.) Restorative justice C.) Innovative justice D.) Therapeutic programming

answer

B.) Restorative justice

question

Programs that integrate community protection, accountability of the juvenile offender, competency, and individualized attention to the juvenile offender are called ______. A.) Therapeutic programming B.) Restorative justice C.) Innovative justice D.) Balanced probation

answer

D.) Balanced probation

question

The California 8% Solution speaks to _______. A.) Percentage of juvenile offenders on probation in California B.) Percentage of juvenile offenders who are responsible for the majority of crime C.) Percentage of juveniles in detention facilities in California D.) Percentage of juveniles in California enrolled in therapy programs

answer

B.) Percentage of juvenile offenders who are responsible for the majority of crime

question

______ is the most widely used method of restitution in the United States. A.) Monetary restitution B.) Victim service restitution C.) Community service restitution D.) Independent restitution

answer

A.) Monetary restitution

question

Today, all 50 states, as well as the District of Columbia, have _______ restitution programs. A.) Formal B.) Statutory C.) Voluntary D.) Informal

answer

B.) Statutory

question

Approximately ______% of youths who received restitution as a condition of probation successfully completed their orders. A.) 35 B.) 48 C.) 74 D.) 92

answer

C.) 74

question

______ provide for juveniles who are orphans or whose parents cannot care for them to be placed with families who provide the attention, guidance, and care they did not receive at home. A.) Group homes B.) Foster care programs C.) Family group homes D.) Rural programs

answer

B.) Foster care programs

question

In _________, the US First Circuit Court of Appeals rejected a suit brought by residents at the Maricao Juvenile Camp in Puerto Rico on the grounds that the administration had failed to provide them with an individualized rehabilitation plan or adequate treatment. A.) Nelson v. Heyne B.) Graham v. Florida C.) Morales v. Turman D.) Santana v. Callazo

answer

D.) Santana v. Callazo

question

The ________ policy mandates that courts use the least restrictive alternative in providing services for status offenders. A.) Safe Community B.) Rehabilitation C.) Institutional D.) Decarceration

answer

D.) Decarceration

question

______ established minimum standards for all juveniles confined in training schools. A.) Nelson v. Heyne B.) Inmates of the Boys' Training School v. Affleck C.) Ralston v. Robinson D.) Pena v. New York State Division for Youth

answer

B.) Inmates of the boys' Training School v. Affleck

question

______ opened the first reform school for juveniles. A.) Massachusetts B.) Illinois C.) New York D.) Iowa

answer

A.) Massachusetts

question

The first House of Refuge was established in ________. A.) Boston B.) New York C.) Chicago D.) New Orleans

answer

B.) New York

question

Institutions in which educational and psychological services are used in a n effort to improve the conduct of juveniles who are forcibly detained are called _________. A.) Foster homes B.) House of Refuge C.) Reform schools D.) Cottage systems

answer

C.) Reform schools

question

_____ makes the greatest use of the custodial treatment, incarcerating 672 delinquents in juvenile facilities per 100,000 juveniles in the population. A.) Oregon B.) South Dakota C.) California D.) Vermont

answer

B.) South Dakota

question

_____ and ________ have the lowest juvenile custody rates (81 and 92, respectively). A.) Oregon, Vermont B.) Illinois, South Dakota C. Vermont, Hawaii D.) Hawaii, South Dakota

answer

C.) Vermont, Hawaii

question

According to the Juvenile Residential Facility Census, _______% of the reporting juvenile facilities are overcrowded. A.) 12 B.) 22 C.) 31 D.) 38

answer

C.) 31

question

In ______, the courts condemned the use of corporal punishment in juvenile institutions. A.) Nelson v. Heyne B.) Ralston v. Robinson C.) Morales v. Turman D.) Santana v. Callazo

answer

A.) Nelson v. Heyne

question

Research has found that the difference in custody rates between African American and white youths is the result of _________. A.) Indeterminate sentences B.) Disparity at early stages of case processing C.) African Americans' reliance on public defenders D.) Plea bargaining by white youth

answer

B.) Disparity at early stages of case processing

question

In ________, the Court held that the use of tranquilizing drug violates the 8th Amendment prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment. A.) Ralston v. Robinson B.) Graham v. Florida C.) Inmates of the Boys' Training School v. Affleck D.) Pena v. New York State Division for Youth

answer

D.) Pena v. New York State Division for Youth

question

The success of reality therapy depends greatly on ___________________. A.) Highly structured counseling B.) A system of punishments and rewards C.) Warmth and concern of the counselor D.) Parent/guardian involvement

answer

C.) Warmth and concern of the counselor

question

A reduction in the number of arrests per year for youths who have been incarcerated or otherwise punished is known as a:

answer

suppression effect

question

______ include forestry camps, ranches, and farms that provide recreational activities or work for juveniles.

answer

Rural programs

question

Programs involving outdoor expeditions that provide opportunities for juveniles to confront the difficulties of their lives while achieving positive personal satisfaction are/is called:

answer

wilderness probation

question

T/F: Passive electronic systems monitor the offender by continuously sending a signal back to the central office.

answer

False

question

T/F: Surveys indicate that as many as 60-70% of adult prison inmates had prior experience with juvenile court.

answer

False- 30-40%

question

T/F: A probation sentence implies a contract between the court and the juvenile.

answer

True

question

T/F: According to the text, many citizens prefer community-based programs for all but the most serious juvenile offenders.

answer

False

question

T/F: Evaluations of electronic monitoring show that recidivism rates are much lower in electronic monitoring programs than in traditional programs.

answer

True

question

T/F: Requiring youth to reimburse the victims of their crimes is the most widely used form of restitution in the US.

answer

True

question

T/F: Aftercare in the juvenile justice system is the equivalent of parole in the adult criminal justice system.

answer

True

question

T/F: Six out of seven juvenile offenders in the residential placement are males.

answer

True

question

T/F: Males are more likely than females to be incarcerated for status offenses.

answer

False

question

T/F: Highly structured counseling in which a therapist helps a juvenile solve conflicts and make a more positive adjustment to society is called reality therapy.

answer

False

Juvenile Delinquency Final Exam – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards