Juvenile Delinquency Exam 2 Review

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conflict perspective
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believes that gang communities have shared values and focal concerns that differ from the rest of society, and that these values and concerns lead to delinquency
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consensus perspective
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believes that there is no alternative system of beliefs within gangs that are different from the rest of society, and that gangs do not lead to delinquency
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youth gangs
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self-formed associations of youth that define themselves as a distinctive group with a name and emblem, and are seen as a distinct group by the rest of society
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street gangs
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self-formed associations of youth that define themselves as a distinctive group with a name and emblem, and are seen as a distinct group by the rest of society, and have been involved in enough delinquent acts that they are socially defined as a problem
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Miller's lower-class cultural theory
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life in lower-class communities revolves around single-sex groups where family life is dominated by the mother, and the father orients towards work and male friends
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Miller's lower-class cultural theory
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focal concerns of the lower-class (trouble, toughness, street smarts, etc.) are different than those of other classes
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Miller's lower-class cultural theory
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masculine status anxiety develops in adolescent males and they experience reaction formation
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masculine status anxiety
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a shared problem of the male youth in which they have no male role model to watch every day and learn masculinity from
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reaction formation
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young men react harshly against anything feminine in street corner groups
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reaction formation
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something is appealing to you, but you are forced to bury it very low, so you react harshly against it
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criticisms of Miller's lower-class cultural theory
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the structural differences between the lower and middle classes are not acknowledged
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criticisms of Miller's lower-class cultural theory
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he does not discuss the opportunities (or lack of) that are available to young members of the lower-class - (middle-class children can 'buy' entertainment)
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criticisms of Miller's lower-class cultural theory
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he does not take into account the roles that race and gender play in influencing who lives in the inner-city, etc.
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policies of Miller's lower-class cultural theory
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actually works against his theory: mass incarceration removes young men from inner-city neighborhoods which further exacerbates the problem.
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Thrasher's control theory
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asks: \"why are gangs concentrated in the city?\"
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Thrasher's control theory
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establishes the term \"Ganglands\" and says that they are socially and geographically interstitial - everyone is in a transitional state of mind and there are low levels of organization
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Thrasher's control theory
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argues that gang boys do NOT have different values than non-gang boys
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Thrasher's control theory
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argues that gang boys will not have higher rates of delinquency than non-gang boys in the inner city - it is the inner-city environment that causes delinquency
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Thrasher's control theory
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suggests that a spurious relationship between delinquency and gang involvement to fulfill needs exists
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criticisms of Thrasher's control theory
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raises the question: \"If adults are unable to create organized institutions for their children, how can adolescents create these communities and sub-cultures that meet their needs?\"
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policies of Thrasher's control theory
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Chicago Area Project, Detached Gang Worker program
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Cohen's status frustration theory
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asks \"why are there delinquent subcultures/gangs?\" and \"why are these subcultures/gangs concentrated in lower-classes?\"
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Cohen's status frustration theory
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suggests lower-class socialization: low-class children are raised differently than middle class kids who are taught to interact with adults and to delay gratification
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Cohen's status frustration theory
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low-class children become shocked by the middle-class system and see themselves as failures
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Cohen's status frustration theory
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three adaptations: corner boys, college boys, delinquent boys
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Cohen's status frustration theory
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focuses on the middle-class status that people want rather than monetary pursuits
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criticisms of Cohen's status frustration theory
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does not acknowledge or explain crime for profit and does not address the fact that the delinquent boy is not trying to attain middle-class status OR money
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criticisms of Cohen's status frustration theory
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does not deal with race or gender; also does not tell us WHY one person becomes a corner boy vs. a college boy vs. a delinquent boy
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corner boys
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most common subcultural adaptation: this person has given up the dream for the middle class status, has minor brushes with the law, and is/associates with stable members of the working class
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college boys
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these individuals continue to strive for middle-class status and try to adopt middle-class mannerisms even though the status is something they may never obtain
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delinquent boys
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these individuals turn middle-class status upside down and become malicious, negative, and experience reaction formation towards middle-class status.
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Cloward & Ohlin's differential opportunity theory
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a combination of Merton and Sutherland's work focusing on communities organized around crime
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Cloward & Ohlin's differential opportunity theory
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focuses on the desires for monetary success
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Cloward & Ohlin's differential opportunity theory
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address the parents' lack of money as the main disadvantage to lower-class children
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Cloward & Ohlin's differential opportunity theory
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different opportunities are available to people for legitimate or illegitimate success
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Cloward & Ohlin's differential opportunity theory
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lower-class individuals are well aware of the differences between themselves and the middle class, and realize that the system has set them up for failure
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Cloward & Ohlin's differential opportunity theory
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three adapations: criminal subculture, conflict subculture, retreatist subculture
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criminal subculture
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no legitimate opportunities, some illegitimate opportunities, still pursuing American Dream
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conflict subculture
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no legitimate opportunities, no illegitimate opportunities, still pursuing American Dream
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retreatist subculture
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no legitimate opportunities, no illegitimate opportunities, given up the American Dream
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Cloward & Ohlin's differential opportunity theory
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strain theory: blame the system
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criticisms of Cloward & Ohlin's differential opportunity theory
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only explains crime for profit
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criticisms of Cloward & Ohlin's differential opportunity theory
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does not acknowledge race or gender and addresses the lower class ONLY
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criticisms of Cloward & Ohlin's differential opportunity theory
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does not acknowledge that people can move to and from subcultures and that subcultures can exist at a neighborhood level
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policies of Cloward & Ohlin's differential opportunity theory
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Mobilization for Youth: improve education, create work opportunities, organize lower-class communities, detached worker programs for gangs
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Cohen's status frustration theory
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Head Start programs: middle-class socialization
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