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conflict perspective

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believes that gang communities have shared values and focal concerns that differ from the rest of society, and that these values and concerns lead to delinquency

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consensus perspective

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believes that there is no alternative system of beliefs within gangs that are different from the rest of society, and that gangs do not lead to delinquency

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youth gangs

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self-formed associations of youth that define themselves as a distinctive group with a name and emblem, and are seen as a distinct group by the rest of society

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street gangs

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self-formed associations of youth that define themselves as a distinctive group with a name and emblem, and are seen as a distinct group by the rest of society, and have been involved in enough delinquent acts that they are socially defined as a problem

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Miller's lower-class cultural theory

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life in lower-class communities revolves around single-sex groups where family life is dominated by the mother, and the father orients towards work and male friends

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Miller's lower-class cultural theory

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focal concerns of the lower-class (trouble, toughness, street smarts, etc.) are different than those of other classes

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Miller's lower-class cultural theory

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masculine status anxiety develops in adolescent males and they experience reaction formation

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masculine status anxiety

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a shared problem of the male youth in which they have no male role model to watch every day and learn masculinity from

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reaction formation

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young men react harshly against anything feminine in street corner groups

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reaction formation

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something is appealing to you, but you are forced to bury it very low, so you react harshly against it

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criticisms of Miller's lower-class cultural theory

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the structural differences between the lower and middle classes are not acknowledged

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criticisms of Miller's lower-class cultural theory

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he does not discuss the opportunities (or lack of) that are available to young members of the lower-class - (middle-class children can 'buy' entertainment)

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criticisms of Miller's lower-class cultural theory

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he does not take into account the roles that race and gender play in influencing who lives in the inner-city, etc.

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policies of Miller's lower-class cultural theory

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actually works against his theory: mass incarceration removes young men from inner-city neighborhoods which further exacerbates the problem.

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Thrasher's control theory

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asks: \"why are gangs concentrated in the city?\"

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Thrasher's control theory

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establishes the term \"Ganglands\" and says that they are socially and geographically interstitial - everyone is in a transitional state of mind and there are low levels of organization

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Thrasher's control theory

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argues that gang boys do NOT have different values than non-gang boys

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Thrasher's control theory

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argues that gang boys will not have higher rates of delinquency than non-gang boys in the inner city - it is the inner-city environment that causes delinquency

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Thrasher's control theory

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suggests that a spurious relationship between delinquency and gang involvement to fulfill needs exists

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criticisms of Thrasher's control theory

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raises the question: \"If adults are unable to create organized institutions for their children, how can adolescents create these communities and sub-cultures that meet their needs?\"

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policies of Thrasher's control theory

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Chicago Area Project, Detached Gang Worker program

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Cohen's status frustration theory

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asks \"why are there delinquent subcultures/gangs?\" and \"why are these subcultures/gangs concentrated in lower-classes?\"

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Cohen's status frustration theory

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suggests lower-class socialization: low-class children are raised differently than middle class kids who are taught to interact with adults and to delay gratification

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Cohen's status frustration theory

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low-class children become shocked by the middle-class system and see themselves as failures

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Cohen's status frustration theory

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three adaptations: corner boys, college boys, delinquent boys

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Cohen's status frustration theory

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focuses on the middle-class status that people want rather than monetary pursuits

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criticisms of Cohen's status frustration theory

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does not acknowledge or explain crime for profit and does not address the fact that the delinquent boy is not trying to attain middle-class status OR money

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criticisms of Cohen's status frustration theory

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does not deal with race or gender; also does not tell us WHY one person becomes a corner boy vs. a college boy vs. a delinquent boy

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corner boys

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most common subcultural adaptation: this person has given up the dream for the middle class status, has minor brushes with the law, and is/associates with stable members of the working class

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college boys

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these individuals continue to strive for middle-class status and try to adopt middle-class mannerisms even though the status is something they may never obtain

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delinquent boys

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these individuals turn middle-class status upside down and become malicious, negative, and experience reaction formation towards middle-class status.

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Cloward & Ohlin's differential opportunity theory

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a combination of Merton and Sutherland's work focusing on communities organized around crime

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Cloward & Ohlin's differential opportunity theory

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focuses on the desires for monetary success

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Cloward & Ohlin's differential opportunity theory

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address the parents' lack of money as the main disadvantage to lower-class children

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Cloward & Ohlin's differential opportunity theory

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different opportunities are available to people for legitimate or illegitimate success

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Cloward & Ohlin's differential opportunity theory

answer

lower-class individuals are well aware of the differences between themselves and the middle class, and realize that the system has set them up for failure

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Cloward & Ohlin's differential opportunity theory

answer

three adapations: criminal subculture, conflict subculture, retreatist subculture

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criminal subculture

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no legitimate opportunities, some illegitimate opportunities, still pursuing American Dream

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conflict subculture

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no legitimate opportunities, no illegitimate opportunities, still pursuing American Dream

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retreatist subculture

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no legitimate opportunities, no illegitimate opportunities, given up the American Dream

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Cloward & Ohlin's differential opportunity theory

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strain theory: blame the system

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criticisms of Cloward & Ohlin's differential opportunity theory

answer

only explains crime for profit

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criticisms of Cloward & Ohlin's differential opportunity theory

answer

does not acknowledge race or gender and addresses the lower class ONLY

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criticisms of Cloward & Ohlin's differential opportunity theory

answer

does not acknowledge that people can move to and from subcultures and that subcultures can exist at a neighborhood level

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policies of Cloward & Ohlin's differential opportunity theory

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Mobilization for Youth: improve education, create work opportunities, organize lower-class communities, detached worker programs for gangs

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Cohen's status frustration theory

answer

Head Start programs: middle-class socialization

Juvenile Delinquency Exam 2 Review

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