JFK & LBJ
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Which presidential election was JFK's first election?
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1960
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Who ran for president and what were their parties? (R&R)
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-JFK, Democratic -Richard Milhous Nixon, Republican
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List the 3 reasons why people believed JFK would not win the election.
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1. Too young (43 years old) 2. Catholic (thought Pope would run the White House) 3. Not enough experience (would be youngest elected president)
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On what date did the presidential debate become televised? Why was it so significant?
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-September 26,1960 -1st televised debate
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How many people watched the debate?
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70 million
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What was the people's reaction to Kennedy's debate?
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He looked better and spoke better. He had been coached by experts.
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Who were these said \"experts\"?
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JFK was friends with Peter Lawford, an actor that was a part of the Rat Pack. The Rat Pack was a group of the biggest entertainers of the 60's. Kennedy used Lawford's Hollywood experience and also used some of Lawford's connections for his appearance in the debate.
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What was the people's reaction to Nixon's debate?
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He was more knowledgeable on the content, but he came across as old, mean, and shifty.
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What were people's responses to the televised debate versus the radio-broadcasted debate?
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Those watching TV said JFK won and those listening on the radio said Nixon won.
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JFK won by a small margin. What conspiracy theory suggested a reason to his victory?
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JFK was friends with the mayor of Chicago, a man who was connected to the mob. The mayor pulled in some favors with the mob, allowing JFK to win in a rigged election.
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The election of 1960 was considered the closest election since the election of what year?
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1884
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Give the number of electoral college votes JFK and Nixon won.
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-JFK: 303 -Nixon: 219
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What 4 things were different about this election rather than the ones in the past?
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-Kennedy received no mandate (people's approval) when he took office. -Youngest president ever elected -First president born in the 20th century -First Roman Catholic president
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List the 4 reasons why JFK won.
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1.Well organized campaign (JFK's father, Joe Sr., originally planned for JFK's older brother, Joe Jr., to be elected president. Joe Jr. went through training, but his plane blew up during WWII, so Joe Sr. put JFK in instead) 2. Very wealthy family (ran illegal alcohol during the Prohibition and also was a family of political bosses) 3. Effective Speaking style 4. Likable personality, charming, and witty
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What was Kennedy's inaugural address all about?
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Hope and Optimism. He had to first set a fierce front against the Soviets because during WWII, Joe Sr. actually created the idea of appeasement. JFK wanted to get away from that reputation. Then he called for people to sacrifice for their country and have a commitment to making their country better.
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What was the famous quote stated in JFK's inaugural address?
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\"And so my fellow Americans, ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country.\"
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What were the Kennedy years in the White House known as? Why was it called this?
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-the Camelot Years -Reminded people of a modern day court of King Arthur
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What 6 adjectives were used to describe JFK, his family, and his administration?
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1. Youth 2. Idealism 3. Grace 4. Elegance 5. Glamour 6. Intelligence
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How did Kennedy choose his advisers?
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He picked the best, the brightest, and the most loyal.
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Who was Kennedy's most trusted adviser?
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His brother, Robert Kennedy as Attorney General. He sent Robert to do all of his dirty work for him.
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Who was the Secretary of Defense?
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Robert McNamara
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Who was the National Security Adviser?
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McGeorge Bundy
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Who was the Secretary of State?
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Dean Rusk
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Why was Cuba such a threat to the U.S.?
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It was only 90 miles off of Florida's coast and overruled by Fidel Castro, the Communist leader, and was also backed by the Soviets.
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What percentage of Cubans were exiled and where did they go?
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-10% -the U.S., mainly Miami, FL to start a counterrevolutionary movement.
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What was the U.S. policy on letting Cubans in?
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If you landed on the beach, you were safe. If you were caught in coastal waters or international waters, you were deported.
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On what date did the CIA invade the Bay of Pigs?
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April 17, 1961
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What was the CIA's plan to take out the Cuban communists?
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Air strikes would take out Cuban and Soviet military installations, and then 15,000 CIA-trained exiles would invade Cuba on foot at the Bahia de Cochinos, or Bay of Pigs.
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What really happened at the Bay of Pigs?
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The air strikes never came, and when the exiles came ashore, there were 25,000 Cuban troops (backed by the Soviet military and tanks) waiting for them. The exiles were either killed or put in prison, forcing JFK to pay a ransom of $53 million for their release.
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List the 4 consequences JFK faced after the failed invasion at the Bay of Pigs.
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1. JFK was embarrassed 2. U.S. lost prestige and respect around the world 3. Other countries were angry about the attempted invasion 4. The CIA and JFK now have a major rift
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What did the USSR promise to Cuba during the Cuban Missile Crisis?
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They promised to defend Cuba with military support.
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What did U.S. spy planes flying over Cuba discover and take pictures of?
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Cuban and Soviet missile bases/silos, both loaded and unloaded.
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What was JFK's first plan to take out the missiles? Why did he reject this idea?
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-He considered an air strike -An air strike would be grounds for war
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On what day did JFK tell the American people his plan?
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Monday, October 22, 1962
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What was JFK's plan to combat the Cuban Missile Crisis ? It included 4 steps.
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1. Demanded the removal of the missiles. 2. U.S. would not shrink from war. Any missile attack from Cuba would cause an all out attack on the USSR. 3. A \"Naval Quarantine\" was put into effect. It was basically a naval blockade. However, the phrase \"naval blockade\" would be considered as grounds for war. JFK had U.S. Destroyers circle Cuba all day, searching Soviet ships in order to prevent the deliverance of missiles. 4. 100,000 troops were waiting in Florida in case of military action in Cuba
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On what day was the Naval Quarantine put into effect?
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October 24, 1962
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Who was the leader of the USSR at the time?
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-Khrushchev
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What did the Soviets agree to do?
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They would remove the missiles if the U.S. agreed to not attack Cuba and remove the U.S. missiles from Turkey.
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Why did the U.S. agree so easily to the removal of the missiles in Turkey?
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The missiles and equipment were outdated so they would have been removed eventually anyways. The U.S. was able to put in new, better, and more powerful missiles and equipment.
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List the 7 consequences of the U.S.-Soviet agreeance.
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1. JFK showed the world that he could stand up to the Soviets and that the U.S. would not be pushed around 2. JFK was also criticized for using Brinkmanship and for not invading Cuba when he had the chance. 3. Khrushchev was seen was weak by the Soviets and the world 4. Cuban exiles blamed democrats for \"losing Cuba\" and started voting republican 5. Castro banned all flights to and from Miami 6. However, he did allow Cubans who already had family in the U.S. to freely join them 7. The Cuban population reached 300,000
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What percentage of East Germans fled into West Berlin?
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20%
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Khrushchev wanted East Germany to close all roads into West Berlin because of differences in prosperity and political freedom. Why wasn't this achieved?
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America's nuclear superiority and determination prevented Khrushchev from doing so.
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On what day did East German troops begin to construct the wall of concrete and barbed wire that would later be known as the Berlin Wall?
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August 13, 1961
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What was established between JFK and Khrushchev to prevent any nuclear war risks? What was it used for?
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-HOT LINE -It was a direct line from the White House to the Kremlin. The leaders could call each other and verify missiles that missiles were not being sent to attack each other, atomic bomb testing would not be detrimental to the other side, etc.
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What document banned nuclear testing in the atmosphere?
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Limited Test Ban Treaty
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What was the New Frontier?
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Kennedy's economic ideas, aid to the poor, and space program
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What coalition of which two political parties combated JFK's plans for the economy?
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Republicans and Dixiecrats
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List the 3 things that this coalition fought with FDR about.
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1. aid for education 2. medical care for the elderly 3. fix urban areas
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What problem caused JFK to not be able to push his programs through Congress?
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He didn't have a mandate.
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What 4 big measures was JFK able to push?
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1. Tax cuts 2. Build national defense (Military fights with the USSR) 3. Provide international aid (Peace Corps and Alliance for Progress) 4. Fund a massive space program (Space Race)
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What was America going through in 1960?
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A recession.
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By what percentage was unemployment at?
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6%
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Which Department received a budget increase and why?
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-Department of Defense -New nuclear weapons and bigger armed forces
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What was minimum wage during this time?
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$1.25
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What was the Peace Corps?
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-Volunteers who worked on developing nations
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What was the nickname given to the Peace Corps?
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Kennedy's Kiddie Korps
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What 3 areas did the Peace Corps work?
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1. Healthcare 2. Education 3. Agriculture
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Why was the Alliance for Progress created?
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In response to people saying we should help ourselves before we help the E. Hemisphere
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What was the Alliance for Progress?
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-Effort to satisfy the basic needs of the Americas (North, South, Central) -A way to stop communism from coming into Latin America
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On what day did the 1st human get to space? What was his name?
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-April 12, 1961 -Yuri Gagarin
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What was the name of the launch site in Florida?
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Cape Canaveral
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Where was the mission control center located?
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Houston, TX
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On what date did Neil Armstrong set foot on the moon?
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July 20, 1969
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What famous quote did Armstrong say when he set foot on the moon?
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\"One small step for man, one giant leap for mankind.\"
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What was the main domestic issue in America?
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Poverty
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What book revealed the number of people living in poverty? Who wrote it?
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-The Other America -Michael Hattington
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What issues were being brought up in the South that JFK had not yet been able to deal with because of the Dixiecrats?
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Civil Rights
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Why does JFK lose popularity in the South?
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He proposed a civil rights bill to Congress, forcing the Justice Department to start investigating racial injustice in the South.
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On what day was JFK assassinated?
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November 22, 1963
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Where was Kennedy when he was assassinated?
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Dallas, TX
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Why was Kennedy in Texas?
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He was campaigning, trying to mend the political fences in the South.
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Who was in the convertible with JFK?
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Jackie Kennedy, his wife, Governor Connally, and Nellie Connally, the governor's wife.
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Where was the convertible when shots were fired?
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Turning from Houston Street to Elm Street in Dealey Plaza, passing the Texas Schoolbook Depository.
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Where were JFK and Gov. Connally shot?
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JFK-neck and head Connally-wrist
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Where did LBJ take the Oath of Office?
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On board Air Force One with JFK's body in a coffin in the back.
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Who was accused for murdering JFK?
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Lee Harvey Oswald
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On what day was Oswald killed?
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November 24, 1963
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What happened when Oswald was shot?
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Oswald was being led out of a police garage to be handed over to the State Prison when Jack Ruby stepped in front of police officers and news reporters and shoots Oswald.
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Why did Ruby say he killed Oswald?
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To spare Jackie a murder trial.
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What was the Warren Commission?
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Group established to look into the \"facts\" of the JFK assassination after there were rumors of a conspiracy to kill him.
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What did the Warren Commission conclude?
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Oswald acted alone in killing the President.
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Who reopened investigations on JFK's assassination and proved that there was a second shooter involved?
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Jim Garrison
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What did the JFK Records Act do?
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The files regarding JFK's assassination would all be put together and housed in one area, eventually open for public viewing.
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What was LBJ's full-name?
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Lyndon Banes Johnson
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List the 5 steps he took to get to the White House.
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1. Grew up in TX and entered politics in 1937 2. U.S. House of Representatives (1937-1948) 3. U.S. Senator (1940-1960) and became Senate majority leader in 1955 4. Vice President for JFK (1961-1963) 5. President (1963-1969)
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What was political persuasion?
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Being friends with everybody so they didn't have problems with doing you favors and choosing your side.
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Why did JFK choose LBJ to be his VP?
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LBJ was from the South, and JFK needed Southern votes to win. LBJ was also considered an experienced statesman.
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What was LBJ's theme for the country after JFK's death?
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\"Let us continue.\"
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What did LBJ think Congress could do to help the nation heal?
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By carrying on JFK's legacy and passing his bills.
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In what 4 ways did tax cuts help the economy?
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-people spent more -businesses made more profit -tax revenue increased -deficit decreased
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What was the name of the bill that LBJ got southern democrats to support even though it prohibited discrimination based on race, religion, national origin, and sex?
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Civil Rights Act of 1964
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Which act approved for nearly $1 billion for youth programs, antipoverty measures, small business loans, and job training?
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Economic Opportunity Act
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What 5 programs did the Economic Opportunity Act start?
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1. Job Corps 2. Training Program 3. VISTA 4. Project Headstart 5. the Community Action Program
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What are the 3 main causes of poverty?
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1. literacy 2. unemployment 3. public services
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In the Presidential Election of 1964, what Republican ran against LBJ?
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Barry Goldwater
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What was Goldwater's belief on how the government should run its people?
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The federal government did not have a right to fix the social and economic wrongs in America. He wanted to do away with federal programs. We should also use nuclear weapons on Communist countries.
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What percentage of popular votes did LBJ win? How many electoral college votes did he also win?
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-61% -486
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What was the Great Society?
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LBJ's program that would end poverty and racial injustice.
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What did LBJ say was the key to unlock the door to the Great Society?
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Education
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Which act provided federal funds for schools with children from low income families? Included public, private, and parochial schools.
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Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965
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Which act provided money through scholarships or loans to students from low-income families to attend college?
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Higher Education Act of 1965
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What was Medicare?
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Hospital insurance or low-cost medical insurance for almost every American 65 or older. (care for the elderly)
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What is Medicaid?
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Low-cost health insurance to the poor or welfare recipients. (aid to the poor)
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What act provided money for low-income housing?
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Omnibus Housing Act
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What does omnibus mean?
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All-encompassing
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What was the Housing and Urban Development Act?
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Established HUD which would administer the federal housing programs
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Who was Secretary of HUD?
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Robert Weaver
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What was so significant about Robert Weaver?
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He was the 1st African American cabinet member.
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What did the Immigration Act of 1965 do?
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Ended the quota system based on nationality.
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What book exposed the damage pesticides were doing to our products? Who was it written by?
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-Silent Spring -Rachel Carson
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What act forced states to clean up their rivers?
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Water Quality Act of 1965
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List the 3 safety laws put in for consumer protection.
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1. Truth in packaging label 2. Safety standards for cars and tires (developed by Ralph Nader) 3. Wholesome Meat Act of 1967
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Why was the Warren Court called the Warren Court?
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It was ruled by Chief Justice Earl Warren, who made more liberal rulings than anyone expected.
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Describe Brown v. Board of Education.
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-Overturned Plessy v. Ferguson (separate but equal) -School segregation was unconstitutional -Banned state sanction prayer in public schools -Limited censorship and redefined free speech
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Describe Baker vs. Carr.
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-One person, one vote -Demographics changed but district lines didn't -Federal courts had the right to tell states to reapportion their districts for more equal representations
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Describe Reynolds v. Sims.
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-Upheld one person, one vote -Equal protection clause required representation in state legislatures to be based on population
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Describe Mapp v. Ohio.
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-Evidence seized illegally could not be used in state courts. Called Exclusionary rule.
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Describe Gideon v. Wainwright.
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-Free legal counsel to those who can not afford it
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Describe Escobedo v. Illinois.
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-Accused have the right to have a lawyer present during questioning
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Describe Miranda v. Arizona.
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-All suspects must be read their rights before questioning
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What were the liberals' beliefs on the above rulings? The conservatives'?
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Liberal-brought limits to police power; protected all citizen's rights to a fair trial Conservative-benefits criminal at expense of police and their investigation
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1. Extended _____. 2. All 3 federal branches became _____. 3. The number of poor fell from _____. 4. Tax cuts _____ but Great Society programs _____. 5. Conservative backlash of LBJ and his programs began as _____. 6. _____ began to overshadow the Great Society. 7. LBJ, once labeled a peace candidate, would become known as a _____.
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1. Extended the power and reach of the federal government 2. All 3 federal branches became activists 3. The number of poor fell from 21% to 11% 4. Tax cuts spurred the economy but Great Society programs lead to deficit spending 5. Conservative backlash of LBJ and his programs began as Republican leaders rose to the top 6. Vietnam and Communism began to overshadow the Great Society 7. LBJ, once labeled a peace candidate, would become known as a hawk as he supported the Vietnam War
