Japanese intellectual history 2 P1 – Flashcards

semi-true Tokugawa era folktale -daimyo is insulted by court official, assaults him -Daimyo forced to commit sepuku -his 47 samurai become ronin -Ronin for years plot and pretend to move on with lives -years later assasinate fuedal lord -all commit sepuku

1642-1693 -Merchant in Osaka, loses his wife and daughter -gives business to top employee -becomes travelling writer -Wrote women who love to love -Writes in Haikai Style -Dealt with money, sex and love

Japanese poetry style, imitates Haiku 5-7-5 or 7-7-7 syllable form can be long form comical Saikaku writes in this style

written by Saikaku Part of five women who loved love -first story is of precession of women competing for beauty, o men watching women pass by and discover that al beauties have defects except for Osan o Osan marries o Husband goes on business trip, Osan's father sends male servant to help her o Osan has a maid o Male servant wants herbal treatment • Gets help from maid, but ends up burning him and touches his skin to put out the fire o Touching male servants skin creates lust • Since maid is illiterate Osan writes male servant a love letter on her behalf Decline that she receives is very arrogant and condescending o Osan plots to punish male servant • Instead of maid Osan waits in bed and waits for maids to come in and beat the male servant o By the time the man arrives in the bedroom they had all fallen asleep • Male servant sleeps with Osan while she is asleep o Osan had committed adultery but decides to continue o Both of them decide to run away with 500 ryu • Stolen from husband o Male servant hired people who jumped in a lake and leave their clothes • Everyone thinks they had committed suicide o Osan and servant run away and have sensuous life • Buddhist diety appears in dream and tells them to become religious and they would be saved Decline his advice, continue to indulge o After a few adventures they settle down • Servant becomes curious about what was happening in place thehy used to live, goes home and sees Osan husband o Osan's husband is told his wife has been seen o Osan and servant taken and executed

Funny story Saikaku wrote it Umbrella blown away to remote island Villagers start worshipping it as god oracle tells them that it needs maids Young widow goes and breaks umbrella after spending all night with it and not getting affection

another Saikaku story tells story of frugal man who makes a fortune as a landlord reused everything, dressed plainly picked up stuff off street to use shows man becoming rich through frugality important because it dealt with life of merchant and spending money during Tokugawa period when money was looked down upon

1653-1725 second son of a Ronin playwright Worked in Pupper theatre specialied in stories of love/ love suicides

-Merchant Tokubei is in love with Ohatsu, loses job because of it -has some money to start new life, lends it to friend the oil merchant for a few days -oil merchant pretends it never happened gets in fight with Tokubei -Tokubei and Ohatsu commit suicide

-Chikamatsu talks about art of puppetry -making puppets not too realistic, not too grotesque or alien -uncanny valley

Chikamatsu Monsaemon -guy who runs a courier service is in love with a prostitute -embezzles money belonging to a daimyo so he can buy her out of whorehouse

1644-1694 Born in a samurai family, left that world wrote haiki linked verse dissatisfied with society often left to countryside in hermitage wrote travel sketches of his journey

Basho reflects on small hut he lives in on the countryside, reflectino on nature and solitude

1622-85 Confucian scholar advocates a return to the classics criticizes Japanese neo-confucian scholars, argues against accepting their interpretations -going against Tokugawa -eventually changes his views and starts idolizing china and its thoughts, sees Japan's worth

written by Yamaga Soko first self reflective autobiography that traced an intellectual journey Shows Soko's change from thinking China is the best to believing in Japan

1627-1705 eldest son of merchant family advocated return to tradtional confucianism Confucian analescts most important text in the world eccentric runs his own democratic school, very informal, lots of members

1666-1728 never received formal education father was banished doctor tot eh shogun one of the foremost tokugawa scholars approaches texts with a fresh view because of lack of formal education argued that getting people to follow the way has to come from govt and administration -failures of people is failure of govt advises shogun the way is not practice but a method of ruling clear distinction between political and personal morality -personal life has little to do with how good of a ruler you are ----revolutionary at the time teacher of chinese, advocated reading texts in original ancient Chinese to understand them correctly --taught chinese for much of his life -great educator

1657-1725 self made scholar he and his daimyo lord had influence over shogun worked to justify warrior ruling class by arguing japanese history had progressed through nine changes to reach the shogunate Argued for getting rid of emperor as figurehead of of govt anti-spiritual, argued ancient gods etc were in fact men father of western studies -interrogates christina missionary, impressed with understanding of math and science -argues to stop flow of precious metal out of the country

not well known in his time Famous because of E Herbert Norman's Ando Shoeki and the anatomy of Japanese Feudalism openly critical of tokugawa visualized a utopian society builders and farmers as only good members of society wanted rulers and landlords to till land

1723-1789 born to samurai family becomes a ronin not a great writer but pragmatic advisor critical of confucian scholars, argued book learning not neccesary to become a good reader rationalist taxation for social programs

1685-1744 self taught argued for legitimacy of Merchant class emphasizes frugality loyality

nationalist intellectual movement study Japanese classics instead of Chinese

1640-1701 proponent of national learning rejects "chinese mind" Waka poetry as literal portrayal of the desires in the human heart

1744-1821 challenged basic framework of tokugawa society disliked daimyos, feudalism proposed japanese nationalism as opposed to daimyo nationalism opened school of math ----uses it to tackle Japans economic problems describes Tenmei famine calls for adoption of -Gunpowder -shipping -overseas trade -nationalism one of the first to argue for westernization

1769-1850 born to family of doctors argues for new class system -people assigned to role at beggining of life -includes manufacturing sector studied famines and how to alleviate them

agriculturalist, puts forward great ideas 1787-1856 creates communities based on his ideals stil alive today no formal education revered figure -statue of him as a boy outside primary schools if Humans conformed to nature nature would not fail them.

1782-1863 extremely xenophobic Japan at top of the world, most superior special fear of christianity

during seclusion only port open to foreigners was Deijima, only open to Dutch Dutch books and learning made its way into the country this way To study Duth language and learning was only way to learn about the west in Japan during seclusion helped create scholars who advocated for opening of Japan tolerated when used for concrete science, scholars start to get in trouble when they get involved in politics

1811-64 initially super xenophobic, enters dutch studies to learn about enemy, gests more respect for western science argues for science of west and morals of Japan arrested when his student tries to board a ship going to the west advocates for opening of Japan assasinated by Xenophobic activists

scholars bron between 1830 and 44 considered responsible for Meiji restoration they had heard about perry's mission often came from low ranking samurai families yet were able to reach high administrative positions

born and raised during meiji restoration had started scholing in Japanese, switched to english first modern writers of Japan

1834-1901 son of low ranking samurai hated injustice in fuedal society influenced heavily by his mother who raised him when his father died was not religious dutch learning in nagasaki advocate of englis studies travels to west three times advocates wholescale westernization Founds KO university

1809-1869 born early, but had alot in common with tempo generation started as a xenophobe by 1860s was advocating for opening of japan -Said tokugawa was only motivated by self-interest --Western govts persued way of heaven ----elections better than hereditary, populace taken care of, medicine, education Govt for people not just for ruler -says westerners followed way of ancient kings

organazation of 6th year of Meiji enlightenment advocate advocated english education, created new way to transcribe japanese in english alphabet

Born 1847, son of footsoldier Studies dutch, french, english Attends French school in Edo in 1867, kicked out for visiting brotherl works for french foreign minister as translator in 1867 1871-74 studies in France Opens french school in 1874 and translates Rousseau's social contract studies ancient chinese because of his affinity for confucian texts Critical of govt, very liberal, agreed with Rousseau

1887 Nakae Chomin wrote it discussion between western learner, swashbuckler, gentleman of japanese

Generation of 1860 births new form of japanese literature had received western education more complex forms of writing -before this japanese writing was very black and white and moralistic

(pen name) - Means go to hell 1864-1909 son of important samurai studied russian Wrote the drifting cloud

Written by Futabatei Shimei Main character, Bunzo, is fired because he didnt flatter his boss like his coworker did Bunzo also loses his bride to be to the coworker because of her mother never finished Japans first modern novel, criticizng materialism

1862-1922 Son of physician University of Tokyo school of medicine graduate member of 1860 generation studies in Germany from 1884-88 -expert in german doctor -writer translator and critic in free time --creates two medical journals Writes under construction, dancing girl, testament

first story Ogai publishes tells story of japanese man who goes to Germany to work as civil servant, falls in love with Dancing girl He gets fired, gets new job translating, lives good life in Germany with dancing girl Elise offered job back in Japan, but contingent on him breaking up with Elise breaks up with her -Elise goes crazy --Based on Ogai's experience

-Story published by Ogai in 1910 "under-construction" about a beauracrat who goes out to eat with a professional singer but rebukes her

Written by Ogai in 1912 Defending a real life case of Junshi -Junshi is ritual suicide at a funeral to follow your master General nogi had commited Junshi at fueneral of Meiji Emperor -no longer common, had been during warring states period Ogai writes this book to defend Nogi Story tells of Okitsu Yagoemon, wants to follow orders but doesnt kills himself

Written by Mori Ogai Suezo, a moneylender, is tired of life with his nagging wife, so he decides to take a mistress. Otama, the only child of a widower merchant, wishing to provide for her aging father, is forced by poverty to become the moneylender's mistress. When Otama learns the truth about Suezo, she feels betrayed, and hopes to find a hero to rescue her. Otama meets Okada, a medical student, who becomes both the object of her desire and the symbol of her rescue. [edit]

1867-1916 one of the most prominent writers of all time generation of 1860s messed up childhood, Raised by his mother who had said she was his grandmother, adopted by a colleague of his father, but becomes annuled when it is revealed his father is actually his brother studies classical chinese at a time when english studies were much more popular -starts studying english late in his life --Majors in english lit at university of Tokyo sent to study in England, hates it, people are very racist to him -internalizes some of the racism -critical of blindly following westernization

Published by Natsume Soskei in 1905 story of student growing up in Tokyo Told by teacher not to be bound by japanese tradition and culture -critique of blind nationalism, feelings of superiority that was popular in prewar japan

Most popular of Soseki's novels -Based on his own experience teaching middle school -story of botchan being pulled between red shirt, who represents self centeredness and western ideals and Uranari -REd shirt is trying to woo Uranari's woman Madonna while having an affair with a geisha girl -Botchan and Uranari beat up red shirt -shows ideal of japanese gentleman-ness in contrast with western evils

1872-1943 "naturalist novelist" according to Kato -from lower class of society, "culturally impovershed Studied at mission school -christian from 1888 to 1893

post opening of Japan churches set up english schoold for christian converts, accesible by all -a way for less advantaged people to get educated often prominent writers would convert to Christianity to get the education, but would later renounce it to gain more popularity or favor

term used by Kato to classify students from poor backgrounds who went to missionary schools going to a missionary school a similar experience to studying abroad -teachers were usually westerners at these schools often focused on realism in writings often involved in reform of caste and class systems in Japan

Written by Shimizaki Toson main character is member of Burakamin outcast class, but keeps it hidden becomes friends with advocate for class rights and eventually reveals his secret and loses much of his prestige

written by Tayama Katai Autobiographical novel story of mid 30s author with boring life and kids attractive young student comes to live and study with him -he is in love with her throws her out when she reveals she has a boyfriend natural novel --true confession

protestant, catholic, russian orthodox missionaries arrive after opening of Japan -Protestant are most prominent because religion is accesible and in line with Japanese ideals early converts often patriots who wanted to westernize Japan

Left Japan as a young stowaway captian of ship becomes his benefactor pays for his education Returns to Japan later and founds an english school

Japanese christians from yokohama produced mainstream christian leaders in Japan

christians from kumamoto -led by prof Captain LL Janes

William smith Clark, first president of sapporo agricultural college influences his studentss start an independent church, unorganized religion, undogmatic

Writes how i became a christian spent 4 years in US part of Sapporo Band

1879-1946 Japanese Marxist Writes a letter from prison -New testament is what inspired him to become a Communist Praises USSR in "concerning Marxism" -shows his ignorance of the actual situation unenthusiastic Tenko

How meiji govt dealt with Communists arrested them, forced them to publicly denounce communism -usually worked

active around turn of 20th century female writer falls in love while studying in NY, divorces him upon return to Japan ---writes Nobuko based on this experience sympathetic to tenant farmers and lower classes -Communist sympathies

calle the Pacific war in Japan after Allies take over as a result of mindless militant nationalism that existed many Japanese act as if they had always supported Democracy and disliked Meiji -realize they were seen as teh bad guys --led to many Japanese calling others unauthentic as they pretend to have never supported regime Mass suicides of military men -529 people of all ranks Right wing groups stage massive suicides Very little resistance to occupation

journal founded in 1946 studied phenomonon of Tenko

Written by Yoshida Mitsuru tells story of Japanese soldiers sent on suicide mission at end of WWII -wasnt modified based on post war values shows struggle of soldiers willing to sacrifice themselves versus less zealous conscripts

Emperor not punished, some of his subordinates were for following his orders Many felt that japanese textbooks etc very negative about Japans past -Rightwing societies publish textbooks downplaying Japans crimes

severely affected by the war and its en-had been convinced he was going to be killed Criticizes Emperor for getting rid of his divine status -soldiers had died for a divine emperor, not a normal one Right wing nationalist gay, sado masochistic sexual desires takes over military compund commits suicide ---probably because he wanted to die in this fashoin rahter than any real convictions

written by Mishima Yukio strongly autobiographical father dies, crazy mother dominates his life until she dies -he becomes very effeminate --goes to his uncle after his mother's death and forced into spartan training -

written by Higuchi Ichiyo story of kids growing up in early Meiji/late tokugawa era tokyo Nobu- priest midori- sister of prostitute Shota- moneylender