Introduction to OT, Theories, Models, Frames of Reference, and Occupational Science – Flashcards
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What is Occupational Therapy
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Occupational Therapy is art and science of helping people do the day to day activities that are meaningful to health and well being through engagement in valued occupations.
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What are some guiding beliefs of occupational therapy?
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•occupations foster dignity, competence and health •occupation is a personal engagement •time, place and circumstance opens the paths to occupation •caring and helping are vital to work •effective practice is artistry and science
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What are some roles of an OT?
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Educator Researcher Practitioner Advocate Student
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Why is it important that OTs relate to all occupations?
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So that we will be able to understand what is meaningful to them. So that we may be able to anticipate their needs and know how to motivate them. We can also alter interventions based on their needs.
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Why do we pursue occupations?
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- To give us structure - Self worth - To do something that is meaningful - Participate in Context (physical and social; participating in a way that is meaningful and makes sense for their environment.)
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What are benefits to occupations?
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- They give meaning to our lives - Make us feel important and productive - We can serve others through our occupations, which help others but is also beneficial for our development as humans.
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Why are theories important for the OT profession?
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* They unify the profession * Contribute to professional identity * Justify reimbursement * Enhance growth * Validates and guides the profession (by answering how, why and when of interventions) * They give a conceptual foundation for the profession
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What does a theory describe?
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The how or why a phenomena occurs and the relationship between events.
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Why are theories beneficial?
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* They organize knowledge for the purpose of guided thinking. * They serve as a foundation for development of a model of practice.
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What are forms of practice in the OT profession?
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1. Client-centered practice 2. Occupation-centered practice 3. Evidence based practice 4. Culturally relevant practice
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Why do we use models?
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To help define the scope of practice or area of concern.
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What are models of practice in OT?
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MOHO (Model of human occupation) EHP (Ecology models) OA (Occupational adaptation)
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This model recognizes importance of person's motivation, routine of occupation, performance ability and influence of physical and social environment that contribute to difficulties in every day occupations.
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MOHO (Model of human occupation)
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When did MOHO emerge and what kind of interventions are used?
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Emerged in the 1970's Uses occupation based interventions (ex: brushing a horses hair to apply on themselves. Simulated kitchens. )
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What are some characteristics of MOHO?
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1. Recognizes that many factors influence everyday occupations; not just physical. 2. It relates to the individual, their environment, what they do and at the person's occupational identity. 3. Helps shape client's choices, routine ways of doing things, and skills.
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What steps would we take to use the MOHO in OT practice?
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1. Gather information (questions, interviews and assessments) 2. Begin to understand their occupational identity, their competence and their challenges. 3. Develop goals and strategies 4. Implement/monitor OT therapy 5. Assess outcomes. Were the goals reached?
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When did ecology models emerge and what do they focus on?
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Emerged in the 1990s (at KU) They consider the person, the environment and the task.
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What are some ecology models?
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1. Ecology of human performance (EHP) 2. Person-environment occupational Model (PEO) 3. Person environment occupational performance model (PEOP)
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What do all the ecology models address?
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1. Values 2. Interests 3. Skills (cognitive, social, sensorimotor, emotional) 4. Abilities 5. Life experiences (how are they influenced by them) 6. Environment (Physical, cultural, social, temporal)
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What are some differences between the ecology models?
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* PEO and PEOP use the term "occupation" * EHP uses the term task
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What are intervention strategies within the ecology models?
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1. Establish/restore (ex: ROM) 2. Adapt and Modify (using adaptive devices) 3. Alter interventions 4. Prevention 5. Create (to promote performance)
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When did the theory of occupational adaptation emerge and what does it focus on?
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Emerged in 1990s at Texas Women's University It guides thinking and explains that as a client becomes more adaptive, they will become more functional in their occupational performance.
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What are 5 guiding assumptions in the OA model?
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1. It's related to the person's role and context 2. The ability to perform is related to internal and external demands 3. The ability to adapt 4. Level or degree of dysfunction/demand 5. Successful adaptation
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What is the tool for the model of OA?
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Tool: occupation. Used to improve client's adaptiveness and subsequently making them more active in daily life.
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What factors are associated with the Occupational Adaptation process?
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Internal factors External factors Interaction of internal and external factors Adaptive response (dysadaptive, homeostasis, adaptive)
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What is the purpose of frames of reference?
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* They guide and link theories to practice. * They are specific and are a narrow view approach to guided thinking and occupational performance. * They guide the type of assessments, evaluations and interventions that are consistent with theory base.
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What are some frames of reference in OT practice?
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1. Biomechanical 2. Motor Learning 3. Sensory processing/integration 4. Neuro-occupation 5. Neurodevelopmental 6. Cognitive/behavioral
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This frame of reference understands kinesiology by analyzing movement required to engage in occupation. It's based on principles of physics, force, and leverage.
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Biomechanical
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What kind of intervention does the biomechanical FOR use?
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exercise, splinting or other orthopedic approaches.
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This frame of reference emphasizes the clients current abilities along with technology or adaptive equipment to perform occupational tasks.
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Rehabilitation
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What is an intervention approach to the rehabilitation FOR?
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Compensatory intervention techniques (ex: 3 in 1 commode or teaching one-hand dressing techniques)
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This frame of reference uses techniques to promote reorganization or learning of sensory and motor areas of brain.
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Neurodevelopmental
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What kind of interventions does the neurodevelopmental FOR use?
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Practice, repetition of tasks, transfers and mobility.
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This frame of reference understands the potential for change in the brain due to neuroplasticity and the ability of the brain to modify based on incoming sensory information.
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Sensory processing/integration
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How can a sensation impact a person's responsiveness and interaction with the environment?
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A sensation can be facility or inhibitory.
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This is an emerging frame of reference that addresses not only the relationship of brain/neurology but also the dynamic environment.
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Neuro occupation
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Why do OTs use theories, models and practice frames of reference?
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* To understand the needs of the client based on condition and diagnosis. * To understand the evaluation form * To determine the appropriate type of intervention * To produce results or outcomes for the client
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What is occupational science and when did it emerge?
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It's looking at the small behaviors and experiences of everyday occupations. It's a new way to discover the complexities of human engagement in occupations. Emerged at USC in 1989.
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The purpose of occupational science is to generate knowledge about what aspects of occupation?
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1. Form 2. Function 3. Meaning of Human Occupations
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What are three major concepts of occupational science?
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1. Occupations 2. Adaptations 3. Culture
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Process of selecting and organizing activities to improve life opportunities and enhance the quality of life according to the experiences of individuals or groups as an ever-changing environment.
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Adaptations
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A system of information that codes the manner in which people in an organized group, society or nation interact with their environment.
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Culture
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This is a directly observable aspect of occupation.
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Form Ex: Dressing, reaching, playing basketball, eating, finding items in store, remembering the steps in a task.
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Ways in which occupation serves adaptation by acting to promote person's health. We need occupations to stay healthy; but depends on the occupation whether or not it will promote or compromise health.
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Function
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The significance of occupation within the context of real lives and in the culture.
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Meaning Ex: Family dinner (eating out, cooking at home), caring for pets, religious occupations.
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Temporal aspects of occupation began with who?
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Adolph Meyer
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What are some characteristics of the temporal aspect of occupation?
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* Occupations all have aspects of temporality * Time is an organizing element for humans * Temporality impacts daily patterns
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What are daily patterns?
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Biological rhythms Family values Personal commitments Culture Activity engagement
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What are some benefits of occupational science?
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* Adds to development, creation, testing and expansion of the body of knowledge. * Promotes content and methodology that address the meaning and outcome using occupations.
