Intro to Sociology Final Exam
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C. Wright Mills defined this as the ability to identify and explain the connection between people's personal troubles and the social structures in which they are embedded. Example: Recent graduates' unemployment and the economy
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Sociological Imagination
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Stable patterns of social relations. Examples: law systems, and caste systems
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Social Structures
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Theoretical tradition that deals with social interaction based on the shared meanings people attach to things.
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Symbolic Interaction
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Based on inequality, power, and class relations.
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Conflict Theory
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theoretical perspective that views society as a set of related parts that work together to produce a stable social system
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Functionalist Theory
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1.NYPD moving protestors out of Zucchati Park 2. Controlling media as a source of info distribution 3. Presenting distorted info from a "credible" source 4. Withholding vital information
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Examples of Force/Fraud
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1. hair-style, NOT hair 2. vertical gardens 3. air pollution caused by automobiles
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Examples of Culture
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the entire human-made environment
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Culture is...
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1. freedom: Dec. of Human Rights is man-made; gives us freedoms 2. constraint: norms/values (because of pushback)
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The two faces of culture are...
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1. Who has authority 2. What is the truth?
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Two Questions of Post-Modernism
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Because many different value systems compete for our attention because we are able to choose our own culture.
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Why are the Two Questions of Post-Modernism significant?
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regard culture as a dependent variable
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Symbolic Interationists are inclined to...
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process by which people learn their culture whilst entering into and disengaging from a succession of roles.
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Socialization
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Superego
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The part of personality that parents represent to us during our primary socialization is..
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Charles Horton Cooley; you being reflected back to your parents and family; "social self"
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What is the looking-glass self?
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The subjective self
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Social Self - "I"
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The objective self - the part of the self which becomes an object for oneself and others to "look at" and shape
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Social Self - "Me"
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1. When did childhood emerge? 2. Is childhood now prolonged? Why? 3. Are adults absent from lives of their adolescent children? 4. Are young people socializing themselves through high-risk behaviors? 5. Has the outside world invaded the school environment?
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Questions associated with the historical view of childhood socialization:
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Monastery, Marine Boot Camp, Prison
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Examples of total institutions:
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norms -generally accepted ways of doing things statuses - social positions roles - expected behaviors
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Social Interaction is structured around...
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discussing, arguing, coming to an agreement, and voting
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Social cement for norms, statuses, and roles:
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engaged in role playing.
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Erving Goffman claims that we are constantly...
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establish a single stable identity.
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Role-playing allows us to...
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preexisting shared norms and understandings
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Everyday interaction cannot take place without...
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do NOT do so in a spontaneous or natural way, and are almost always attempting to manage the impression they make on others
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When people interact they...
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Analyzing social interactions as if the actors involved were performing roles on a stage
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Dramatergical Approach, Erving Goffman Approach
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globalization; culture change, post-modernism, economics, politics, culture
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Great sociological puzzles of our time:
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1. They tend to dehumanize people 2. They become ritualistic 3. They tend to be run from the top (oligarchy) 4. They can product inertia (slow down)
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Main Criticisms of Bureaucracy
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it follows that some people must not belong to it
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If a group exists...
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boundary maintenance
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One of the ongoing functions of groups is...
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the societal processes of rationalization
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The way McDonald's sells food is an example of
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1. Our parents are the source of both love and control over us in childhood 2. We never get rid of our id impulses 3. Sex includes anything and everything that gives us bodily pleasure
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Freudian Insights:
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Whenever people communicate face-to-face, norms, roles, and statuses structure their interaction
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Sociological view of interaction
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a triad, NOT a dyad.
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One can form a coalition with one against another in..
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A collection of people who regularly interact with one another on the basis of shared expectations concerning behavior and who share a sense of common identity
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social group
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people compete for scarce resources
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Group boundaries crystallize when...
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a shift in the social position of large numbers of people due more to changes in society itself than to individual efforts
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structural mobility
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The trend toward increased cultural and economic connectedness between people, businesses, and organizations throughout the world
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globalization
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a mathematical formula that measures the amount of economic inequality in a society
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Gini index
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a functionalist approach that proposes that modernization and development will gradually improve the lives of people in developing nations
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modernization theory
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get rid of hierarchies and middle-level managerial positions
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The new global economy puts pressure on global companies to...
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False
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Wealth and income are the same thing. T/F?
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Because of vertical social mobility: Many middle-class Americans (within that bracket) often move up and down the stratification system drastically in their lifetime.
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Why does the text define middle class as between $20,000 and $99,999?
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The lower-middle/working class
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Which class has experienced the pain of economic restructuring the most?
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1. 1/5 of world's population lacks shelter and safe water 2. 1/3 is without electricity 3. 2/5 lacks adequate sanitation 4. richest 10% of Americans earn 10,000 times more than the poorest 10% of Ethiopians 5. There are about 27 million slaves in African countries
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True statements about global inequality:
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motivate talented individuals to fill important positions in society.
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Davis and Moore believed social stratification was inevitable and necessary to...
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some of the most functionally important jobs in society are unpaid or low-paid
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Functional theory of stratification says that...
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1. Technological progress 2. Political openness 3. New international division of labor
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The sources of globalization are...
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Yes
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Has globalization opened up growing gaps between rich/poor countries/people?
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believed that people get rich is they possess the virtues of good businessmen, and stay poor if they do not.
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Robinson Crusoe
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1. possible to be rich without hard work (inheritance) 2. you can work hard without getting rich 3. something about the structure of society causes inequality
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Swept Away
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increasingly autonomous from national governments
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Transnational corporations are...
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Globalization is making the world look like the United States; McDonaldization
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Homogenizing effect
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people create their own social circumstances and negotiate their own identities.
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Symbolic Interactionists believe that..
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the process by which specific regions acquire characteristics that differentiate them from others within the same country
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regionalization
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yes
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Did global inequality increase between 1975 and 2000?
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citizens of poor countries are poor because they lack sufficient capital to invest in western style agriculture and industry
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Dependency theory states that...
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Music - Eminem vs. Beethoven Clothing styles
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Example of noneconomic dimension of class:
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1. have a colonial past that left them with industrial infrastructures 2. enjoy favorable geopolitical position 3. have socially cohesive populations
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Countries able to emerge from poverty...
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A strategy for economic development that calls for free markets, balanced budgets, privatization, free trade, and minimal government intervention in the economy.
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neoliberalism
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1. offering stronger support for democracy in developing world 2. contributing more and better foreign aid 3. forgiving the debt owed by developing countries 4. eliminating tariffs that restrict exports from developing countries
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Four reforms for democratic globalization
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Employs more people in the US than any country.
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Wal-Mart
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M&P businesses go out of business because they cannot compete with the low prices and brand diversity of Wal-Mart.
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Mom and Pop Businesses vs. Wal-Mart
