Intro to Sociology, Chapter 15: Population, Urbanization, and Environment – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
Demography
answer
The study of human population.
question
Fertility
answer
The incidence of childbearing in a country's population.
question
Crude birth rate
answer
The number of live births in a given year for every 1,000 people in a population.
question
Mortality
answer
The incidence of death in a country's population.
question
Crude death rate
answer
The number of deaths in a given year for every 1,000 people in a population.
question
Infant mortality rate
answer
The number of deaths among infants under one year of age for each 1,000 live births in a given year.
question
Life expectancy
answer
The average life span of a country's population.
question
Migration
answer
The movement of people into and out of a specified territory.
question
Sex ratio
answer
The number of males for every 100 females in a nation's population.
question
Age-sex pyramid
answer
A graphic representation of the age and sex of a population.
question
Malthusian theory
answer
Warned that rapid population increase would lead to social chaos.
question
Demographic transition theory
answer
A thesis that links population patterns to a society's level of technological development.
question
Zero population growth
answer
The rate of reproduction that maintains population at a steady level.
question
Urbanization
answer
The concentration of population into cities.
question
Metropolis
answer
A large city that dominates an urban area socially and economically.
question
Suburbs
answer
Urban areas beyond the political boundaries of a society.
question
Megalopolis
answer
A vast urban region containing a number of cities and their surrounding suburbs.
question
Gemeinschaft
answer
A type of social organization in which people are closely tied by kinship and tradition.
question
Gesellschaft
answer
A type of social organization in which people come together only on the basis of individual self interest.
question
Ferdinand Tonnies
answer
Developed the concepts of Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft.
question
Emile Durkheim
answer
Used the term "mechanical solidarity" to refer to Gemeinschaft and "organic solidarity" to refer to Gesellschaft.
question
Georg Simmel
answer
Developed the "Blase Urbanite" analysis.
question
The Chicago School
answer
Developed a thesis which stated that, in city life, people are known in terms of what they do, rather than who they are.
question
Urban ecology
answer
The study of the link between the physical and social dimensions of cities.
question
Ecology
answer
The study of the interaction of living organisms and the natural environment.
question
Natural environment
answer
Earth's surface and atmosphere, including living organisms, air, water, soil, and other resources necessary to sustain life.
question
Ecosystem
answer
The interaction of all living organisms and their natural environment.
question
Environmental deficit
answer
Profound long-term harm to the natural environment caused by humanity's focus on short-term material affluence.
question
Rain forests
answer
Regions of dense forestation located mostly close to the equator.
question
Global warming
answer
A rise in Earth's average temperature due to an increasing concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
question
Environmental racism
answer
Patterns of development that expose poor people, especially minorities, to environmental hazards.
question
Ecologically sustainable culture
answer
A way of life that meets the needs of the present generation without threatening the environmental legacy of future generations.
