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Stress

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The term used to describe the physical, emotional, cognitive, and behavioral responses to events that are appraised as threatening or challenging.

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Physical Effects of Stress

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fatigue, sleeping problems, frequent colds, and even chest pains. Emotionally, stress creates anxiety, depression, fear, and irritability.

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Mental Effects of Stress

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ability to concentrate and remember things.

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Everyone experiences some degree of stress ___ ____

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Every day

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Stress causing events are called

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Stressors

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What determines whether the stressor results in distress or eustress

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How the person perceives it

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Eustress

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*Good stress The effect of positive events, or the optimal amount of stress that people need to promote health and well-being.

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Distress

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*Bad Stress The effect of unpleasant and undesirable stressors.

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A little stress is important to assist in

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functioning and growing

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Distress can be

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harmful

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Richard Lazarus

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developed a cognitive theory of how we respond to stress--in this approach, the individual evaluates whether the event appears to be stressful (PRIMARY APPRAISAL), then (SECONDARY APPRAISAL) it is assessed whther the individual can handle the stress--stress is minimized or maximized by the individuals ability to respond to the stressor

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Richard Lazarus revealed a

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two-step process in assessing the degree of the threat or harm of a stressor

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Name of the two-step process of assessing the degree of the threat or harm of stressor

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Primary appraisal Secondary appraisal

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Primary Appraisal

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The first step in assessing stress, which involves estimating the severity of a stressor and classifying it as either a threat or a challenge.

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Secondary Appraisal

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The second step in assessing a threat, which involves estimating the resources available to the person for coping with the stressor.

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Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

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Prolonged stress reaction

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Social Readajustment Rating Scale (SRRS)

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helps assess the impact of the stress associated with various life-changing events. Each event is assigned a point value; adding the points gauges the degree of stress being experienced.

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What is the most common form of pressure

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Time Pressure

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Another stress factor

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Uncontrollability or not having control over an event or situation

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Frustration occurs when you

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blocked or prevented from achieving or doing something

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Frustration resolved by

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Persistence (continuation of efforts to get around whatever is causing the frustration) or with aggression (act harm or destroy)

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Scapegoats

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Targets for displaced aggression

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Displaced aggression can cause

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stress to escalate

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Withdrawl provides and also causes

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Safety value, but does nothing to make things better

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Conflict

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When people are drawn to two or more desired goals but can choose or achieve only one,

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3 Different Types of Conflict

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Approach-approach conflict occurs when a person must choose between two desirable goals (a win-win situation). Avoidance-avoidance conflict occurs when a person must choose between two undesirable goals (caught between a rock and a hard place). Approach-avoidance conflict occurs when a person must choose or not choose a goal that has both positive and negative aspects (the hill gests steeper and harder to climb the closer it gets).

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Approach-approach conflict

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occurs when a person must choose between two desirable goals (a win-win situation).

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Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict

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occurs when a person must choose between two undesirable goals (caught between a rock and a hard place).

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Approach-Avoidance Conflict

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occurs when a person must choose or not choose a goal that has both positive and negative aspects (the hill gets steeper and harder to climb the closer it gets).

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General Adaption Syndrome (GAS)

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The three stages of the body's physiological reaction to stress, including alarm, resistance, and exhaustion.

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Who identified GAS

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Hans Selye

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Three stages of GAS

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Alarm Resistance Exhaustion

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Stress impacts the immune system

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positively if stress is not continual or chronic

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If stress continues

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Body's resources begin to fail

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According to ___ _ ________ stress triggers the same ______ _______ ____ ________ ____

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Science of Psychoneuroimmunology, stress triggers the same immune response as infection does

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Relative risk of cold compared to duration of life stressor (in months)

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1 month of stress = 1.5 risk of cold 1-6 months of stress = 2 risk of cold 6-24 months of stress = almost 3 risk of cold 24 months of stress = almost 4 risk of cold

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Stress has been shown to put people at

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A higher risk for heart attacks and stroke

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Stress has been linked with unhealthy behavior such as

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drinking, smoking, and overeating

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Can increase chances of

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Cancer due to slower immune respsone

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Personality seen as predictor for

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HEalth

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People who live longer

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relaxed, happy, and active

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People with shorter life expectancies are

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aggressive, stubborn, and inflexible

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Not all Type A people are

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prone to heart disease

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Hardy personalities are people who seem to thrive on stress and differ from other Type A people in

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three ways

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Type A personality

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Workaholics, competitive natured, ambitious, and easily annoyed

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Type B personality

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People are not as competiive, are more easy going and seem relaxed. Lower risk of heart disease

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Type C personality

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People have higher incidence of cancer, unpleasant, show few emotions, and internalize anger

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Optimism linked to

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Longer life and increased immune system functioning

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Martin Seligman's 4 ways optimism affects how long you live

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*Optimists are less likely to develop learned helplessness. *Optimists are more likely to take care of their health through preventive measures. *Optimists are less likely to become depressed. *Optimists have more effectively functioning immune systems.

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Social interaction and stress

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it is a major cause

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Typical result of prolonged job stress is called

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Burnout

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Acculturative Stress

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Stress resulting from the need to change and adapt a person's ways to the majority culture. When people from one culture are transplanted into a different culture

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To combat stress you must develop

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Coping strategies

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Coping Strategies

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Actions that people can take to master, tolerate, reduce, or minimize the effects of stressors.

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Coping Strategies can be

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Behavioral or psychological

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Problem-focused coping

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Coping strategies that try to eliminate the source of a stress or reduce its impact through direct actions.

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Emotion-Focused Coping

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Coping strategies that change the impact of a stressor by changing the emotional reaction to the stressor.

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According to Freud's ideas about stress

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when people experience stress from conflicts between body demands and body needs or desires, certain unconscious distortions occur.

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Unconscious Distortions are called

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Psychological Defense Mechanisms

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Psychological Defense Mechanisms

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Denial, Repression, Rationalization, Projection, Reaction Formation, Displacement, Regression, Identification, Compensation, and Sublimation

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Projection -

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Placing one's own unacceptable thoughts onto others as if the thoughts belonged to them and not to oneself

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Reaction Formation

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Forming an emotional reaction or attitude that is the opposite of one's threatening or unacceptable actual thoughts

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Displacement

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Expressing feelings that would be threatening if directed at the real target onto a less threatening substitute target

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Regression

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Falling back to childlike patterns as a way to coping with stressful situations

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Identification

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Trying to become like someone else to deal with one's anxiety

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Compensation (substitution)

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When a person tries to make up for areas in which a lack is perceived by becoming superior in some other area

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Sublimation

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Turning socially unacceptable urges into socially acceptable behavior

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Two Types of Meditation

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Concentrative and Receptive Meditation

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Concentrative Meditation

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Form of meditation in which a person focuses the mind on some repetitive or unchanging stimulus so that the mind can be cleared of disturbing thoughts and the body can experience relaxation.

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Receptive Meditation

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Form of meditation in which a person attempts to become aware of everything in immediate conscious experience, or an expansion of consciousness.

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Meditation takes ___ ___ ___ and gives us ___ ____

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small amount of time and gives us more time

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Mental exercise of meditation does

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calms the mind and increases our focus

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Meditation results in

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relaxation, reduction blood pressure, and increase alpha waves, and an increase of melatonin secretion at night

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Culture influences how

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a person perceives and copes with stressors

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Religious people seem to

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cope better with stressful events than do people who don't practice

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Belief in higher power serves as

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comfort and promotes healthy behaviors

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Wellness

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practice of behaviors and lifestyles choices that promote physical and mental health

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Ways to promote wellness

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*Exercise *Getting involved with others *Getting enough sleep *Eating healthy *Having fun *Managing your time *Taking deep breaths

Intro To Psychology: Health, Stress, and Management – Flashcards

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