Intro to Psychology Chapter 3 – Flashcards
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Allele
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Specific version of a gene
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Amygdala
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Structure in the limbic system involved in our experience of emotion and tying emotional meaning to our memories
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Antagonist
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Drug that blocks or impedes the normal activity of a given neurotransmitter
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Auditory Cortex
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Strip of cortex in the temporal lobe that is responsible for processing auditory
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Autonomic nervous system
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Controls our internal organs and glands
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Axon
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Major extension of the soma
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Biological Perspective
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View that psychological disorders like depression and schizophrenia are associated with imbalances in one or more neurotransmitters systems
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Broca's area
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Region in the left hemisphere that is essential for language production
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Central Nervous System
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Brain and Spinal Cord
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Cerebellum
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Hindbrain structure that controls our balance, coordination, movement, and motor skills, and it is thought to be important in the processing some types of memories
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Cerebral Cortex
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Surface of the brain that is associated with our highest mental capabilities
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Chromosome
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long strand of genetic information
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Computerized tomography (CT) scan
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Imaging technique in which a computer coordinates and integrates multiple x-rays of a given area
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Corpus Callosum
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Thick band of neaual fibers connecting the brain's two hemispheres
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Dendrite
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Branch-like extension of the soma that receives incoming signals from other neurons
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Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
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Helix-shaped molecule made of nucleotide base pairs
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Diabetes
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Disease related to insufficient insulin production
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Dominant allele
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allele whose phenotype will be expressed in an individual that possesses that allele
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Electroencephalograhy
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recording the electoral activity of the brain via electrodes on the scalp
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Endocrine system
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Series of glands that produce chemical substance known as hormones
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Epigenetics
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Study of gene-environment interactions, such as how the same genotype leads to different phenotypes.
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Fight or flight response
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Activation of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system, allowing access to engird reserves and heightened sensory capacity so that we might fight off a given threat or run away to safety
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Forebrain
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Largest part of the brain, containing the cerebral cortex, the thalamus, and the limbic system, among other structures
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Fraternal twins
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Twins who develop form two different eggs fertilized by different sperm, so their genetic material varies that same as in non-twin siblings
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Frontal lobe
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Part of the cerebral cortex involved in reasoning, motor control, emotion, and language; contains motor cortex
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Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)
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MRI that shows changes in metabolic activity over time
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Gene
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sequence of DNA that controls or partially controls physical characteristics
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Genetic Environment Correlation
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View of gene- environmental interaction that asserts our genes affect our environment, and our environment influences the expression of our genes
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Genotype
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Genetic makeup of an individual
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Glial cell
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Nervous system cell that provides physical and metabolic support to neurons, including neuronal insulation and communication, and nutrient and waste transport
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Gonad
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Secretes sexual hormones, which are important for successful reproduction, and mediate both sexual motivation and behavior
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Gyrus
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Bump or ridge on the cerebral cortex
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Hemisphere
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Left or right half of the brain
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Heterozygous
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Consisting of two different alleles
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Hindbrain
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Division of the brain containing medulla, pons, and cerebellum
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Hippocampus
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Structure in the temporal lobe associated with learning and memory
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Homeostasis
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State of equilibrium-- biological conditions, such as body temperature, are maintained at optimal level
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Hormone
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Chemical messenger released by endocrine glands
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Homozygous
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consisting of two identical allele
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Hypothalamus
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Forebrain structure that regulates sexual motivation and behavior and a number of homeostatic processes; serves as an interface between the nervous system and the endocrine system
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Identical twins
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twins that develop from the same sperm and egg
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Lateralization
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Concept that each hemisphere of the brain is associated with specialized functions
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Limbic system
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Collection of structures involved in processing emotion and memory
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Longitudinal fissure
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Deep groove in the brain's cortex
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Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
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Magnetic fields used to produce a picture of the tissue being imaged
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Medulla
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Hindbrain structure that controls automated processes like breathing, blood pressure and heart rate
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Membrane potential
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Differences in change across the neuronal membrane
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Midbrain
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division of the brain located between the forebrain and the hindbrain; contains the reticular formation
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motor cortex
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strip of cortex involved in planning and coordinating movement
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Mutation
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sudden, permanent change in a gene
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Myelin Sheath
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Fatty substance that insulates axons
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Neuron
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Cells in the nervous system that act as interconnected information processors, which are essential for all of the tasks of the nervous system
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Neurotransmitter
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chemical messenger of the nervous system
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Occipital lobe
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part of the cerebral cortex associated with visual processing; contains the primary visual cortex
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Pancreas
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secretes hormones that regulate blood sugar
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Parasympathetic nervous system
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associated with routine, day-to-day operations of the body
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Parietal lobe
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part of the cerebral cortex involved in processing various sensory and perceptual information; contains the primary somatosensory cortex
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Peripheral nervous system
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connects the brain and spinal cord to the muscles, organs and senses in the periphery of the body
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Phenotype
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individual's inheritable physical characteristics
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Pituitary gland
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Secretes a number of key hormones, which regulate fluid levels in the body, and a number of messenger hormones, which direct the activity of other glands ninth endocrine system
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Polygenic
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Multiple genes affecting a given trait
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Pons
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Hindbrain structure that connects the brain and spinal cord; involved in regulating brain activity during sleep
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positron emission tomography (PET) Scan
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involves injecting individuals with a mildly radioactive substance and monitoring changes in blood flow to different regions of the brain
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Prefrontal cortex
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area in the frontal lobe responsible for higher-level cognitive functioning
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Psychotropic medication
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drugs that treat psychiatric symptoms by restoring neurotransmitter balance
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Range of reaction
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Asserts our genes set the boundaries within which we can operate, and our environment interacts with the genes to determine where in that range we will fall.
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Receptor
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Protein on the cell surface where neurotransmitters attach
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Recessive allele
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allele whose phenotype will be expressed only if an individual is homozygous for that allele
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Resting potential
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The state of readiness of the neuron membrane's potential between signals
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Reticular formation
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midbrain structure important in regulating the sleep/wake cycle, arousal, alertness, and motor activity
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Reuptake
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Neurotransmitter is pumped back into the neuron that released it
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Semipermeable membrane
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Cell membrane that allows smaller molecules or molecules without an electrical change to pass through it, while stopping larger or highly charged molecules
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soma
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cell body
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somatic nervous system
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relays sentry and motor information to and from the CNS
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Somatosensory Cortex
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Essential for processing sensory information from across the body, such as touch, temperature, and pain
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Substantia nigra
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Midbrain structure where dopamine is produced; involved in control of movement
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Sulcus
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depressions or grooves in the cerebral cortex
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Sympathetic nervous system
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Involved in stress-related activities and functions
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Synapse
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Small gap between two neurons where communication occurs
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Synaptic vesicle
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storgage site for neurotransmitters
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Temporal lobe
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part of cerebral cortex associated with hearing, memory, emotion, and some aspects of language; contains primary auditory cortex
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Thalamus
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Sensory relay for the brain
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Theory of evolution by natural selection
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states that organisms that are better suited for their environments will survive and reproduce compared to those that are poorly suited for their environment
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Threshold of excitation
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level of charge in the membrane that causes the neuron to become active
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Thyroid
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secretes hormones that regulate growth, metabolism, and appetite
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Ventral tegmental area (VTA)
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Midbrain structure where dopamine is produced; associated with mood, reward, and addiction
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Wernicke's area
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important for speech comprehension
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Mutation
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A(n) __________ is a sudden, permanent change in a sequence of DNA.
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Genotype; phenotype
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_________ refers to a person's genetic makeup while _____ refers to a person's physical characteristics.
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Epigenetic's
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____________ is the field of study that focuses on genes and their expression
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23
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Humans have ________ pairs of chromosomes
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Dendrites
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The _______ receives incoming signals from other neurons
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Agonist
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A(n) _______ facilitate or mimics the activity of a given neurotransmitter system
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Myelin sheath
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Multiple sclerosis involves a breakdown of the
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Inside; outside
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An action potential involves Na+ moving ______ the cell and K+ moving ___________ the cell.
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Somatic
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Our ability to make our legs move as we walk across the room is controlled by the
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Parasympathetic nervous system
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If your ______ is activated, you will feel relatively at ease.
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Brain and spinal cord
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The central nervous system is comprised of __________
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Pupil dilation and increased heart rate
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Sampathetic activation is associated with
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Thalamus
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The ________ is a sensory relay station where all sensory information, except for smell, goes before being sent to other areas of the brain for further processing
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Wernicke's Area
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Damage to the _______ disrupts one's ability to comprehend language, but it leaves one's ability to produce words intact.
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MRI
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A(n) _______ uses magnetic fields to create pictures of a given tissue.
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Substantia nigra
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Which of the following is not a structure of the forebrain?
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Glucagon and insulin
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The two major hormones secreted from the pancreas are:
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Pituitary
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The _________ secretes messenger hormones that direct the function of the rest of the endocrine glands
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Adrenal
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The _________ gland secretes epinephrine
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Pituitary
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The ______ secretes hormones that regulate the body's fluid levels.
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