intro to communication – Flashcards
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how do u get started in preparing a speech
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1. choose your topic 2. define your purpose 3. write a purpose statement 4. state your thesis
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purpose statement
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should be expressed in the form of a complete sentence that describes exactly what you want your speech to accomplish
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general purpose
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informs, persuades, or entertains audience
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3 criteria for an effective purpose statement
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1. result-oriented 2. specific 3. realistic
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2 components to analyze in any speaking situation
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audience and occasion
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to be successful, what 3 things should be appropriate to audience and occasion
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1. purpose 2. topic 3. all the material you use
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audience analysis
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involves identifying and adapting your remarks to the most pertinent characteristics of your listeners
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demographics
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characteristics of your audience that can be categorized
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how might demographic characteristics affect your speech planning
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1. cultural diversity 2. gender 3. age 4. group membership 5. number of people
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what is one way to approach the issue of audience members' feelings about you, your subject, and your intentions
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through a consideration of attitudes, beliefs, and values
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attitudes
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lie closest to the surface and reflect a predisposition to view you or your topic in a favorable or unfavorable way
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beliefs
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lie a little deeper than attitudes and deal with the truth of something
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values
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deeply rooted feelings about a concept's inherent worth or worthiness
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what determines the occasion of a speech
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circumstances surrounding it
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what 2 aspects of time are important to remember for your speech
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1. the date on which you give your speech 2. time available for your speech
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examples of physical space
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the beauty or squalor and noise or stuffiness of room
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examples of audience expectations
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speech presented in a college class is expected to reflect a high level of thought and intelligence
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what 3 things does it take to develop a topic well
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1. time 2. interest 3. knowledge
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3 specific criteria that you can use to evaluate the quality of a website
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1. credibility 2. objectivity 3. currency
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library catalog
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an ancient and noble information-storing device
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what are reference works good for
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uncovering basic information, definitions, descriptions, and sources for further investigation
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what are periodicals good for
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high-interest, up-to-date information on your topic
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examples of nonprint materials
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films, records, tapes, and videotapes
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databases
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computerized collections of highly credible information from a wide variety of sources
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what does Lexis-Nexis contain
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millions of articles from news services, magazines, scholarly journals, conference papers, books, law journals, and other sources
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how are database searches different from web searches
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they generally don't respond well to long strings of terms or searches worded as questions
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what does the information-gatherine interview allow you to do
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view your topic from an expert's perspective, to take advantage of that expert's experience, research, and thought
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4 basic types of delivery
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1. extemporaneous 2. impromptu 3. manuscript 4. memorized
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extemporaneous speech
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planned in advance but presented in a direct, spontaneous manner. are conversational in tone. most common type of delivery in both classroom and "outside" world
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impromptu speech
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given off the top of one's head, without preparation. spontaneous by definition, but it is a delivery style that is necessary for informal talks, group discussions, and comments on others' speeches.
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manuscript speech
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read word for word from a prepared text. necessary when you are speaking for the record. greatest disadvantage is lack of spontaneity that may result.
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memorized speech
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learned by heart. most difficult and often least effective. seem excessively formal. they may be necessary on special occasion. must practice.
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4 things to do while practicing your speech
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1. present the speech to yourself 2. tape-record the speech & listen to it 3. present the speech in front of a small group of friends 4. present the speech to at least one listener in the room in which you will present the final speech
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what 2 aspects is enthusiasm shown through
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visual and auditory
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what 5 things do visual aspects of delivery include
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1. appearance 2. movement 3. posture 4. facial expression 5. eye contact
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how should the speaker's appearance look
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attractive but not flashy. look businesslike.
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how should one move while giving a speech
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with understanding that it will add to the meaning of the words you use
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how should one stand while giving a speech
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with good posture. not at military attention, but comfortably erect
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significance of facial expression
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it reflects your genuine involvement with your message
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what is the most important nonverbal facet of delivery
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eye contact
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appearance, movement, posture, facial expression, and eye contact are all what types of facets of delivery
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nonverbal
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what 4 things must one recognize and use appropriately when controlling your voice
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1. volume 2. rate 3. pitch 4. articulation
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what is the key to controlling volume
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controlling the amount of air you use
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rate
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range of personal differences in speaking speed
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pitch
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the highness or lowness of your voice
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articulation
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pronouncing all the parts of all the necessary words and nothing else
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deletion
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leaving off part of a word
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substitution
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replace part of a word with an incorrect sound
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addition
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caused by adding extra parts to words
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slurring
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caused by trying to say two or more words at once
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what does structuring a message effectively do
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help you refine your own ideas and construct more-persuasive messages
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basic speech structure
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demonstrate the old aphorism for speakers: "tell what you're going to say, say it, and then tell what you said."
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when do audiences tend to listen more carefully
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beginning and ending of speech
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working outline
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construction tool used to map out your speech
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formal outline
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uses a consistent format and set of symbols to identify the structure of ideas
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purposes for formal outline
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1. displayed as visual aid 2. serve as a record of a speech that was delivered 3. instructors use speech outlines to analyze student speeches
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when outline is used for purpose of teachers analyzing, what should it include
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is usually full-sentenced and includes the purpose, these and topic, and/or title
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**tip**
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another person should be able to understand the basic ideas included in your speech by reading the formal outline
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what symbols does a speech outline generally use
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I. main point (roman numeral) A. subpoint (capital letter) 1. sub-subpoint (standard number) a. sub-subsubpoint (lowercase letter)
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what are the major divisions of the speech
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introduction, body, and conclusion
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are the major divisions given symbols
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no
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what is the key to the technique of outlining
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the indentation of different-order ideas
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rule of division for formal outline
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never a "I" without a "II", never an "A" without a "B" and so on
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rule of parallel wording
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your main points should be worded in a similar or "parallel" manner
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how should outline be organized
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should reflect a logical order for your points
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time patterns
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chronology (time order)
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space patterns
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organized according to area
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topic patterns
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based on types or categories
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transitions
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keep your message moving forward
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4 functions transitions perform
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1. tell how the introduction relates to the body of the speech 2. tell how one main point relates to the next main point 3. tell how your subpoints relate to the points they are a part of 4. tell how your supporting points relate to the points they support
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introduction
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serves to capture the audience's attention, preview the main points, set the mood and tone of the speech, and demonstrate the importance of the topic
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how to capture attention (9 ways)
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1. refer to audience 2. refer to occasion 3. refer to relationship between audience and subject 4. refer to something familiar to the audience 5. cite a startling fact or opinion 6. ask a question 7. tell an anecdote 8. use a quotation 9. tell a joke
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3 essential functions of conclusion
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1. to restate thesis 2. review your main points 3. provide a memorable final remark
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4 functions of supporting material
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1. to clarify 2. to make interesting 3. to make memorable 4. to prove
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6 types of supporting material
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1. definitions 2. examples 3. statistics 4. analogies/comparison-contrast 5. anecdotes 6. quotation/testimony
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example
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a specific case that is used to demonstrate a general idea
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hypothetical examples
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ask audience members to imagine something, thus causing them to become active participants in the thought
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statistics
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numbers that are arranged or organized to show that a fact or principle is true for a large percentage of cases
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analogies
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comparisons
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anecdote
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brief story with a point
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2 styles of support
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1. narration 2. citation
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narration
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involves telling a story with your information
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citation
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a simple statement of the facts
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2 basic characteristics that differentiate an informative topic from a persuasive topic
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1. an informative topic tends to be noncontroversial 2. the informative speaker does not intend to change audience attitudes
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visual aids
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graphic devises used in a speech to illustrate or support ideas
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6 most common types of visual aids
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1. objects and models 2. diagrams 3. word and number charts 4. pie charts 5. bar and column charts 6. line charts
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models
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scaled representations of the object you are discussing and are used when that object is too large or too small or simply don't exist any more
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diagram
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any kind of line drawing that shows the most important properties of an object
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word charts and number charts
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visual depictions of key facts or statistics
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pie charts
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shaped as circles with wedges cut into them. used to show divisions of any whole.
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bar charts
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compare two or more values by stretching them out in the form of horizontal rectangles
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column charts
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perform same function as bar charts but use vertical rectangles
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line charts
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map out the direction of a moving point. ideally suited for showing changes over time.
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5 types of media used for the presentation of visual aids
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1. chalkboards, whiteboards, etc. 2. flip pads and poster board 3. handouts 4. projectors 5. other electronic media
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5 rules for using visual aids
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1. simplicity 2. size 3. attractiveness 4. appropriateness 5. reliability
