Intimate Relationship
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What are costs, comparison level, and comparison level of alternatives, according to interdependence/exchange theory?
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Costs- punishing, undesirable experiences; comparison level (CL)- expectations about the rewards and costs of the current relationship; Comparison level for alternatives (CL alt)- expectations about the rewards and costs of other possible (alternatives) relationships.
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Maurice receives many rewards and has few costs in his relationship with Karla. He believes he should have many more rewards. What is likely to be the outcome of this arrangement with regard to his satisfaction or lack thereof?
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Unhappy and Stable
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Utilizing interdependence theory, Peter's decision to stay in his dissatisfying relationship with Julie might be explained by what?
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There is no better CL alt
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Mary is in a relationship where her comparison level is high, her outcomes are below her comparison level, and her comparison level of alternatives is low. What is the likely outcome of the relationship with regard to happiness/unhappiness and stability/instability
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Unhappy and Unstable
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Joan and Jim have more rewards than costs in their relationship. Jim has many potential alternative relationships. Joan's alternatives are limited. According to the principle of lesser interest, who is more dependent and who has less power?
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Joan is more dependent and she also has less power
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Brittany used to be delighted when her husband came home from work early 1 day a week to spend time with her and their children. Even though this hasn't changed, she now complains that he doesn't spend enough time with them and needs to make more of an effort. What happened
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If your CL goes up and your outcomes remain the same, satisfaction goes down.
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According to Huston's work, what is likely going to happen to incompatibilities in marriage?
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The incompatibilities will become more prevalent and spouses could get irritated by these imperfections that they didn't notice before marriage.
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Which factors have been found to undermine the outcomes that lead to marriage?
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1. Lack of effort 2. Interdependency is a magnifying glass 3. Access to weaponry 4. Unwelcome surprises 5. Unrealistic expectations
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What are communal
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Communal Relationships- desire for and expectation of mutual responsiveness to the other's needs; people in these relationships: avoid strict cost accounting, do not prefer to have their favors quickly repaid, enjoy higher quality relationships; marriages, romantic attachments are typically communal relationships
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What are exchange relationships
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exchange relationships- desire for and expectation of immediate repayment for benefits given; people in these relationships: don't like to be in one another's debt, track each other's contributions to joint endeavors; superficial, often brief, task-oriented
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What does Equity theory say with regard to proportional justice and satisfaction/dissatisfaction in relationships/marriage?
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Equity does not require that two partners gain equal rewards, a relationship is fair when a partner who is contributing more is also receiving more.
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According to equity theory, how do people restore equity?
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restore actually equity by changing own or partner's contributions or outcomes. Restore psychological equity by changing perceptions. Abandon the relationship
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The two domains particularly sensitive to equity according to the textbook authors are what?
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Allocation of household tasks and child care
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How do individuals high in avoidance (in terms of attachment) tend to behave with regard to alternative relationships and communal norms?
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Individuals high in avoidance (in terms of attachment) tend to be more attentive to alternative relationships and less likely to pursue communal norms.
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According to the investment model of commitment, what contributes to commitment?
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Satisfaction level, quality of alternatives, investment size
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What are moral, personal, and constraint commitment?
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.) Personal- person wants to continue the relationship, constraint- person has to continue the relationship, moral- person ought to continue the relationship
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What is commitment?
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Willingness to sacrifice their own self-interests for the good of the relationship, perceived superiority- they think their relationships are better than those of other people
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What is love?
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deep and vital emotion, satisfies personal needs, involves caring and acceptance, involves intimacy.
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When we feel passion our bodies produce increased quantities of which chemical?
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Phenylethylamine
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Romantic love is characterized by what beliefs?
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love at first sight, there is only one true love, love conquers all, the beloved will meet one's highest ideals
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What are symptoms of romantic love
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drastic mood swings, palpitations of the heart, intrusive thoughts about the partner
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What is realistic love and what characterizes it?
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less emotional, passionate, and exciting than romantic love. Characterized by companionship, calmness, comfort, and security. The love attitudes scale allows you to assess the degree to which your love attitudes are romantic or realistic
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Which theory argues that love provides the social glue needed to bond parents with their dependent children and spouses with each other to care for their dependent offspring
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Evolutionary Theory
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What is the history of love as a necessary condition for marriage?
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Love as a necessary condition for marriage has become more important in the United States since the 1960s
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What is \"platonic love\"?
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the nonsexual adoration of a beloved person
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According to Sternberg, what are the three building blocks of love?
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Intimacy, passion, commitment.
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Know what characterizes the different types of love according to Sternberg
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Romantic love- high intimacy and passion with commitment as not a defining characteristic, companionate love- intimacy and commitment combine to make a close compassionate and long term marriage, fatuous love- passion and commitment in the absence of intimacy, and consummate love- \"complete\" love when intimacy, passion, and commitment are all part of the relationship.
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What is the excitation transfer
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Arousal caused by one event combines with an additional arousal caused by a second event, and the first event is ignored. Our combined feelings are then thought to only be caused by the second event and it seems more influential than it really is.
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What do you know of unrequited love? When is it most likely experienced? Which attachment styles are most likely to experience it?
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It is a romantic passionate attraction to someone who did not return the love. It is most likely to occur in someone's teens between ages of 16 and 20.It generally happens to more men than women. It falls on those with a preoccupied attachment style rather than those with secure or avoidant styles.
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Which neuropeptide may provide a biological basis for feelings of companionate love?
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Oxytocin
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What are the different love styles according to Lee and how do you differentiate them?
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Eros- searches for the person with the right physical appearance and is eager for intense relationship, ludus- playful in love and likes to play the field, storge- prefers slowly developing relationships that lead to long commitments, mania- demanding and possessive toward the lover and has feeling of \"being out of control\", agape- altruistic, loving without concern of receiving anything in return, and pragma- searches for a person with proper vital stats: job, age, religion, etc.
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How do securely compared to insecurely attached individuals experience intimacy
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INTIMACY. Secure- generally have high regard for others viewing them as trustworthy, dependable, and kind and they tend to be more open to their partners, happily engaging in a lot of self-closure. Insecure- more wary of others, people who are in high avoidance view others with suspicion seeing them as dishonest and undependable and as a result they tend to be close mouthed telling their partners relatively little about their feelings and desires. Secure people enjoy intimacy more than insecure.
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How do securely compared to insecurely attached individuals experience passion and commitment
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PASSION. Insecure-Preoccupied- their anxiety leaves them on edge, nervously experiencing apprehension rather than delight in their intimate encounters. Avoidant- distant and detached and passion in impersonal. Secure- more arousal, greater pleasure, frequent orgasms, and greater satisfaction. COMMITMENT. Secure- tend to be more committed than insecure.
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How do men and women differ with regard love to?
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Men tend to be more dismissing than women, but the difference is rather small. Women do experience more intense and more volatile emotions than men do. Men have more romantic attitudes than women and more likely to believe in love at first sight, and they tend to fall in love faster than women.
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How do women differ with regard love to?
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Women are selective about who they love, feeling passion more slowly and limiting their affection to partner's with higher mate value. Men are less discriminating toward casual sex, and put more stock into passion.
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At the beginning of the 21st century in the United States, what is the most prevalent sexual standard?
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Permissiveness with affection standard- sex between unmarried partners is acceptable as long as it occurs within a committed relationship.
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With regard to gender differences in attitudes toward sex, research finds what?
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Men hold more permissive sexual values and attitudes. Men are more likely to enjoy casual sex without intimacy where women prefer a psychologically intimate relationship.
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What happened to the sexual double standard (i.e., admiration of men with multiple sexual partners as the studs and dismissal of women with multiple partners as the sluts)?
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It is more subtle today, men may like their partners to be sexually permissive, but they want their potential spouse to be chaste. Men and women who are sexually promiscuous are evaluated negatively, but a woman with an STD is judged more harshly than a man
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What does Regan's study suggests with regard to lust and love?
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Lust and love go hand in hand. We want our partners to feel sexual desires for us and we want to feel it for them.
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What does your book say determines acceptance of same sex relationships?
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If sexual orientation is something that people are born with rather than it being a personal choice
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What does multinational research on attitudes toward sex (i.e., premarital sex, extramarital sex, same sex relationships) show with regard to people from the United States vs. other nations?
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The attitudes of Americans look conservative compared to opinions expressed by other parts of the world.
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What does research on sexual activity in the U.S. by the age of 20 show
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By the age 20, rather few of us have not had sex.
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Overall, what does research suggest with regard to the effectiveness of the abstinence programs?
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They don't work very well because most people deny ever have making one and graduates of abstinence programs are less likely to use contraception when having intercourse.
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Sexual infidelity
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In terms of sexual infidelity researchers find that approximately 1 out of every 3 husbands and 1 out of every 5 wives have been unfaithful.
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The prevalence of extradyadic sex is highest among whom?
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men
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A willingness to engage in sex only in the context of an affectionate, committed relationship is considered to be which type of sociosexuality?
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restricted
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Under which conditions are women more attracted to extradyadic mates?
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When women undergo their menstrual cycle, and if their partner has close to the same genes as them, most importantly though, when they are fertile.
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Saying that women are often the gatekeepers for sex in relationships means what
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They decide when the sex begins in a new relationship.
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What percentage of college students engage in \"hookups\"?
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75%
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What percentage of college students report using condoms consistently when they start having sex with a new romantic partner?
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50%
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If the rate of infection for a woman in a single unprotected sexual encounter with an infected man is 0.2%, what is the probability she'll be infected if she has unprotected sex with him 10 times?
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40.1%
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What is the illusion of unique invulnerability? What can the illusion of unique invulnerability lead to?
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Bad things are generally more likely to happen to others rather than us, so we fail to take precautions. They are less likely to use condoms, and that makes them more likely to catch a disease or get pregnant.
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What is alcohol myopia? How is it associated with condom use?
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The reduction of people's abilities to think about and process all of the information available to them when intoxicated. The condom could be used incorrectly, or not even used at all.
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What is pluralistic ignorance? What do young adults believe with regard to their own and others enjoyment of hookups?
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Occurs when people wrongly believe their feelings and beliefs are different from those of others. Most young adults think that other people approve of hookups, and feel social pressure to hookup even if they don't feel the same.
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In general, if the woman is the more powerful partner in a relationship, how does that affect a couple's likelihood of condom use?
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A condom will more likely be used.
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Highest levels of sexual contentment shown in national surveys seem to come from which group of people?
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American- 87%
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According to Self-determination Theory, when is sex more satisfying to both members of the couple?
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When we engage in actions that allow us to choose and control our own actions(autonomy), feel confident and capable(competence), and to establish close connections to others(relatedness).
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Direct and honest sexual communication is associated with what?
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Telling your partner blatantly whether or not you are interested and help to manage situations
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Which gender is more likely to perceive sexual interest is present when it is not?
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Men- 54%
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What do you know about the connection between relationship satisfaction and sexual frequency?
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Couples who enjoy the most gratifying sexual interactions are generally quite satisfied with their relationships and will engage in intercourse more often.
