International Economics Chapter 4 Test Questions – Flashcards
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1) The Ricardian model of international trade demonstrates that trade can be mutually beneficial. Why, then, do governments restrict imports of some goods? A) Trade can have substantial effects on a country's distribution of income. B) The Ricardian model is often incorrect in its prediction that trade can be mutually beneficial. C) Import restrictions are the result of trade wars between hostile countries. D) Imports are only restricted when foreign-made goods do not meet domestic standards of quality.
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A) Trade can have substantial effects on a country's distribution of income.
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2) The Ricardian two-country two-good model predicts that there are potential benefits from trade, but NOT A) the effect of trade on income distribution. B) the mechanism that determines which country will specialize in which good. C) when one country has an absolute advantage in the production of both goods. D) when one country has significantly lower wages than the other country. E) when both countries have the same types of technology available.
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A) the effect of trade on income distribution.
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3) International trade can have important effects on the distribution of income because A) some resources are immobile in the short run. B) of government corruption. C) the more powerful country dictates the terms of trade. D) rich countries take advantage of poor countries. E) different countries use different currencies.
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A) some resources are immobile in the short run.
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4) The Ricardian model of international trade demonstrates that trade can be mutually beneficial. Why, then, do governments restrict imports of some goods? A) Trade can have significant harmful effects on some segments of a country's economy. B) The Ricardian model is often incorrect in its prediction that trade can be mutually beneficial. C) Import restrictions are the result of trade wars between hostile countries. D) Imports are only restricted when foreign-made goods do not meet domestic standards of quality. E) Restrictions on imports can have significant beneficial effects on domestic consumers.
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A) Trade can have significant harmful effects on some segments of a country's economy.
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5) International trade can have important effects on the distribution of income because A) different industries employ different factors of production. B) of government corruption. C) the more powerful country dictates the terms of trade. D) rich countries take advantage of poor countries. E) different countries use different currencies.
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A) different industries employ different factors of production.
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6) Japan's trade policies with regard to rice reflect the fact that A) japanese rice farmers have significant political power. B) Japan has a comparative advantage in rice production and therefore exports most of its rice crop. C) there would be no gains from trade available to Japan if it engaged in free trade in rice. D) there are gains from trade that Japan captures by engaging in free trade in rice. E) Japan imports most of the rice consumed in the country.
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A) japanese rice farmers have significant political power.
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7) The specific factors model was developed by A) Paul Samuelson and Ronald Jones. B) Adam Smith and David Ricardo. C) Richard Nixon and Robert Kennedy. D) C.B. deMille and Gordon Willis. E) Bill Clinton and Monica Lewinsky.
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A) Paul Samuelson and Ronald Jones.
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8) In the specific factors model, labor is defined as a(an) A) mobile factor. B) specific factor. C) fixed factor. D) variable factor. E) intensive factor.
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A) mobile factor.
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9) In the specific factors model, which of the following is treated as a specific factor? A) land B) labor C) cloth D) food E) technology
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A) land
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10) In the specific factors model, which of the following is treated as a specific factor? A) capital B) labor C) cloth D) food E) technology
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A) capital
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11) A factor of production that cannot be used outside of a particular sector of an economy is a(an) A) specific factor. B) mobile factor. C) variable factor. D) import-competing factor. E) export-competing factor.
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A) specific factor.
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12) A factor of production that can be used in any sector of an economy is a(an) A) mobile factor. B) specific factor. C) variable factor. D) import-competing factor. E) export-competing factor.
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A) mobile factor.
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13) The specific factors model assumes that there are ________ goods and ________ factor(s) of production. A) two; three B) two; two C) two; one D) three; two E) four; three
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A) two; three
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14) The degree of a factor's specificity is directly related to A) the amount of time required to redeploy the factor to a different industry. B) the cost of the factor as a proportion of the long-run total cost of production. C) the mobility of the factor, with more mobile factors having more specificity. D) technology differences between two countries, with a more advanced technology resulting in more factor specificity. E) factor quality, with higher quality factors having a higher level of specificity.
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A) the amount of time required to redeploy the factor to a different industry.
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15) The degree of a factor's specificity is inversely related to A) the mobility of the factor, with more mobile factors having less specificity. B) the amount of time required to redeploy the factor to a different industry. C) the cost of the factor as a proportion of the long-run total cost of production. D) technology differences between two countries, with a less advanced technology resulting in less factor specificity. E) factor quality, with lower quality factors having a lower level of specificity.
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A) the mobility of the factor, with more mobile factors having less specificity.
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16) A worker who has invested in ________ skills will be ________ mobile than would otherwise be the case. A) occupation-specific; less B) occupation-specific; more C) ethical; less D) ethical; more E) occupation-nominal; less
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A) occupation-specific; less
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17) In the specific factors model, a country's production possibility frontier is ________ because of ________. A) a straight line; diminishing marginal returns B) a curved line; diminishing marginal returns C) a straight line; constant marginal returns D) a curved line; constant marginal returns E) a curved line; a limited supply of labor
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B) a curved line; diminishing marginal returns
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18) In the specific factors model, a country's production function is ________ because of ________. A) a straight line; diminishing marginal returns B) a curved line; diminishing marginal returns C) a straight line; constant marginal returns D) a curved line; constant marginal returns E) a curved line; a limited supply of labor
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B) a curved line; diminishing marginal returns
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19) In the four-quadrant diagram of the specific factors model, the graph in the upper right quadrant is a country's A) production possibility frontier. B) labor allocation constraint. C) production function for food. D) production function for cloth. E) labor supply curve.
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A) production possibility frontier.
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20) In the four-quadrant diagram of the specific factors model, the graph in the lower right quadrant is a country's A) production function for cloth. B) production possibility frontier. C) labor allocation constraint. D) production function for food. E) labor supply curve.
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A) production function for cloth.
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21) In the four-quadrant diagram of the specific factors model, the graph in the upper left quadrant is a country's A) production function for food. B) production possibility frontier. C) labor allocation constraint. D) production function for cloth. E) labor supply curve.
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A) production function for food.
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22) In the four-quadrant diagram of the specific factors model, the graph in the upper right quadrant is a country's A) labor allocation constraint. B) production possibility frontier. C) production function for food. D) production function for cloth. E) labor supply curve.
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B) production possibility frontier.
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23) The slope of a country's production possibility frontier with cloth measured on the horizontal and food measured on the vertical axis in the specific factors model is equal to ________ and it ________ as more cloth is produced. A) -MPLF/MPLC; becomes steeper B) -MPLF/MPLC; becomes flatter C) -MPLF/MPLC; is constant D) -MPLC/MPLF; becomes steeper E) -MPLC/MPLF; is constant
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A) -MPLF/MPLC; becomes steeper
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24) The slope of a country's production possibility frontier with cloth measured on the horizontal and food measured on the vertical axis in the Ricardian model is equal to ________ and it ________ as more cloth is produced. A) -MPLF/MPLC; is constant B) -MPLF/MPLC; becomes steeper C) -MPLF/MPLC; becomes flatter D) -MPLC/MPLF; becomes steeper E) -MPLC/MPLF; is constant
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A) -MPLF/MPLC; is constant
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25) Under perfect competition, the equilibrium price of labor used to produce cloth will be equal to A) the marginal product of labor in the production of cloth times the price of cloth. B) the average product of labor in the production of cloth times the price of cloth. C) the ratio of the marginal product of labor in the production of cloth to the marginal product of labor in the production of food times the ratio of the price of cloth. to the price of food. D) the slope of the production possibility frontier. E) the price of cloth divided by the marginal product of labor in the production of cloth.
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A) the marginal product of labor in the production of cloth times the price of cloth.
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26) When a country's labor market is in equilibrium in the specific factors model, the wage rate A) will be the same in both sectors. B) will be higher in the export-competing sector. C) will be higher in the import-competing sector. D) will be higher in the sector where product price is higher. E) will be higher in the sector where product price is lower.
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A) will be the same in both sectors.
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27) In the specific factors model, which of the following will increase the quantity of labor used in food production? A) an increase in the price of food relative to that of cloth B) an increase in the price of cloth relative to that of food C) a decrease in the price of labor D) an equal percentage decrease in the price of food and cloth E) an equal percentage increase in the price of food and cloth
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A) an increase in the price of food relative to that of cloth
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28) In the specific factors model, which of the following will increase the quantity of labor used in cloth production? A) an increase in the price of cloth relative to that of food B) an increase in the price of food relative to that of cloth C) a decrease in the price of labor D) an equal percentage decrease in the price of food and cloth E) an equal percentage increase in the price of food and cloth
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A) an increase in the price of cloth relative to that of food
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29) In the specific factor model, the effect of an increase in the productivity of labor in the production of cloth will cause a(an) ________ in the quantity of labor used to produce cloth, a(an) ________ in the quantity of labor used to produce food and a(an) ________ in the wage rate. A) increase; decrease; increase B) decrease; increase; increase C) increase; decrease; decrease D) decrease; increase; no change E) increase; increase; no change
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A) increase; decrease; increase
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30) In the specific factor model, the effect of an increase in the productivity of labor in the production of food will cause a(an) ________ in the quantity of labor used to produce cloth, a(an) ________ in the quantity of labor used to produce food and a(an) ________ in the wage rate. A) decrease; increase; increase B) increase; decrease; increase C) increase; decrease; decrease D) decrease; increase; no change E) increase; increase; no change
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A) decrease; increase; increase
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31) The slope of a country's production possibility frontier is equal to ________ and the optimal production point is located where the slope is equal to ________. Assume that output of good Y is measured on the vertical axis, output of good X is measured on the horizontal axis, MPL is the marginal product of labor with a subscript indicating which good, P is the price of a good, and w is the wage rate. A) -MPLY/MPLX; -PX/PY B) -PX/PY; -MPLY/MPLX; C) -PX/w; -PY/w D) -MPLY/w; -MPLF/w E) -MPLX/MPLY; -PX/PY
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A) -MPLY/MPLX; -PX/PY
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32) In the specific factors model, a 5% increase in the price of food accompanied by a 5% increase in the price of cloth will cause wages to ________, the production of cloth to ________, and the production of food to ________. A) increase by 5%; remain unchanged; remain unchanged B) increase by less then 5%; decrease; increase C) increase by more then 5%; increase; remain unchanged D) remain constant; increase; increase E) remain constant; decrease; decrease
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A) increase by 5%; remain unchanged; remain unchanged
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33) In the specific factors model, a 5% increase in the price of food accompanied by a 0% increase in the price of cloth will cause wages to ________, the production of cloth to ________, and the production of food to ________. A) increase by less then 5%; decrease; increase B) increase by 5%; remain unchanged; remain unchanged C) increase by more then 5%; increase; remain unchanged D) remain constant; increase; increase E) remain constant; decrease; decrease
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A) increase by less then 5%; decrease; increase
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34) In the specific factors model, a 0% increase in the price of food accompanied by a 5% increase in the price of cloth will cause wages to ________, the production of cloth to ________, and the production of food to ________. A) increase by less then 5%; increase; decrease B) increase by 5%; remain unchanged; remain unchanged C) increase by more then 5%; increase; remain unchanged D) remain constant; increase; increase E) remain constant; decrease; decrease
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A) increase by less then 5%; increase; decrease
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35) In the specific factors model, a 5% increase in the price of food accompanied by a 5% increase in the price of cloth will cause ________ in the welfare of labor, ________ in the welfare of the fixed factor in the production of food, and ________ in the welfare of the fixed factor in the production of cloth. A) no change; no change; no change B) an increase; an increase; an increase C) a decrease; an increase; an increase D) an increase; a decrease; a decrease E) a decrease; a decrease; a decrease
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A) no change; no change; no change
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36) In the specific factors model, a 5% decrease in the price of food accompanied by a 5% decrease in the price of cloth will cause ________ in the welfare of labor, ________ in the welfare of the fixed factor in the production of food, and ________ in the welfare of the fixed factor in the production of cloth. A) no change; no change; no change B) an increase; an increase; an increase C) a decrease; an increase; an increase D) an increase; a decrease; a decrease E) a decrease; a decrease; a decrease
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A) no change; no change; no change
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37) In the specific factors model, a 5% increase in the price of food accompanied by a 10% increase in the price of cloth will cause ________ in the welfare of labor, ________ in the welfare of the fixed factor in the production of food, and ________ in the welfare of the fixed factor in the production of cloth. A) an ambiguous change; a decrease; an increase B) an ambiguous change; an ambiguous change; an ambiguous change C) a decrease; an ambiguous change; an ambiguous change D) an increase; a decrease; an increase E) an ambiguous change; an increase; a decrease
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A) an ambiguous change; a decrease; an increase
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38) In the specific factors model, a 5% increase in the price of food accompanied by a 1% increase in the price of cloth will cause ________ in the welfare of labor, ________ in the welfare of the fixed factor in the production of food, and ________ in the welfare of the fixed factor in the production of cloth. A) an ambiguous change; an increase; a decrease B) an ambiguous change; a decrease; an increase C) an ambiguous change; an ambiguous change; an ambiguous change D) a decrease; an ambiguous change; an ambiguous change E) an increase; a decrease; an increase
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A) an ambiguous change; an increase; a decrease
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39) Refer to the production possibility graph above. Assume that the economy is in equilibrium at point e. If there is an increase in the wage rate, the new equilibrium is most likely to be A) point e. B) point d. C) point f. D) point h. E) point b.
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A) point e.
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40) Refer to the production possibility graph above. Assume that the economy is in equilibrium at point e. If the price of good A increases, the new equilibrium is most likely to be A) point d. B) point e. C) point f. D) point h. E) point b.
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A) point d.
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41) Refer to the production possibility graph above. Assume that the economy is in equilibrium at point e. If the price of good B increases, the new equilibrium is most likely to be A) point f. B) point d. C) point e. D) point h. E) point b.
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A) point f.
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42) Refer to the production possibility graph above. Assume that the economy is in equilibrium at point e. If the labor supply increases due to immigration, the new equilibrium is most likely to be A) point h. B) point f. C) point d. D) point e. E) point b.
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A) point h.
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43) Refer to the production possibility graph above. Assume that the economy is in equilibrium at point e. If a war reduces the country's capital stock by 40%, the new equilibrium is most likely to be A) point b. B) point h. C) point f. D) point d. E) point e.
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A) point b.
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1) A country that does NOT engage in trade can benefit from trade only if A) pre-trade and free-trade relative prices are not identical. B) it employs a unique technology. C) it has an absolute advantage in at least one good. D) its wage rate is below the world average. E) pre-trade and free-trade relative prices are identical.
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A) pre-trade and free-trade relative prices are not identical.
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2) The relative price of a unit of cloth in the small isolated country of Moribundia is 5 units of food. When then central city, Mudhole, puts in an airstrip, the country is able to engage in trade. If the relative price of cloth in the outside world is 3 units of food, then Moribundia will export ________ and ________ factors used in the production of ________ will benefit. A) food; immobile; food B) food; mobile; food C) cloth; immobile; cloth D) cloth; mobile; cloth E) food; immobile; cloth
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A) food; immobile; food
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3) The relative price of a unit of cloth in the small isolated country of Moribundia is 5 units of food. When then central city, Mudhole, puts in an airstrip, the country is able to engage in trade. If the relative price of cloth in the outside world is 8 units of food, then Moribundia will export ________ and ________ factors used in the production of ________ will benefit. A) cloth; immobile; cloth B) food; immobile; food C) food; mobile; food D) cloth; mobile; cloth E) cloth; immobile; food
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A) cloth; immobile; cloth
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1) In the specific factors model, the effects of trade on welfare are ________ for mobile factors, ________ for fixed factors used to produce the exported good, and ________ for fixed factors used to produce the imported good. A) ambiguous; positive; negative B) ambiguous; negative; positive C) positive; ambiguous; ambiguous D) negative; ambiguous; ambiguous E) positive; positive; positive
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A) ambiguous; positive; negative
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2) In the specific factors model, the effects of trade on welfare overall are ________ and for fixed factors used to produce the exported good they are ________. A) positive; positive B) negative; positive C) positive; negative D) ambiguous; positive E) positive; ambiguous
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A) positive; positive
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3) In the specific factors model, the effects of trade on welfare overall are ________ and for fixed factors used to produce the imported good they are ________. A) positive; negative B) positive; positive C) negative; positive D) ambiguous; positive E) positive; ambiguous
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A) positive; negative
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4) The overall welfare effects of trade are ________ if ________. A) positive; those who gain can compensate those who lose and still be better off B) positive; more people gain from trade than lose from it C) negative; some people are made worse off by trade D) negative; those who lose can compel those who gain to compensate them for their losses E) positive; the domestic economy grows faster than do foreign economies
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A) positive; those who gain can compensate those who lose and still be better off
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5) The effect of trade on income distribution A) can be significant in the sort run. B) is positive for all segments of an economy. C) is insignificant in the short run. D) implies that there are no real gains from trade. E) refutes the model of comparative advantage.
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A) can be significant in the sort run.
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6) A country's budget constraint states that A) the value of exports must be equal to the value of imports. B) real income in the exporting country must be equal to real income in the importing country. C) unless a country engages in trade, the value of exports cannot exceed the value of goods produced. D) a country will engage in trade only if the value of imports exceed the value of exports. E) a country will engage in trade only if the value of exports exceeds the value of imports.
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A) the value of exports must be equal to the value of imports.
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7) A country's budget constraint states that A) whether or not a country engages in trade, the value of goods consumed must be equal to the value of goods produced. B) real income in the exporting country must be equal to real income in the importing country. C) unless a country engages in trade, the value of goods consumed cannot exceed the value of goods produced. D) a country will engage in trade only if the value of goods consumed exceeds the value of goods produced. E) a country will engage in trade only if the value of goods produced exceeds the value of goods consumed.
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A) whether or not a country engages in trade, the value of goods consumed must be equal to the value of goods produced.
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8) A country will realize no gains from trade if A) pre-trade and free-trade relative prices are identical. B) all countries employ the same technology. C) it does not have an absolute advantage in at least one good. D) its wage exceeds the world average. E) pre-trade and free-trade relative prices are not identical.
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A) pre-trade and free-trade relative prices are identical.
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1) Those who will lose from free trade are ________ factors in sectors that produce goods that are ________. A) immobile; also imported B) mobile; also imported C) immobile; exported D) mobile; exported E) mobile; untraded
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A) immobile; also imported
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2) Those who will unambiguously gain from free trade are ________ factors in sectors that produce goods that are ________. A) immobile; exported B) immobile; also imported C) mobile; also imported D) mobile; exported E) mobile; untraded
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A) immobile; exported
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3) The effect of trade on specialized employees of import-competing industries will be ________ jobs and ________ pay because they are relatively ________. A) fewer; lower; immobile B) fewer; lower; mobile C) more; lower; immobile D) more; higher; mobile E) more; higher; immobile
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A) fewer; lower; immobile
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4) The effect of trade on specialized employees of exporting industries will be ________ jobs and ________ pay because they are relatively ________. A) more; higher; immobile B) fewer; lower; immobile C) fewer; lower; mobile D) more; lower; immobile E) more; higher; mobile
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A) more; higher; immobile
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5) Economists consider the effects of free trade on income distribution to be ________ important than the effects on overall welfare because ________. A) less; those who are harmed can be compensated by those who gain B) more; those who are harmed are not compensated by those who gain C) less; the effects on income distribution are minor and inconsequential D) more; the effects on income distribution are major and consequential E) less; the wealthy benefit and only the poor lose
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A) less; those who are harmed can be compensated by those who gain
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6) Economists consider the effects of free trade on income distribution to be ________ important than the effects on overall welfare because ________. A) less; many factors besides trade affect income distribution B) more; those who are harmed are not compensated by those who gain C) less; the effects on income distribution are minor and inconsequential D) more; the effects on income distribution are major and consequential E) less; the wealthy benefit and only the poor lose
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A) less; many factors besides trade affect income distribution
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7) There is a bias in the political process against free trade because A) those who lose from free trade are better organized than those who gain. B) the gains from free trade cannot be measured. C) those who gain from free trade can't compensate those who lose. D) foreign governments make large donations to U.S. political campaigns. E) there is a high correlation between the volume of imports and the unemployment rate.
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A) those who lose from free trade are better organized than those who gain.
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8) U.S. imports of sugar are limited by an import quota that, according to a study updated in 2013, imposed annual costs on American consumers of A) $2,000,000. B) $1,500,000. C) $1,000,000,000. D) $200,000. E) $370,000.
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A) $2,000,000.
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9) U.S. imports of sugar are limited by an import quota that, according to a study updated in 2013, imposed a total cost on American consumers close to $________, or an average cost of ________ per year for every man, woman, and child in the country. A) $3 billion; $10 B) $105 million; $3 C) $2 billion; $110 D) $3 billion; $2,000 E) $370 million; $2,000
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A) $3 billion; $10
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10) U.S. imports of sugar are limited by an import quota that, according to a study updated in 2013, imposed a total cost on American consumers close to $________, or an average cost of ________ per year for every job saved in the U.S sugar industry. A) $3 billion; $10 B) $105 million; $3 C) $2 billion; $110 D) $3 billion; $1,000,000 E) $370 million; $20
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D) $3 billion; $1,000,000
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1) In modern economies, A) restrictions on international labor mobility are common. B) labor is far more mobile internationally than capital. C) restrictions on international labor mobility are rare. D) labor is far more mobile internationally than it is intra-nationally. E) outsourcing increases international labor mobility.
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A) restrictions on international labor mobility are common.
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2) Refer to the graph above. Points A, B, and C represent ________, ________, and ________, respectively. A) equilibrium wage rate after migration from home to foreign has occurred; the wage rate in foreign before migration; the wage rate in home before migration B) equilibrium wage rate after migration from foreign to home has occurred; the wage rate in home before migration; the wage rate in foreign before migration C) the wage rate in home before migration; the wage rate in home after migration; the wage rate in foreign after migration D) the global wage rate before migration; the wage rate in foreign after migration; the wage rate in home after migration E) the global wage rate before migration; the wage rate in home after migration; the wage rate in foreign after migration
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A) equilibrium wage rate after migration from home to foreign has occurred; the wage rate in foreign before migration; the wage rate in home before migration
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3) In the two-country model of international labor mobility A) the effect of migration is to cause real wages in the two countries to converge. B) the effect of migration is to cause real wages in the two countries to diverge. C) labor has only limited international mobility. D) the long-run equilibrium global real wage is equal to the lesser of the pre-migration wages in the two countries. E) the long-run equilibrium global real wage is equal to the greater of the pre-migration wages in the two countries.
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A) the effect of migration is to cause real wages in the two countries to converge.
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4) In the two-country model of international labor mobility A) the long-run equilibrium assumes that desired and actual migration are equal. B) the long-run equilibrium assumes that desired migration exceeds actual migration. C) the long-run equilibrium assumes that actual migration exceeds desired migration. D) the long-run equilibrium assumes countries' policies place significant restrictions on migration. E) the long-run equilibrium is the result of a divergence of the real wages in the two countries.
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A) the long-run equilibrium assumes that desired and actual migration are equal.
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5) In the two-country model of international labor mobility A) migration results in increased global output, although some groups are made worse off. B) migration results in increased global output, and all groups are made better off. C) migration has no effect on global output, although some groups are made worse off. D) migration has no effect on global output, although some groups are made better off. E) migration may reduce global output, although some groups are made better off.
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A) migration results in increased global output, although some groups are made worse off.
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6) Immigration into the U.S. over the past century has caused the percentage of immigrants in the U.S. population to A) fall steadily until the 1970s and increase thereafter. B) remain relatively constant over the time period. C) fall steadily over the entire century. D) rise steadily over the entire century. E) rise steadily until the 1970s and fall thereafter.
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A) fall steadily until the 1970s and increase thereafter.
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28) In the specific factors model, which of the following will increase the quantity of labor used in cloth production? A) an increase in the price of cloth relative to that of food B) an increase in the price of food relative to that of cloth C) a decrease in the price of labor D) an equal percentage decrease in the price of food and cloth E) an equal percentage increase in the price of food and cloth
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A) an increase in the price of cloth relative to that of food
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29) In the specific factor model, the effect of an increase in the productivity of labor in the production of cloth will cause a(an) ________ in the quantity of labor used to produce cloth, a(an) ________ in the quantity of labor used to produce food and a(an) ________ in the wage rate. A) increase; decrease; increase B) decrease; increase; increase C) increase; decrease; decrease D) decrease; increase; no change E) increase; increase; no change
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A) increase; decrease; increase
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30) In the specific factor model, the effect of an increase in the productivity of labor in the production of food will cause a(an) ________ in the quantity of labor used to produce cloth, a(an) ________ in the quantity of labor used to produce food and a(an) ________ in the wage rate. A) decrease; increase; increase B) increase; decrease; increase C) increase; decrease; decrease D) decrease; increase; no change E) increase; increase; no change
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A) decrease; increase; increase
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31) The slope of a country's production possibility frontier is equal to ________ and the optimal production point is located where the slope is equal to ________. Assume that output of good Y is measured on the vertical axis, output of good X is measured on the horizontal axis, MPL is the marginal product of labor with a subscript indicating which good, P is the price of a good, and w is the wage rate. A) -MPLY/MPLX; -PX/PY B) -PX/PY; -MPLY/MPLX; C) -PX/w; -PY/w D) -MPLY/w; -MPLF/w E) -MPLX/MPLY; -PX/PY
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A) -MPLY/MPLX; -PX/PY
