Intermediate Accounting- Chaps 1-4 – Flashcards
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Managerial Accounting
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A type of accounting that deals with the concepts and methods used to provide information to an organization's internal users, that is, its managers.
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Most frequently provided financial statements:
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1. Balance Sheet or Statement of Financial Position 2. Income Statement or Statement of Operations 3. Statement of Cash Flows 4. Statement of Shareholders' Equity
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Financial Reporting
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It refers to the process of providing financial statements to external users.
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Capital Markets
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...provides a mechanism to help our economy allocate resources efficiently.
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Coporation
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It is a form of business that aquires capital from investors in exchange for owership interest and from creditors by borrowing..
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Secondary Market Transaction
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Provides for the transfer of stocks and bonds among individuals and institutions.
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Primary Market Transaction
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Provides for the transfer of capital from investors to the corporation. Money is new and opportunites for stocks and bonds come directly from the company.
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Why do people invest or loan?
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Investors and creditors both are interested in earning a fair return on the resources provided.
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Rate of Return
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is the percentage of increase or decrease in the value of your investments from earned interest.
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What are key variables in the investment decision?
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The expected rate of return and uncertainty, or risk, of that return are key variables in the investment decision.
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When will a company be able to provide a return to investors and creditors?
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A company will be able to provide a return to investors and creditors only if it can generate a profit from selling its products or services.
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What is the objective of financial accounting?
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The objective of financial accounting is to provide investors and creditors with useful information for decision making.
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FASB
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Financial Accounting Standards Board
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Accrual Accounting
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method of accounting where revenue and expenses recognized at the time they are incurred or earned (whether or not cash chages hands)
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Cash Basis Accounting
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Accounting system that recognizes revenues when cash is received and records expenses when cash is paid.
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Net Operating Cash Flow
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the difference between cash receipts and cash disbursements from providing goods and services. It may not be indicative of the company's long-run cash-generating ability.
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What may not be an accurate predictor of future operating cash flows (over short periods of time)?
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Operating Cash Flow
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Net Income
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the difference between revenues and expenses
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Net income is considered a better...
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indicator of future cash flows than is current net operating cash flow.
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When was the SEC created?
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The SEC was created by Congress in 1934 with the Securities and Exchange Act.
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Who sets accounting standards?
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The SEC has the authority to set accounting standards for companies, but has delegated the task to the private sector.
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SEC
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Securities and Exchange Commission
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CAP
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Committee on Accounting Procedure
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AIA
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American Institute of Accountants
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AICPA
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American Institute of Certified Public Accountants
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APB
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Accounting Principles Board
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Who currently sets accounting standards?
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FASB
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What does the Emerging Issues Task Force (EITF) do?
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The Emerging Issues Task Force identifies financial reporting issues and attempts to resolve them without involving the FASB.
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What else has FASB done besides issuing specific accounting standards?
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The FASB has formulated a conceptual framework to provide an underlying theoretical and conceptual structure for accounting standards.
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How do FASB, SEC, and GAP relate within the U.S. ?
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The FASB Accounting Standards Codification is now the only source of authoritative U.S. GAAP. Exceptions are rules and interpretive releases of the SEC, which remain as sources of authoritative GAAP.
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What is the hierarchy of accounting standard-setting authority?
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...
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What mus the FASB consider if it introduces a new standard?
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The FASB must consider potential economic conseuences of a change in an accounting standard or the introduction of a new standard.
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What else can prevail in standard setting?
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Public pressure sometimes prevails over conceptual merit in the standard-setting arena.
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What does FASB doe before issuing an accounting standards update?
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The FASB undertakes a series of information-gathering steps before issuing an accounting standards update.
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Many U.S. and foreign companies...
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operate and raise capital in more than one country.
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The International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) is...
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dedicated to developing a single set of global accounting standards.
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International Financial Reporting Standards are...
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gaining support around the globe.
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The commitment to narrowing differences between U.S. GAAP and international standards has...
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influenced many FASB standards.
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The SEC Roadmap proposes...
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that IFRS be required by U.S. companies by 2014.
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Auditors...
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express an opinion on the compliance of financial statements with GAAP.
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Auditors offer...
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credibility to financial statements.
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Certified Public Accountants (CPAs) are...
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licensed by states to provide audit services.
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A principles-based, or objectives-oriented, approach to standard setting stresses...
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professional judgment, as opposed to following a list of rules.
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Ethics....
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deals with the ability to distinguish right from wrong.
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The conceptual framework does not prescribe GAAP. It ...
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provides an underlying foundation for accounting standards.
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FASB: A common goal of the Boards- a goal shared by their constituents-
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is for their standards to be clearly based on consistent pinciples. To be consistent, principles must be rooted in fundamental concepts rather than a collection of conventions.
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8 Phases of the Joint Conceptual Framework
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A. Objective and Qualitative Characteristics B. Elements and Recognition C. Measurement D. Reporting Entity E. Presentation and Disclosure F. Framework for a GAAP Hierarchy G. Applicability to the Not-For-Profit Sector H. Remaining Issues
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The primary objective of financial reporting is....
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to provide useful information to capital providers.
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To be useful, information...
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-must make a difference in the decision process. -should possess the qualities of relevance and faithful representation.
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Faithful representation means...
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agreement between a measure and a real-world phenomenon that the measure is suppose to represent.
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Accounting information should be...
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comparable across different companies and over different time periods.
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Information is timely if...
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it is available to users before a decision is made.
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The costs of providing financial information include...
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any possible adverse economic consequences of accounting standards.
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Information is cost effective if...
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the perceived benefit of increased decision usefulness exceeds the anticipated costs of providing that infomation.
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Information is material if...
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it has an effect on decisions.
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Professional judgment determintes what...
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amount of information is material in each situation.
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Conservatism is...
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a justification for some accounting practices, not a desired qualitative characteristic of financial information.
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10 Elements of Financial Statements
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1. Assets 2. Liabilities 3. Equity (or net assets) 4. Investments by owners 5. Distributions to owners 6. Comprehensive Income 7. Revenues 8. Expenses 9. Gains 10. Losses
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Assets
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Probable future economic benefits obtained or controlled by a particular entity as a result of past transactions or events
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Liabilities
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Probable future sacrifices of economic benefits arising from present obligations of a particular entity to transfer assets or provide services to other entitites in the future as a result of ast transactions or events
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Equity (or net assets)
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Called shareholders' equity or stockholders' equity for a corporation, it is the residual interest in the assets of an entity that remains after deducting its liabilities
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Investments by owners
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Increses in equity of a particular business enterprise resulting frm transfers to it from other entities of something of value to obtain or increase ownership interests in it
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Distribution to owners
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Decreases in equity of a particular enterprise resulting from transfers to owners
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Comprehensive Income
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The change in equity of a business enterprise during a period from transactoins and other events and circumstances from nonowner sources. It includes all changes in equity during a period except those resulting from investments by owners and distributions to owners
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Revenues
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Inflows or other enhancements of assets of an entity or settlements of its liabilities during a period from delivering or producing goods, rendering services, or other activities that constitute the entity's ongoing major or central operations
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Expenses
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Outflows or other using up of assets or incurrences of liabilities during a period from delivering or producing goods, rendering services, or other activities that constitute the entity's ongoing major central operations
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Gains
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Increases in equity from peripheral or incidental transactions of an entity
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Losses
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Represent decreases in equity arising from peripheral or incidental transactions of an entity
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4 Requirements for recognition
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1. Definition- The item meets the definitio of an element of financial statements. 2. Measurability- The item has a relevant attribute measurable with sufficient reliability. 3. Relevance- The information about it is capable of making a differene in user decisions. 4. Reliability- The information is represntationally faithful, verifiable, and neutral.
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The economic entity assumption...
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presumes that economic events can be identifieid specifically with an economic entity.
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Financial statements of a company presume...
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the business is a going cocern.
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The periodicity assumption allows...
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the life of a company to be divided into aritificial time periods to provide timely information.
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The monetary unit assumption states...
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that financial statement elements should be measured in terms of the United States dollar.
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The historical cost principle states that...
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asset and liability measurements should be based on the amount given or received in the exchange transaction.
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Historical Cost measurement provides...
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relevant cash flow information and also is highly verifiable.
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A departure from historical cost valuation...
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sometimes is appropriate.
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Revenue should be recognized...
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when the earnings process is virtually coplete and colleciton is reasonable assured.
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Both revenue recognition criteria usually are...
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met at the point-of-sale.
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Revenue is recognized when...
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earned, regardless of when cash is actually received.
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Expenses are recognized...
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in the same reporting period as the related revenues.
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Financial Accounting (def)
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provides relevant financial information to various external users.
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Managerial Accounting (def)
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deals with the concepts and methods used to provide information to an organization's internal users (i.e., its managers)
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Financial Reporting (def)
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process of providing financial statement information to external users.
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Capital Markets (def)
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mechanisms that foster the allocation of resources efficiently.
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Corporation (def)
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the dominant form of business organiation that acquries captial from investors in exchange for ownership interest and from creditors by borrowing.
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Secondary Market Transactions (def)
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provide for the transfer of stocks and bonds among individuals and institutions.
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Rate of Return (def)
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(dividends + share price appreciation) / Initial Investment
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Cash Basis Accounting (def)
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difference between cash receipts and cash disbursements during a reporting period from transactions related to providing goods and services to customers.
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Accrual Accounting (def)
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measurement of the entity's accomplishmets and resource sacrifices during the period, regardless of when cash is received or paid.
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Net Operating Cash Flow (def)
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...
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Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (def)
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set of both broad and specific guidelines that companies should follow when measuring and reporting the information in their financial statements and related notes.
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Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) (def)
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responsible for setting accounting and reporting standards for companies whose securities are publicly traded.
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Committee on Accounting Procedure (CAP) (def)
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the first private sector body that was delegated the task of setting accounting standards.
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American Institute of Accountants (AIA) (def)
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national organization of professional public accountants.
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American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) (def)
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national organization of professional public accountants.
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Accounting Principles Board (APB) (def)
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the second private sector body delegated the task of setting accounting standards.
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Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) (def)
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the current private sector body that has been delegated the task of setting accounting standards.
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Financial Acccounting Foundation (FAF) (def)
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responsible for selecting the members of the FASB and its Advisory Council, ensuring adequate funding of FASB activities, and exercising general oversight of the FASB's activities.
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Emerging Issues Task Force (EITF) (def)
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responsible for providing more timely responses to emerging financial reporting issues.
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Conceptual Framework (def)
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...
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Government Accounting Standards Board (GASB) (def)
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responsible for developig accounting standards for governmental units such as states and cities.
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International Accounting Standards Committee (IASC) (def)
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umbrella organization formed to develop global accounting standards.
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International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) (def)
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objectives are to develop a single set of high-quality, understandable global accounting standards, to promote the use of those standards, and to bring about the convergence of national accounting standards and International Accounting Standards.
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International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRSs) (def)
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developed by the IASB and used by more than 100 countries.
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Auditors (def)
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independent intermediaries who help ensure that management has appropriately applied GAAP in preparing the company's financial statements.
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Certified Public Accountants (CPAs) (def)
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licensed individuals who can represent that the financial statements have been audited in accordance with generally accepted accounting standards.
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Objectives- Oriented / Principles- Based Accounting (def)
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approach to standard setting stresses professional judgment, as opposed to following a list of rules.
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Rules- Based Accounting Standards (def)
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a list of rules for choosing the appropriate accounting treatment for a transaction.
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Ethics (def)
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a code or moral system that provides criteria for evaluating right and wrong.
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Institute of Management Accountants (IMA) (def)
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primary national organization of accountants working in industry and government.
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Institute of Internal Auditors (def)
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national organization of accountants providing internal auditing services for their own organizaitons.
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Conceptual Framework (def)
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deals with theoretical and conceptual issues and provides an underlying structure for current and future accounting and reporting standards.
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Decision Usefulness (def)
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the quality of being useful to decision making.
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Relevance (def)
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one of the primary decision-specific qualities that make accounting information useful; made up of predictive value and/or feedback value.
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Faithful Representation (def)
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exists when there is agreement between a measure or description and the phenomenon it purports to represent.
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Predictive Value/ Confirmatory Value (def)
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confirmation of investor expetations about future cash-generating ability.
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Complete (def)
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...
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Neutrality (def)
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neutral with respect to parties potentially affected.
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Free From Material Error (def)
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...
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Comparability (def)
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the ability to help users see similarities and differences among events and conditions.
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Consistency (def)
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permits valid comparisons between different periods.
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Verifiability (def)
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implies a consensus among different measurers.
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Timeliness (def)
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information that is available to users early enough to allow its use in the decision process.
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Understandability (def)
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users must understand the information within the contet of the decision being made.
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Cost Effectiveness (def)
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the perceived benefit of incresed decision usefulness exceeds the anticipated cost of providing that information.
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Materiality (def)
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if a more costly way of providing information is not expected to have a material effect on decisions made by those using the information, the less costly method may be acceptable.
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Conservatism (def)
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practice followed in an attempt to ensure that uncertainties and risks inherent in business situations are adequately considered.
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Recognition (def)
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process of admitting information into the basic financial statements.
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Measurement (def)
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process of associating numerical amounts to the elements.
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Going Concern Assumption (def)
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in the absence of information to the contrary, it is anticipated that a business entity will continue to operate indefinitely.
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Periodicity Assumption (def)
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allows the life of a company to be divided into artificial time periods to provide timely information.
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Fiscal Year (def)
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the annual time period used to report to external users.
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Historical Costs (def)
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original transaction value.
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Realization Principle (def)
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requires that the earnings process is judged to be complete or virtually complete, and there is reasonable certainty as to the collectibility of the asset to be received (usually cash) before revenue can be recognized.
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Point-of-Sale (def)
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the goods or services sold to the buyer are delivered (the title is transferred).
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Matching Principle (def)
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expenses are recognized in the same period as the related revenues.
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Full-Disclosure Principle (def)
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the financial reports should include any information that could affect the decisions made by external users.
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Parenthetical Comments (def)
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aka Modifying Comments
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Disclosure Notes (def)
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additional insights about company operations, accounting principles, contractual agreements, and pending litigation.
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Supplemental Financial Statements (def)
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reports containing more detailed information than is shown in the primary financial statements.
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Revenues (def)
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inflows or other enhancements of assets or settlements of liabilities from delivering or producing goods, rendering services, or other activities that constitute the entity's ongoing major, or central, operations.
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Expenses (def)
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outflows or other using up of assets or incurrences of liabilities during a period from delivering or producing good, rendering services, or other activities that constitute the entity's ongoing major, or central, operations.
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The process of providing financial information to external decision makers is referred to as:
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Financial accounting.
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Financial statements generally include all of the following except:
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Federal income tax return
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The primary objectives of financial reporting is to provide information:
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Useful in decision making
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GAAP includes which of the following pronouncements:
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A) Statements of Financial Accounting Standards. B) Accounting Research Bulletins. C) Accounting Principles Board Opinions. *** D) All of the above.
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The SEC exerts a continuing influence on the establishment of accounting standards. It does so primarily by
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Monitoring the development of GAAP within the accounting profession and using its stature to influence that development
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The documents that set forth fundamental concepts on which financial accounting and reporting standards will be based are
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Statements of Financial Accounting Concepts
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The two primary decision-specific qualities that make accounting information useful are
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Relevance and faithful representation
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Relevance requires that information possess predictive and/or feedback value and be
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Confirmatory value
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The qualitative characteristic that means there is agreement between a measure and a real-world phenomenon is:
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Representational faithfulness.
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Which of the following is considered a practical constraint on the qualitative characteristics?
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Cost effectiveness
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Which of the following characteristics does not describe an asset?
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Requires the receipt of cash
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Which of the following characteristics does not describe a liability?
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Must be legally enforceable
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The underlying assumption that presumes a company will continue indefinitely is:
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Going concern.
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The underlying assumption that assumes that the life of a company can be divided into artificial time periods is:
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Periodicity
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In general, revenue is recognized when the earnings process is virtually complete and:
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Collection of the sales price is reasonably assured.
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The primary objective of the matching principle is to:
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Recognize expenses in the same period as the related revenue.
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The main objective of the IASB is to:
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Develop a single set of global accounting standards.
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The journal entry to record the borrowing of cash and the signing of a note payable involves:
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A debit to cash and a credit to note payable.
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Which of the following is most likely an accrued liability?
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Interest
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A prepaid expense is an expense:
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Paid but not yet incurred.
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The Esquire Clothing Company borrowed a sum of cash on October 1, 2011, and signed a note payable. The annual interest rate was 12% and the company's year 2011 income statement reported interest expense of $1,260 related to this note. What was the amount borrowed?
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$42,000
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Which of the following adjusting entries creates a decrease in assets?
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Recording depreciation expense.
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Which of the following adjusting entries creates an increase in liabilities?
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Accruing unrecorded interest expense.
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If the required adjusting entry for depreciation expense is omitted:
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Assets will be overstated and income overstated.
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The accumulated depreciation account is a contra (valuation) account to a(n):
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Asset account.
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The correct amount of prepaid insurance shown on a company's December 31, 2011, balance sheet was $900. On July 1, 2012, the company paid an additional insurance premium of $600. In the December 31, 2012, balance sheet, the amount of prepaid insurance was correctly shown as $500. The amount of insurance expense that should appear in the company's 2012 income statement is:
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$1,000.
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The Wazoo Times Newspaper Company showed an $11,200 liability in its 2011 balance sheet for subscription revenue received in advance. During 2012, $62,000 was received from customers for subscriptions and the 2012 income statement reported subscription revenue of $63,700. What is the liability amount for unearned subscription revenue that will appear in the 2012 balance sheet?
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$9,500
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In a classified balance sheet, allowance for uncollectible accounts would be classified among:
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Current assets.
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In a statement of cash flows, cash received from the issuance of common stock would be classified as a(n):
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Financing activity.
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The closing process involves:
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Transferring revenue and expense balances to retained earnings.
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If revenues exceed expenses for the accounting period, the income summary account:
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Will have a credit balance prior to closing.
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Which of the following is not a characteristic of the balance sheet?
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The balance sheet reports the change in financial position.
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The basis used to classify assets as current or noncurrent is:
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Usually one year, because the operating cycle typically is less than one year.
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An item not generally classified as a current asset is:
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Patent
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Included in the category of current liabilities would be:
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Obligations expected to require the creation of other current liabilities.
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An item not generally classified as a current liability is:
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Bonds payable.
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Current assets minus current liabilities equals:
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Working capital.
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Long-lived assets used in the operations of the business refer to property, plant, and equipment, and:
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Intangible assets.
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Balance sheets prepared using International Financial Reporting Standards often:
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Report noncurrent assets and liabilities before current assets and liabilities.
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Information not generally disclosed in the summary of significant accounting policies is:
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A related party transaction.
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The compensation of directors and top executives is disclosed in:
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The proxy statement.
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Which ratio most directly indicates the extent of the company's reliance on financial leverage?
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Debt to equity
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The acid-test ratio excludes which of the following elements from the numerator?
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A) Short-term investments B) Receivables C) Cash equivalents ** D) Inventories
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For a firm with a current ratio of 2.0, which of the following transactions would most likely cause the ratio to decrease?
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...
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For a firm with a current ratio of 2.0, which of the following transactions would most likely cause the ratio to decrease?
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The purchase of inventory on account
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Which of the following captions would more likely be found in a multiple-step income statement?
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A) Total expenses B) Total revenues and gains ** C) Gross profit D) None of the above
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An item typically included in the income from continuing operations section of the income statement is:
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Restructuring costs.
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The application of intraperiod income taxes requires that income taxes be apportioned to each of the following items except:
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Operating income.
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For a manufacturing company, each of the following items would be considered nonoperating income for income statement purposes except:
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Cost of goods sold.
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On May 31, 2011, the Arlene Corporation adopted a plan to sell its cosmetics line of business, considered a component of the entity. The assets of the component were sold on October 13, 2011, for $1,120,000. The component generated operating income from January 1, 2011, through disposal of $300,000. In its income statement for the year ended December 31, 2011, the company reported before-tax income from operations of a discontinued component of $620,000. What was the book value of the assets of the cosmetics component?
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$800,000
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The Compton Press Company reported income before taxes of $250,000. This amount included a $50,000 extraordinary loss. The amount reported as income before extraordinary items, assuming a tax rate of 40%, is:
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$180,000.
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Which of the following material items would not be reported as an extraordinary item?
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A loss caused by obsolescence of inventory.
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The Stibbe Construction Company switched from the completed contract method to the percentage-of-completion method of accounting for its long-term construction contracts. This is an example of:
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A change in accounting principle.
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In 2011, the Perasso Meat Packing Company revised the useful life of its equipment from eight years to six years. Depreciation recorded in prior years on existing equipment was $126,000 applying the eight-year useful life. Depreciation in prior years would have been $186,000 if the six-year useful life had been used. Assuming an income tax rate of 40%, Perasso's increase in 2011's beginning retained earnings would be:
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Zero
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Earnings per share should be reported for each of the following income statement captions except:
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Operating income.
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International Financial Reporting Standards allow companies to report the components of other comprehensive income in each of the following ways except:
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In the statement of shareholders' equity.
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Selected information from the 2011 accounting records of Dunn's Auto Dealers is as follows: Cost of furniture purchased for cash $ 8,000 Proceeds from bank loan 100,000 Repayment of bank loan (includes interest of $4,000) 44,000 Proceeds from sale of equipment 5,000 Cash collected from customers 320,000 Purchase of stock of another corporation as an investment 20,000 Common stock issued for cash 200,000 In its 2011 statement of cash flows, Dunn's should report net cash inflows from financing activities of:
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$260,000.
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Using the information in question 12, Dunn's should report net cash outflows from investing activities of:
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$23,000.
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Which of the following items would not be included as a cash flow from operating activities in a statement of cash flows?
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Purchase of equipment
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In a statement of cash flows, International Financial Reporting Standards allow companies to report interest paid as:
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Either an operating or a financing cash flow
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Economic events
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any event that directly affects the financial position of the company.
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External events
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exchange between the company and a separate economic entity.
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Internal events
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events that directly affect the financial position of the company but don't involve an exchange transaction with another entity.
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Accounting equation
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the process used to capture the effect of economic events; Assets = Liabilities + Owner's Equity.
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Transactions
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economic events.
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Paid-in capital
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invested capital consisting primarily of amounts invested by shareholders when they purchase shares of stock from the corporation.
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Retained earnings
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amounts earned by the corporation on behalf of its shareholders and not (yet) distributed to them as dividends.
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Double-entry system
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dual effect that each transaction has on the accounting equation when recorded.
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Accounts
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storage areas to keep track of the increases and decreases in financial position elements.
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General ledger
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collection of accounts.
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T-account
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account with space at the top for the account title and two sides for recording increases and decreases.
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Debits
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represent the left side of the account.
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Credits
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represent the right side of the account.
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Permanent accounts
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represent assets, liabilities, and shareholders' equity at a point in time.
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Temporary accounts
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represent changes in the retained earnings component of shareholders' equity for a corporation caused by revenue, expense, gain, and loss transactions.
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Source documents
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relay essential information about each transaction to the accountant, e.g., sales invoices, bills from suppliers, cash register tapes.
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Transaction analysis
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process of reviewing the source documents to determine the dual effect on the accounting equation and the specific elements involved.
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Journal
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a chronological record of all economic events affecting financial position.
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Special journal
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record of a repetitive type of transaction, e.g., a sales journal.
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General journal
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used to record any type of transaction.
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Journal entry
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captures the effect of a transaction on financial position in debit/credit form.
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Posting
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transferring debits and credits recorded in individual journal entries to the specific accounts affected.
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Unadjusted trial balance
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a list of the general ledger accounts and their balances at a particular date.
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Prepayments/deferrals
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the cash flow precedes either expense or revenue recognition.
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Accruals
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when the cash flow comes after either expense or revenue recognition.
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Estimates
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prediction of future events.
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Prepaid expense
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represents an asset recorded when an expense is paid in advance, creating benefits beyond the current period.
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Adjusting entries
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internal transactions recorded at the end of any period when financial statements are prepared.
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Unearned revenues
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cash received from a customer in one period for goods or services that are to be provided in a future period.
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Accrued liabilities
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expenses already incurred but not yet paid (accrued expenses).
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Accrued receivables
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the recognition of revenue earned before cash is received.
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Bad debt expense
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an operating expense incurred to boost sales; inherent cost of granting credit.
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Adjusted trial balance
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trial balance after adjusting entries have been recorded.
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Financial statements
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primary means of communicating financial information to external parties.
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Income statement
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statement of operations or statement of earnings is used to summarize the profit-generating activities that occurred during a particular reporting period.
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Balance sheet
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a position statement that presents an organized list of assets, liabilities, and equity at a particular point in time.
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Current liabilities
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expected to require current assets and usually are payable within one year.
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Current assets
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includes assets that are cash, will be converted into cash, or will be used up within one year or the operating cycle, whichever is longer.
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Statement of cash flows
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change statement summarizing the transactions that caused cash to change during the period.
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Operating activities
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inflows and outflows of cash related to transactions entering into the determination of net income.
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Investing activities
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involve the acquisition and sale of long-term assets used in the business and non-operating investment assets.
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Financial activities
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cash inflows and outflows from transactions with creditors and owners.
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Statement of shareholders' equity
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statement disclosing the source of changes in the shareholders' equity accounts.
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Closing process
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the temporary accounts are reduced to zero balances, and these temporary account balances are closed (transferred) to retained earnings to reflect the changes that have occurred in that account during the period.
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Income summary
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account that is a bookkeeping convenience used in the closing process that provides a check that all temporary accounts have been properly closed.
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Worksheet
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used to organize the accounting information needed to prepare adjusting and closing entries and the financial statements.
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Reversing entries
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optional entries that remove the effects of some of the adjusting entries made at the end of the previous reporting period for the sole purpose of simplifying journal entries made during the new period.
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Subsidiary ledger
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record of a group of subsidiary accounts associated with a particular general ledger control account.
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Special journal
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record of a repetitive type of transaction, e.g., a sales journal.
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Cash receipts journal
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record of cash receipts.
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Cash disbursements journal
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record of cash disbursements.
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Purchases journal
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records the purchase of merchandise on account.
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Sales journal
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records credit sales.
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